Trend and Seasonality of Hip Fractures in Catalonia, Spain: Exploring the Influence of Climate.

To describe the secular trend and seasonality of the incidence of hip fracture (HF) and its relationship with climatic variables during the period 2010-2019 in Catalonia in people aged ≥ 65 years. The results were analyzed by sex, age groups (65-74, 75-84, and ≥ 85), and types of fracture (extracapsular and intracapsular). Data on sex, age, type of fracture, year, and month of hospitalization of patients admitted with a diagnosis of HF between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 were collected. Crude and standardized HF incidence (HFi) rates were obtained. Data on the monthly mean of climatological variables (temperature, insolation, icy days, rain, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind force) were obtained from the network of meteorological stations in Catalonia. Time series analytical statistics were used to identify trends and seasonality. Linear regression and a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) were used to analyze the relationship of each climatic parameter with fracture rates. In addition, generalized additive models were used to ascertain the best predictive model. The total number of HF episodes was 90,149 (74.1% in women and 25.9% in men). The total number of HFs increased by 6.4% between 2010 and 2019. The median age (SD) was 84.5 (7.14) and 54% of patients were ≥ 85 years of age. Extracapsular fractures were the most common (55%). The standardized incidence rates decreased from 728.1/100,000 (95% CI 738.6-769.3) to 624.5/100,000 (95% CI 648.7-677.0), which represents a decrease of 14.2% (p < 0.05). The decline was greater at older ages. There were seasonal variations, with higher incidences in autumn (27.2%) and winter (25.7%) and lower rates in summer (23.5%) and spring (23.6%). Seasonality was more pronounced in elderly people and men. In the bivariate regression analysis, high temperatures and greater insolation were negatively associated with the HF rate, while the number of icy days, rainy days, and high relative humidity were associated with a higher incidence of fractures in all age groups and sexes. In the regression analysis using the seasonal ARIMA model, only insolation had a consistently significant association with overall HFi, after adjusting by trend and other climatic parameters. While the global number of HFs grew in Catalonia due to increases in the elderly population, the standardized HF rate decreased during the years 2010-2019. There was a seasonal trend, with predominance in the cold months and correlations with climatic parameters, especially with insolation.

Decreasing prevalence of chronic back pain in Catalonia. Analysis of the Catalan Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic back pain is one of the main health problems reported by the adult population and its prevalence is influenced by different sociodemographic, work and lifestyle-related factors. The aim of this study was to describe the trend in the lifetime prevalence of chronic back pain in the adult Catalan population between 2011 and 2018 and its associated factors. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Secondary analysis of a health survey. METHODS: Trend in lifetime prevalence of chronic back pain by age and sex groups was estimated from the Catalan Health Survey. Association of chronic back pain with sex, age, health status, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, socio-economic and work-related variables was analysed. RESULTS: A total of 31,823 people were interviewed between 2011 and 2018. The prevalence of chronic back pain decreased from 29.7% to 24.2% between 2011-2014 and 2015-2018 in the total population with higher prevalence and a greater difference in women (35%-28.50%) than in men (24.2%-19.7%). Factors associated with higher prevalence of chronic back pain were female sex, older age, poor health status, smoking, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, overweight or obesity, mental health problems, lower educational level or social class, dissatisfaction at workplace, poor social support and family financial problems. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis shows a decreasing prevalence of chronic back pain from 2011 to 2018 in the adult population of Catalonia in all age groups and more significantly in women. An improvement of healthy lifestyle habits, social and occupational determinants, could have reduced the burden of chronic back pain in our community.

Secular trend in the incidence of hip fracture in Catalonia, Spain, 2003-2014.

Objectives: to describe the secular trend and seasonal variation in the incidence of hip fracture (HF) over 12 years (2003-2014) in Catalonia, the community with the highest incidence of HF in Spain. Methods: data about age, gender, type of fracture and month of hospitalisation among patients aged 65 years and older discharged with a diagnosis of HF were collected. Crude and age-standardised annual incidence rate were reckoned. To analyse HF trend, the age/sex-adjusted average annual change in incidence (incidence rate ratio, IRR) was calculated. Results: we identified 100,110 HF in the period, with an increase of 16.9% (women 13.4%; men 28.4%). Trochanteric fractures were the most frequent (55.8%). The crude incidence rate (per 100,000 population) decreased from 677.2 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 662.0-692.7) to 657.6 (95% CI 644.0-671.5). The standardised incidence rate decreased from 754.0 (95% CI 738.6-769.3) to 641.5 (95% CI 627.7-655.3), with a sharp decrease in women (-16.8%) while it was stable in men. The incidence by type of fracture was stable. The trend throughout the period showed a slight decrease with IRR 0.99 (95% CI 0.98-0.99; P = 0.025). The incidence was stable in the oldest group (+85 years), while there was a downward trend in the younger groups. A significant seasonal pattern was observed, with more cases in winter and less in summer (spring as reference). Conclusions: the secular trend reveals a decreasing incidence of HF although the absolute number has increased in the last 12 years in Catalonia. Trochanteric fractures were the most prevalent and a seasonal pattern was observed, with more cases in winter.

Reference intervals for bone turnover markers in Spanish premenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to establish robust reference intervals and to investigate the factors influencing bone turnover markers (BTMs) in healthy premenopausal Spanish women. METHODS: A total of 184 women (35-45 years) from 13 centers in Catalonia were analyzed. Blood and second void urine samples were collected between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. after an overnight fast. Serum procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide (PINP) and serum cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) were measured by two automated assays (Roche and IDS), bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) by ELISA, osteocalcin (OC) by IRMA and urinary NTX-I by ELISA. PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels were measured. All participants completed a questionnaire on lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Reference intervals were: PINP: 22.7-63.1 and 21.8-65.5 µg/L, bone ALP: 6.0-13.6 µg/L, OC: 8.0-23.0 µg/L, CTX-I: 137-484 and 109-544 ng/L and NTX-I: 19.6-68.9 nM/mM. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) influenced PINP (p=0.007), and low body mass index (BMI) was associated with higher BTMs except for bone ALP. Women under 40 had higher median values of most BTMs. CTX-I was influenced by calcium intake (p=0.010) and PTH (p=0.007). 25OHD levels did not influence BTMs. Concordance between the two automated assays for PINP and particularly CTX-I was poor. CONCLUSIONS: Robust reference intervals for BTMs in a Southern European country are provided. The effects of OCPs and BMI on their levels are significant, whilst serum 25OHD levels did not influence BTMs. Age, calcium intake, BMI and PTH influenced CTX-I. The two automated assays for measuring PINP and CTX-I are not interchangeable.

Impact of major osteoporotic fractures on the use of healthcare resources in Catalonia, Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of first major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) on health resource use and healthcare expenditures in people aged ≥50 years in Catalonia, Spain. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective study. The Catalan Health Surveillance System (CHSS) registry was used to obtain sociodemographic, clinical and expenditure data from all public centres in Catalonia (Spain). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Males and females aged ≥50 years who sustained a first major osteoporotic fracture between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020. METHODS: Data on admissions to the emergency department, hospitalization and skilled nursing facilities, primary and specialized care visits, nonemergency medical transport, outpatient rehabilitation and pharmacy prescriptions were retrieved for each patient. Monthly and yearly mean usage rates, expenditure in euros (€) and incremental costs one and two years after fracture were calculated. RESULTS: There were 64,403 patients with first MOF: 47,555 females and 16,848 males with a mean age (standard deviation) of 76.5 (12.0) years. The average annual expenditure increased from €4564 in the year before to €12,331 in the year following a hip fracture. For forearm fractures, the expenditure increased from €2511 to €4251, for vertebral fractures from €4146 to €6659, for pelvic fractures from €4442 to €7124, for humerus fractures from €3058 to €5992, and for multiple fractures from €4598 to €12,028. The average cost for overall fractures experienced a 110.3 % increase. The leading cause of health expenditure in the year following MOF was hospital admission. Expenditure in the second year post-fracture returned to pre-fracture levels. The use of some healthcare resources, especially visits to emergency services, increased in the prefracture month. Male sex, older age and high previous comorbidities were associated with a higher expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: In people with a first MOF, healthcare expenditure doubled during the first-year post-facture, mostly in relation to inpatient care. The healthcare resource use increased during the previous month. This increase could potentially be attributed to the worsening of pre-existing comorbidities.

Effects of COVID-19 confinement on the incidence and mortality of major osteoporotic fractures: an observational study in Catalonia, Spain.

There is little information on how the COVID-19 lockdown influenced the epidemiology of major osteoporotic fractures (MOF). We analyzed the incidence and mortality of MOF in 2020 compared with 2018-2019 in Catalonia, Spain. The incidence of MOF decreased steeply, and post-fracture mortality increased during the lockdown and throughout 2020. PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) incidence and mortality in Catalonia in 2020 and describe how age, sex, and the prior comorbidity burden influenced the epidemiology of MOF types. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, data on age and sex in people aged ≥ 50 years with a new diagnosis of MOF in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were collected. Average daily rates (ADR) were estimated overall and for five MOF: hip, distal forearm, proximal humerus, vertebrae, and pelvis. Morbidity was assessed using Adjusted Morbidity Groups. ADR in 2020 and the previous years were compared for overall and site-specific MOF in four consecutive time periods: pre-confinement, lockdown, deconfinement, and post-confinement. Thirty-day post-fracture mortality was assessed. COVID-19-related mortality was obtained from the Catalan COVID-19 register. RESULTS: From 2018 to 2020, there were 86,412 MOF. The ADR of MOF initially increased in 2020 before the pandemic, decreased steeply during lockdown, and remained lower in the rest of the year. The decrease was steeper in vertebral, pelvic and arm fractures, and lower in hip fractures. Differences were more pronounced in younger age groups and people with fewer comorbidities. Mortality increased throughout 2020, reaching a 2.5-fold increase during lockdown. Excess mortality was directly associated with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Mobility restrictions due to COVID-19 were associated with a reduction in MOF incidence in Catalonia, especially in younger people and in non-hip fractures. Post-fracture mortality was higher than in previous years due to the high COVID-19 mortality in the elderly.

Epidemiology of major osteoporotic fractures: a population-based analysis in Catalonia, Spain.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of major osteoporotic fractures in Catalonia, Spain, in 2018 and 2019 and their association with age, sex, income, climate and a set of comorbidities. METHODS: Data on age, sex, smoking, alcohol abuse, comorbidities (obesity, Parkinson's disease, arthritis, chronic kidney disease, hepatic cirrhosis, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, cerebrovascular disease, hyperthyroidism, multiple myeloma and epilepsy) and income levels in people aged ≥ 50 years with a new diagnosis of major osteoporotic fractures in 2018 and 2019 were collected from the Catalan Health Surveillance System (CHSS). Climatological variables were obtained from the Catalan Meteorological Service. Incidence rates were estimated for five major osteoporotic fractures (MOF). Associations between osteoporotic fractures and age, sex, income, comorbidities and climate variables were ascertained through multilevel generalized linear model analysis (Poisson's regression). RESULTS: There were 60,671 MOF. The annual incidence rate per 1000 persons/years at risk (PYAR) was 10.6 (3.1 for hip, 2.3 for distal forearm, 2.2 for vertebrae, 1.7 for pelvis and 1.5 for proximal humerus). Female sex, older age, lower income, smoking, alcohol abuse and some common comorbidities were associated with a higher incidence of MOF while obesity was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: MOF are frequent in the adult Catalan population, especially in older women and people on low incomes. Hip fracture is the most frequent, followed by forearm and vertebral fractures. Smoking, alcohol abuse and some comorbidities were associated with an increased incidence of fracture.

Age at treatment predicts reason for discontinuation of TNF antagonists: data from the BIOBADASER 2.0 registry.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the retention rate of TNF antagonists in elderly patients suffering from chronic arthropathies and to identify predictive variables of discontinuation by inefficacy or by adverse events (AEs). METHODS: All patients treated with TNF antagonists in BIOBADASER 2.0, with a diagnosis of either RA or spondyloarthritis (SpA: AS and PsA) were included and classified as <65 (younger) or ≥65 years of age (older) at start of the treatment. Cumulative incidence function for discontinuation (inefficacy or AE) was estimated as being the alternative reason for a competing risk. Competing-risks regression models were used to measure the association between study groups, covariates and reason for discontinuation. RESULTS: A total of 4851 patients were studied; 2957 RA (2291 in the younger group and 666 in the older group) and 1894 SpA (1795 in the younger group and 99 in the older group). Retention curves were statistically differently stratified by age groups, with the SpA younger group having the largest retention rate. Competing-risks regression models showed that in the older group, AEs were the most common reason for discontinuation regardless of the diagnosis of the patient and TNF antagonist molecule, whereas in the younger group, the most common cause of discontinuation was inefficacy. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, factors predicting discontinuation of TNF antagonists due to AEs are older age and diagnosis of RA. On the other hand, younger age predicts discontinuation due to lack of efficacy.

Concordance between direct and indirect measurements of free 25-OH vitamin D.

At present, data comparing the quantification methods for measurement of free vitamin D (direct assay [direct 25-OHDF] and estimated by calculation [calculated 25-OHDF]), are scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse the concordance between these two methods of 25-OHDF analysis (direct vs. calculated). METHODS: Serum values of total 25-OHD (25-OHDT), vitamin D binding protein (DBP) (by R&D Systems ELISA), calculated 25-OHDF (by DBP, albumin and 25-OHDT) and direct 25-OHDF (by DIAsource ELISA) were analysed in 173 healthy women (aged 35-45years). Assessment of concordance was evaluated by the Bland-Altman plot and the total deviation index (TDI). RESULTS: The mean values of calculated and direct 25-OHDF in these subjects were 5.27±2.5 and 3.83±1.01pg/mL, respectively. We found significantly lower values of 25-OHDF on comparing subjects with and without vitamin D deficiency, independently of the method used. The total deviation index evaluated by the Bland-Altman plot showed low concordance for both measurements. Only low 25-OHDF levels were concordant. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the concordance between these two methods of 25-OHDF analysis is low and has a concentration dependent bias. Further studies are necessary to clarify the reference values and the indications for 25-OHDF measurement.

How many patients with rheumatic diseases and TNF inhibitors treatment have latent tuberculosis?

OBJECTIVES: Spanish clinical guidelines recommend screening patients for tuberculosis (TB) before TNF inhibitors (TNFi) treatment. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of TST seroconversion as an estimation of the prevalence of latent TB in patients with rheumatic diseases and TNFi treatment that have already been screened for tuberculosis. METHODS: TST, booster and chest x-ray were performed to patients with rheumatic diseases, TNFi treatment, negative tuberculin skin tests before treatment and that were attending the rheumatology Department of three different hospitals in Barcelona. According to the Spanish Society Rheumatology guidelines, these patients had not received TB prophylaxis treatment. RESULTS: One hundred and forty patients were included in the study. The tuberculin skin test was positive in 4.28% (n=6) of the patients. 50% of the patients were undergoing TNFi ≤ 2 years, being two of the patients only one year on the TNFi when a positive TST was detected. This shows that a conversion of the TST can occur even few months or years after the TNFi is started. CONCLUSIONS: The present study observed that 4.28% of patients with rheumatic diseases on TNFi who did not have performed a pre-treatment TB prophylaxis, had a conversion of the TST. Moreover, the conversion of the TST had been within the first two years of treatment in half of the patients of our cohort. In spite of these results, false TST positives in the diagnosis of latent TB cannot be excluded as an explanation for our results.

[Resident physicians' opinions of their emergency medicine training in Catalan hospitals]. / Opinión de los médicos residentes de los hospitales catalanes sobre la formación en urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To know the opinion of medical residents in hospitals in Catalonia about the need for and usefulness of the training they receive in the emergency department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We sent an electronic questionnaire to all residents in Catalonia, through their cooperating supervisors. The questionnaire contained items to collect information on sociodemographic variables and attitudes toward emergency medicine. Items related to training covered the residents' assessment of the need for a rotation in the emergency department and the knowledge and skills acquired during the rotation (case history writing, relations with patients' relatives, teamwork, decision-making, identifying and managing critical patients, acquisition of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques). We compiled descriptive statistics and compared the results for residents from different specialties. RESULTS: Questionnaires were sent to 1431 residents in 21 hospitals and other training facilities. Responses were received from 427 (29.8%). Mean (SD) scores expressed on a scale of 1 to 10 were high for both the need for training in emergency medicine (8.9 [1.7]) and knowledge acquired during the rotation (8.2 [1.9]). The residents reported that they had acquired more knowledge in the areas of decision-making and management of critical patients. Family medicine residents expressed greater interest in choosing the specialty of emergency medicine (33.7% vs 6.1% for other residents, P<.001), and their opinion of the need for training in emergency medicine was also higher than other residents' (9.2 [1.5] vs 8.7 [1.8], P=.006). CONCLUSION: Medical residents in Catalonia believe that a rotation in the emergency department provides necessary and useful training. Family medicine residents are the ones who value emergency training most highly.

OBJETIVO: Conocer la opinión de los médicos internos residentes (MIR) de Cataluña acerca de la necesidad y utilidad de la formación recibida en los servicios de urgencias. METODO: Se envió un cuestionario electrónico a los MIR de Cataluña mediante la colaboración de sus jefes de estudio. El cuestionario contenía variables sociodemográficas, preguntas sobre la predisposición del residente hacia las urgencias, y variables relacionadas con la formación: valoración de la necesidad de una estancia en urgencias, y conocimientos y aptitudes adquiridos durante la rotación (historia clínica, relación con los familiares, trabajo en equipo, toma de decisiones, identificación y manejo de pacientes críticos y aprendizaje de técnicas diagnóstico-terapéuticas). Se hicieron análisis descriptivos y se compararon los resultados entre distintas especialidades. RESULTADOS: Se envió el cuestionario a 1.431 residentes de 21 hospitales y unidades docentes. Respondieron 427 residentes (29,8%). Tanto la valoración sobre la necesidad de realizar una formación en urgencias como sobre los conocimientos adquiridos fueron elevadas [8,9 (1,7) y 8,2 (1,9) puntos, respectivamente, en una escala de 1 a 10]. Los aspectos en los cuales habían adquirido mayor conocimiento fueron la toma de decisiones y el manejo de pacientes críticos. Los residentes de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria mostraron mayor predisposición a escoger la especialidad de urgencias (33,7% frente a 6,1%, p < 0,001). Su valoración acerca de la necesidad de formarse en urgencias también fue superior [9,2 (1,5) frente a 8,7 (1,8), p = 0,006]. CONCLUSIONES: Los MIR de Cataluña opinan que una estancia en urgencias durante su residencia es necesaria y útil para su formación. Los residentes de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria son los que más valoran esta formación.

Attention to musculoskeletal diseases. Different visions of the same problem.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main problems affecting general practitioners (GPs) and specialists in the care of the main musculoskeletal problems in Catalonia. METHOD: Cross-sectional, self-administered survey in a representative sample of GPs and all specialists in four areas (orthopedic surgery, rheumatology, physical medicine and rehabilitation and pain units). Variables evaluated in the survey were related to socio-demographic data, attention to musculoskeletal diseases, self-declared expertise, referral process, coordination mechanisms and major constraints to provide high quality care. RESULTS: GPs value well their expertise in the management of musculoskeletal diseases (6,7±1,0 on a scale of 1 to 10). Less than 25% of GPs are coordinated with hospital specialists. For them, waiting lists are the main problem (8.2±1,6/10) followed by lack of feedback (8±1,9/10) and poor coordination (7.8±1,9/10). Referenced specialties should change for some diseases (back pain and osteoarthritis). Specialists are critical for GPs. For specialists, the main problems are excessive workload (7,8±2/10) and the inefficiency of healthcare information systems (7.4±2/10). CONCLUSIONS: The vision of the problems affecting the care of musculoskeletal diseases differs between GPs and hospital specialists. The limited accessibility and workload excess, deficiencies in the flow of information and poor coordination are the most important problems in the proper care for musculoskeletal diseases.

Newborns whose mother has autoimmune disease. A community hospitals' experience.

Mothers with autoimmune diseases (AID) may have exacerbations of their disease during pregnancy and postpartum period, with fetal implications and neonatal complications. The aim of this study was to describe miscarriages during pregnancy and postpartum problems among mothers with AID and associated neonatal pathology. Retrospective data was recorded from 2004 to 2010. 29 mothers with AID were analyzed, 65% of whom had lupus erythematosus (SLE). There were 52 pregnancies, which resulted in 39 newborns. There were 10 instances of maternal complications (25.6%) during the pregnancies, including 1 with digital vasculitis, 1 with pancreatitis, 1 outbreak of glomerulonephritis, 1 case of gestational diabetes, 2 patients at risk for preterm birth, 3 with preeclampsia and 1 with eclampsia. During the postpartum period, there was one case of SLE exacerbation. Among the newborns 20.5% had low birth weight and 4 exhibited the transplacental passage of maternal antibodies with one case of neonatal lupus. Among complications beyond the neonatal period, 8 (20.5%) children developed asthma, one presented negative ANA oligoarthritis and another presented immune thrombocytopenic purpura. In our hospital, the rates of miscarriage, prematurity and LBW among the newborns of mothers with AID are similar to those reported in the literature. The observation of a case of NL with the transplacental passage of anti-Sm is remarkable.

Health planning in rheumatic diseases. Elaboration of a master plan for rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases of Catalonia.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic diseases (RDs) are among the most common chronic health problems of the Catalan adult population. They cause important problems for individuals, their families and for the society overall, with high direct and indirect economic costs. The Department of Health of Catalonia promoted the creation of a Master Plan for the rheumatic diseases, as a tool for planning an integral approach to these problems. OBJECTIVE: To present the work methodology that has been used in the development of the Master Plan and its final proposals. METHODS: First an analysis of the burden caused by these problems in our community was performed and the objectives of the Plan were established. Later, strategic lines were defined and work groups organized to analyze proposals for improvement, which after consensus were accepted. RESULTS: The proposals of the Plan comprise actions in the scope of prevention, rationalization in the use of resources and the formation of professionals among others. Changes in the health care model for RDs were proposed in order to improve specialized and primary care coordination with clinics and musculoskeletal functional units. CONCLUSIONS: The Master Plan recommends actions to improve the attention of the population through operative planning and the services to different providers. The Master Plan will establish the health policy action lines directed against these disorders.

[Identification of clinical features and laboratory abnormalities associated with the development of vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis]. / Identificación de las características clínicas y alteraciones analíticas asociadas a la fractura vertebral en mujeres con osteoporosis posmenopáusica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Vertebral fractures (VF) are a major risk factor for the development of further fractures. Therefore, it is important to identify clinical risk factors and laboratory abnormalities related to VF. We aimed to analyse clinical and biochemical alterations related to the presence of radiological VF in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two-hundred and four postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (aged 64,9 [10] years) who were referred to an outpatient Rheumatology Unit were prospectively included. Bone mineral density (BMD), spine X-ray, and laboratory tests were performed in all participants before treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-eight per cent of patients had VF. Comparing women with and without VF, those with fractures were older (71.9 [10] vs 61.8 [8,6], P<.001), had lower stature (152 [7.2] vs 155 [6.2], P=.01), lower total hip T-score values (-2.2 [0,9] vs -1.9 [0.8], P=.041), higher prevalence of non-VF (38 vs 30%, P=.04) and a higher prevalence of low serum 25(OH)D levels (69 vs 53%, P<.05). In logistic regression analysis, age and BMD at the total hip were independent predictors of VF. Patients over 65 presented a higher frequency of VF (47 vs 12%, P<.0001). In addition, a T-score lower than -2,5 at the total hip was associated with an increased risk of VF (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.2-4.9). CONCLUSIONS: Over the age of 65 nearly half of the postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have VF and a higher prevalence of low 25(OH)D serum measurements. Spinal X-ray and 25(OH)D serum measurements are especially indicated in this group of women since it influences the therapeutic approach.

Cost-utility and budget impact analysis of primary prevention with alendronate of osteoporotic hip fractures in Catalonia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether primary drug prevention of osteoporotic hip fracture is a useful measure in Catalonia and what would be their budgetary impact. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cost-utility social perspective study with a time horizon of 10 to 20 years. Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed. Doing nothing is compared with an intervention that includes screening for osteoporosis in women> 64 years and in those diagnosed and who received treatment with generic alendronate for 10 years. Decision trees are developed for groups of 65-69, 70-74 and 75-79. HF data is from 2009 hospital discharges .Costs are derived from fees paid by public insurance. RESULTS: In 2009 there were 9262 HF. The direct cost was € 55 million (€ 5,943.4/patient). The total cost was € 227 million for 10 years. The intervention dominates in all age groups in a 20 year perspective. In any horizon and age group, the different scenario puts the value per QALY below or within the proposed values for Spain. The budgetary impact is estimated at € 8.9 million which increased by 31% the actual direct cost, and 0.5% of the public pharmacy budget. Considering the total costs and the prospect of 20 years, annual savings of 7.4 million € were seen. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of HF with alendronate in osteoporotic women>64 years is cost-useful in the long term (20 years) with a low budgetary impact in the 75-79 year group.

[Importance of chronic musculoskeletal problems in the population of Catalonia (Spain): prevalence and effect on self-perceived health, activity restriction and use of health services]. / Importancia de los problemas reumáticos en la población de Cataluña: prevalencia y repercusión en la salud percibida, restricción de actividades y utilización de recursos sanitarios.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of chronic musculoskeletal problems in the adult population of Catalonia (Spain) and their effect on self-perceived health, activity restriction and use of health services. METHODS: A population-based survey of 15,926 adults was performed. Multistage stratified sampling was performed. The variables gathered were sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported chronic health problems, self-perceived health, activity restriction and use of health services. Musculoskeletal problems were grouped into four categories: osteoarthritis-arthritis or rheumatism (OA), chronic dorsal or lumbar pain (LBP), chronic cervical pain (UBP), and osteoporosis. RESULTS: Chronic health problems were reported by 77.4% of the adult population. The most frequent health problem was LBP, followed by UBP and OA. After adjustment by age was performed, female sex increased the risk of reporting OA, LBP, UBP and osteoporosis (OR=2.6, 1.5, 2.3, and 5.3, respectively). The prevalence increased with greater age and with lower socioeconomic status. After adjustment was performed by age, sex, social class and obesity, self-perceived health was worse in people with these problems (42.7% vs 11%). The four categories were the main causes of activity restriction in the last year (OR 2.70) and the last 15 days (OR=2.32) and were associated with a higher use of health services. CONCLUSIONS: Los problemas reumáticos son los principales problemas de salud crónicos declarados por la población adulta. La prevalencia es mayor es las mujeres, aumenta con la edad y en las clases desfavorecidas. Hay una asociación significativa entre declarar problemas musculoesqueléticos y salud autopercibida mala o regular, y mayor restricción de actividades y uso de servicios sanitarios.

[Systematic review: safety and efficacy of anti-TNF in elderly patients]. / Revisión sistemática: eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento anti-TNF en pacientes ancianos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the safety and efficacy of anti-TNF treatments in elderly patients with rheumatic diseases is similar than the safety and efficacy of the same drugs in younger patients. METHODS: Systematic review. We performed a systematic search in MEDLINE (Pubmed), EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library Plus. Abstracts published in the American and European rheumatology congresses and articles in Reumatología Clínica were also reviewed. RESULTS: Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Studies show a similar efficacy in elderly and younger patients. The differences between the young and the elderly regarding DAS28 reductions before and after are very small: 0.04 in the Geneway et al study and 0.0 in the Mariette et al study, as well as in the before and after HAQ: 0.04 (Geneway et al), 0.18 (Schiff et al) and 0.06 (Mariette et al).Adverse events reported in elderly and younger patients are 83.3% and 77.1% respectively with etanercept, as reported by Fleischmann; 27.2% vs 12.5%, p=0.19, as reported by Chevillotte, and the rate of withdrawal due to an adverse event was 57,8% vs 29,2% with infliximab, p=0.03, 36% vs 15% p=0.06 with adalimumab and 10,3% and 9,5%, with no significant p value, as reported by Massara. CONCLUSIONS: The information to assess the efficacy and safety of anti-TNF therapy in elderly patients was obtained in all cases from sub analyses and therefore bias is possible. We can say, with a low to moderate level of evidence, that elderly patients undergoing anti-TNF treatments have a higher number of adverse events, and similar efficacy, when compared with younger patients.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection by tuberculin skin test and a whole-blood interferon-γ release assay in patients considered for anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy.

To assess the performance of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold in-Tube (QFT-GIT; Cellestis, Carnegie, Australia) and tuberculin skin test (TST) in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID), before anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy, and to compare the results with those from the healthy population. Three hundred fourteen subjects (214 with IMID and 100 controls) underwent simultaneous QFT-GIT and TST. QFT-GIT was positive in 21% of IMID patients and in 16% of controls (P = 0.29). Among IMID patients, 21% tested positive by QFT-GIT and 24%, by TST (P = 0.30). Positive QFT-GIT results were not affected by immunosuppressive therapy (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-1.68; P = 0.52). Agreement between both tests in those patients who tested positive by one of the tests was 50% (95% CI, 37.2-62.8). QFT-GIT is useful for identifying IMID patients requiring treatment of latent tuberculosis before anti-TNF therapy. However, given the poor agreement between TST and QFT-GIT, we advocate a strategy of simultaneous testing to optimize diagnostic sensitivity.

Search for hidden secondary causes in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of secondary processes in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) is not well known. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of conditions contributing to bone loss in postmenopausal women with OP and to evaluate the clinical characteristics and the impact of these disorders on the severity of the disease. METHODS: A total of 204 postmenopausal women (mean +/- SD age, 64.9 +/- 10 y) with OP were prospectively included. None had an evident secondary cause of OP. Bone mineral density assessment, spine x-ray, and laboratory tests including parathormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), thyroid hormones, urinary N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), and 24-hour urinary calcium and cortisol were performed in all participants before treatment. RESULTS: As a group, 82% had low 25OHD levels (<30 ng/mL), 35% had increased PTH levels (>65 pg/mL), and 20% had hypercalciuria (>250 mg/24 h). In addition, 41% had increased NTx urinary levels (>65 nmol/mmol). PTH levels were related to age and were higher in women with femoral Z score less than -2.0 (80.3 pg/mL vs 57.7 pg/mL; P = 0.03). Participants with increased urinary NTx showed lower lumbar T and Z scores, whereas women with low 25OHD levels had lower femoral neck bone mineral density and T score values. In addition, participants with vertebral fractures had higher prevalence of 25OHD levels less than 20 ng/mL (69.2% vs 53.4%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Secondary processes that contribute to low bone mass in postmenopausal women with OP are frequent, especially vitamin D insufficiency, increased PTH values, and hypercalciuria. In addition, increased bone resorption is frequently observed in this group of women. Most of these processes contributed to the severity of the disease.