Exploring academic teachers perspectives regarding the impact of using medical simulation in dentistry pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Medical simulation allows for the achievement of many educational goals and the continued education of some practical skills. The COVID-19 pandemic's restrictions have led to a major increase in dental education simulations. The aim of this study was to analyse the perspectives of academic teachers towards dental simulation, their concerns and evaluation of this teaching method, as well as their opinion on the use of medical simulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: A focus study was conducted in a group of 5 academic teachers, comprising 10% of academic teachers of a Dental Faculty using simulation techniques. Prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, the interviewed teachers had expertise with medical simulation in dentistry education methods. A facilitator used pre-planned, open-ended questions about the use of simulation in dentistry also with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic period. The group discussion has been managed, monitored, and recorded. The data analysis model was based on Braun and Clarke's six phases of thematic analysis. Five thematic domains/fields were evaluated: (1) Simulation as a didactic method; (2) Simulation during COVID-19 pandemic; (3) General observations and expectations with regard to simulation; (4) Teachers in simulation; (5) Concerns in relation to simulation. Two researchers analysed the data. RESULTS: Based on interviewed teachers' perspective the simulation allows students to learn basic and complex skills providing the repeatability of the procedures performed. During Covid-19 the simulation methods undoubtedly filled the gap in the training of future dentists. However, interviewed teachers pointed out the high cost of the methods dictated by the need to prepare the simulation environment at a high level, in order to reflect the real clinical situation. CONCLUSIONS: The use of simulation methods requires adequate preparation of academic teachers, continuous education and updating of knowledge in the field of medical simulation. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly influenced the growth of dental education simulation techniques as well as staff knowledge of the usage of medical simulation.

A Short Review of the Toxicity of Dentifrices-Zebrafish Model as a Useful Tool in Ecotoxicological Studies.

This review aims to summarize the literature data regarding the effects of different toothpaste compounds in the zebrafish model. Danio rerio provides an insight into the mechanisms of the ecotoxicity of chemicals as well as an assessment of their fate in the environment to determine long-term environmental impact. The regular use of adequate toothpaste with safe active ingredients possessing anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and regenerative properties is one of the most effective strategies for oral healthcare. In addition to water, a typical toothpaste consists of a variety of components, among which three are of predominant importance, i.e., abrasive substances, fluoride, and detergents. These ingredients provide healthy teeth, but their environmental impact on living organisms are often not well-known. Each of them can influence a higher level of organization: subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ, individual, and population. Therefore, it is very important that the properties of a chemical are detected before it is released into the environment to minimize damage. An important part of a chemical risk assessment is the estimation of the ecotoxicity of a compound. The zebrafish model has unique advantages in environmental ecotoxicity research and has been used to study vertebrate developmental biology. Among others, the advantages of this model include its external, visually accessible development, which allows for providing many experimental manipulations. The zebrafish has a significant genetic similarity with other vertebrates. Nevertheless, translating findings from zebrafish studies to human risk assessment requires careful consideration of these differences.

Nicotine and Cytisine Embryotoxicity in the Experimental Zebrafish Model.

Tobacco smoking is one of the most serious health problems. Potentially lethal effects of nicotine for adults can occur with as little as 30 to 60 mg, although severe symptoms can arise with lower doses. Furthermore, the route of administration also influences the toxicity. Cytisine is one of the most popular medications in nicotinism treatment. Like nicotine, cytisine is a plant alkaloid, signaling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Our study evaluated the effects of cytisine in nicotine-induced embryotoxic effects using zebrafish larvae. We examined the teratogenicity of nicotine and cytisine alone or in combination. Nicotine increased mortality and delayed hatching of zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Cytisine did not affect mortality in a wide range of concentrations, and hatching delay was observed only at the highest concentrations, above 2 mM. Administering compounds together partially reduced the adverse teratogenic effect induced by nicotine alone. The protective effect of cytisine against the nicotine effect, observed in zebrafish, will contribute to future studies or treatments related to nicotine addiction or prenatal nicotine exposure in humans.

"Old" Does Not Always Mean "Incompetent": The Implication of Respect in the Perception of Older People Subtypes.

Building on the Stereotype Content Model, the present work examined the heterogeneity of the stereotypes about older people. We aimed to broaden the range of perceived predictors of competence in older people and included respect in addition to status. Seventeen subtypes were selected in a pilot study (n = 77). The main study was conducted on a French sample (n = 212) that took part in a self-reported survey. Cluster analysis showed that specific older people subtypes appear in three combinations of warmth and competence. Correlation and regression analyses showed that competition negatively predicts warmth, and that status positively predicts competence. In a substantial number of target groups, respect played a more important role than status in the perception of group competence. To sum up, this study suggests that the perceived competence of older people is not only related to perceived socio-economic status but also to the amount of respect they receive.

When pursuing bad goals for good reasons makes it even worse: a social value approach to performance-avoidance goal pursuit.

Consistently in achievement goal research, pursuing performance-avoidance goals has been associated with a decrease in achievement. Less is known to what extent this effect depends on the reasons underlying these goals' endorsement. The present research uses a social value approach to assess how do performance-avoidance goals' effects on achievement depend on the reasons anchored in social utility (goal endorsed in order to succeed) and in social desirability (goal endorsed in order to please one's teachers). Based on five correlational samples meta-analyzed in Study 1, results showed that perceiving performance-avoidance goals as socially useful increased the negative effect of these goals on achievement. This moderating effect was replicated experimentally in Study 2. These findings support the relevance of studying achievement goal complexes and illustrate that performance-avoidance goals may lead to deleterious consequences even when endorsed for seemingly good reasons.

Association between clinical stage of oral cancer and expression of immunohistochemical markers.

AIM: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the possible correlation between the expression of examined protein markers - p53, EGFR, PCNA, p44/42 in the mass of the tumor and the clinical stage of disease. MATERIAL: 48 patients of the Department and Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lublin diagnosed with oral cancer. The control group consisted of 10 patients diagnosed with leukoplakia lesions in the oral cavity. The methods: Immunohistochemical analysis using the detection system DAKO K5007 Cat - Dako REAL ™ Detection System, Peroxidase DAB +, Rabbit / Mouse. RESULTS: Based upon the statistical results, significant correlation between p53 protein and tumor staging; however, a correlation between the level of expression of EGFR, p44/42, PCNA and staging was not likewise revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Looking for oral squamous cell carcinoma markers remains an actual issue. Identification of specific markers of oral cancer could be used in screening the population, determining prognosis and response to treatment.

Cat scratch disease in 9-year-old patient - a case report.

Cat scratch disease (CSD) - bartonellosis, is zoonosis caused by the intracellular gram negativebacterium Bartonellahenselae or Bartonellaquintana. The pathogens of this disease enter the human body usually as a consequence of a bite or scratch by young cats which are the natural source of such bacteria. The illness proceeds asymptomatically or with topical symptoms of infection such as a lump, spot or blister. Within 14 days a high fever and topical lymphadenopathy are observed. Lymph nodes are sore and start suppurating. In half of patients, these symptoms may resemble malignancy, and in single cases there are symptoms associated with the musculoskeletal system, such as: osteitis, arthitis and myositis. In paper presented case of 9 year-old girl patients, treated in Oral Surgery Unit due to odema and lymphadenopathy in right submandibular space. Primary surgical treatment of deciduous teeth was conducted without recovery. In few months follow-up, biopsy of lymph node of submandibular group was taken and provisional diagnosis of cat scratch disease was set. Patient was referred to the Infectious Diseases Unit where serological test confirmed cat scratch disease, and pharmacological treatment was conducted with success and recovery of young patient.

[Assessment of the alkaline (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the blood serum of rats during experimental postmenopausal osteoporosis]. / Ocena aktywnosci fosfatazy zasadowej i kwasnej w surowicy szczurów w przebiegu doswiadczalnej osteoporozy pomenopauzalnej.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of alkaline (ALP) and acid (ACP) phosphatase in the blood serum of rats after ovariectomy and with estrogen replacement therapy. The relationship between mandible and spine bone mineral density (BMD) and parameters of bone remodeling was also estimated. The concentration of serum total alkaline and acid phosphatase was higher in the rats with estrogen deficiency, and statistically lower in rats administering 17 beta-estradiol. ALP and ACP levels were correlated significantly negative with mandible and spine BMD. Carried out examinations confirmed increasing bone resorption during experimental postmenopausal osteoporosis.

[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. / Badania wplywu niedoboru estrogenów na poziom manganu w zebach i zuchwie szczurów po owariektomii.

Deficiency of the estrogens occurring after menopause or ovariectomy leads to osteopenia and osteoporosis. It was confirmed by noninvasion examinations of bones--skeleton, maxilla mandible and teeth. Demineralization of the hard tissues were connected with loss of calcium and phosphorus, however the role of microelements is not completely known (for example role of Mn). The aim of the study was an attempt of explanation of manganese behave in the structure of hard tissues of masticatory system when the level of estrogens was decreased. Experiment was realized on Wistar female rats. They were divided into seven following groups: CL--control, SH--sham operated, OV--after ovariectomy, OVO--ovariectomized which administered "oleum pro injectione", OVH1--OVH3--ovariectomized which administered 17 beta-estradiol in three doses: 1.25 micrograms, 12.5 micrograms, 125.0 micrograms (dose on the rat) twice a week. After ovariectomy the level of manganese in teeth as well as in mandible decreased in compared with control group. Differences were statistically significant. Administration of 17 beta-estradiol of ovariectomized female rats caused increase of manganese content inconsiderable. These results may suggest that ovarian estrogens play an important role in mineralization of bones and teeth and in prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

[The influence of carcinogenesis in the oral cavity on the level of zinc, copper and iron in serum]. / Wplyw procesu nowotworowego w obrebie jamy ustnej na poziom cynku, miedzi i zelaza w surowicy krwi.

Samples of blood serum originating from the patients with squamous cell carcinoma of various parts of the oral cavity (carcinoma planoepitheliale spinocellulare: mucosae buccae, fundi oris, linguae, palati molli) were analyzed for presence of some microelements (zinc, copper and iron) using the AAS method. The findings were compared to amounts of these elements in serum of healthy persons (control samples). Significant differences among groups (with cancer and control) were qualified using nonparametric U-Mann Whitney test. The mean contents of all the analyzed microelements in serum of persons with cancer were higher as compared with controls but statistically significant differences were only in case of copper and iron.

Replantation and transplantation following avulsion of two maxillary incisors.

Here we describe replantation and transplantation as a treatment conducted in a 16-year-old patient following a bicycle accident. An avulsed left central incisor in maxilla was replanted after extra-oral root canal treatment, and the lost right central incisor of the maxilla was replaced by a left lateral incisor of the mandible in the region of the fracture fissure. Follow-up examination at 34 months showed validity of treatment, although slight evidence of replacement resorption in the transplanted and replanted teeth was revealed.

Desmopressin--a nontransfusional form of prevention of postextractive bleeding in some patients with von Willebrand's type I disease. Case report.

In this article the possibility of using the Minirin (desmopressin) in maxillofacial surgery in person with hemostatic disorders has been described. The our case of patient with von Willebrand's disease type I indicates that this drug is very effective in bleeding after teeth extractions.