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One of the most common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is Proteus species. Because there is little information on the pathogenicity of Proteus species isolated from Iran, we assessed their virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance in this study. In Shahrekord, Iran, 260 isolates of Proteus causing UTIs were identified from patients. Polymerase chain reaction for gene amplification was used to determine virulence features and antibiotic resistance gene distribution in uropathogenic Proteus spp. After biochemical and molecular analysis, 72 (27.69%) of the 260 collected samples were recognized as Proteus mirabilis, and 127 (48.84%) specimens were Pr. vulgaris in both male and female forms. A significant interaction effect between Pr. mirabilis and Pr. vulgaris infections and the sex of patients was seen in both the male and female groups. No statistically significant difference was observed between Pr. mirabilis infection and season in different year seasons. However, in different seasons of the year, a statistically significant difference was observed between infection with Pr. vulgaris in autumn and other seasons. There was a considerable difference between Pr. mirabilis and Pr. vulgaris infections at different ages in various age groups. As people aged, infections occurred more frequently. Fim,pap,kspMT, and set1 genes had the highest expression in both Pr. vulgaris and Pr. mirabilis. Also, the highest rate of antibiotic resistance of Pr. vulgaris and Pr. mirabilis is attributed to the high expression of aac(3)-IV,tet(A), and blaSHV genes. In conclusion, identifying these genes as the key controllers of Proteus virulence factors might help with better infection management.
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Infecções por Proteus , Infecções Urinárias , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteus/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genéticaRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the effects of medicinal herbs and marine natural products on wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. To carry out this literature review, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) instructions were used. Articles on the potential of medicinal plants and natural substances of marine origin against wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis were explored. The scientific databases considered were PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and SpringerLink. The scientific documents collected were mainly scientific articles, books, book chapters, and doctoral thesis. The research considered 73 manuscripts published in the period from 1990 to 2020. From all the data collected, it appears that the scientific literature is rich in medicinal herbs and marine products to be valorized in the wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. We have identified 15 medicinal plants traditionally used in the management of healing or ulcer of cutaneous leishmaniasis, 32 medicinal plants whose efficacy has been demonstrated in vitro or in vivo against cutaneous leishmaniasis, 5 marine products active against cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is also clear that the option of medicinal herbs/marine products in the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis is less expensive and allows to avoid the side effects of conventional products. It is necessary to encourage the development of dermatological topicals for the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on the data collected. In vivo research should be intensified on medicinal herbs traditionally used in wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Produtos Biológicos , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Plantas Medicinais , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Malaria still constitutes a major public health menace, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Close to half a million people mainly children in Africa, die every year from the disease. With the rising resistance to frontline drugs (artemisinin-based combinations), there is a need to accelerate the discovery and development of newer anti-malarial drugs. A systematic review was conducted to identify the African medicinal plants with significant antiplasmodial and/or anti-malarial activity, toxicity, as wells as assessing the variation in their activity between study designs (in vitro and in vivo). METHODS: Key health-related databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Science Direct were searched for relevant literature on the antiplasmodial and anti-malarial activities of African medicinal plants. RESULTS: In total, 200 research articles were identified, a majority of which were studies conducted in Nigeria. The selected research articles constituted 722 independent experiments evaluating 502 plant species. Of the 722 studies, 81.9%, 12.4%, and 5.5% were in vitro, in vivo, and combined in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The most frequently investigated plant species were Azadirachta indica, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Picrilima nitida, and Nauclea latifolia meanwhile Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, and Lamiaceae were the most frequently investigated plant families. Overall, 248 (34.3%), 241 (33.4%), and 233 (32.3%) of the studies reported very good, good, and moderate activity, respectively. Alchornea cordifolia, Flueggea virosa, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, and Maytenus senegalensis gave consistently very good activity across the different studies. In all, only 31 (4.3%) of studies involved pure compounds and these had significantly (p = 0.044) higher antiplasmodial activity relative to crude extracts. Out of the 198 plant species tested for toxicity, 52 (26.3%) demonstrated some degree of toxicity, with toxicity most frequently reported with Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina. These species were equally the most frequently inactive plants reported. The leaves were the most frequently reported toxic part of plants used. Furthermore, toxicity was observed to decrease with increasing antiplasmodial activity. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are many indigenous plants with considerable antiplasmodial and anti-malarial activity, the progress in the development of new anti-malarial drugs from African medicinal plants is still slothful, with only one clinical trial with Cochlospermum planchonii (Bixaceae) conducted to date. There is, therefore, the need to scale up anti-malarial drug discovery in the African region.
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Antimaláricos , Extratos Vegetais , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plasmodium/efeitos dos fármacos , África , Animais , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/toxicidade , Humanos , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Medicinas Tradicionais Africanas/estatística & dados numéricos , Camundongos , Fitoterapia/estatística & dados numéricos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Integrons play important role in the spread and maintenance of antimicrobial resistance among strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other species of Enterobacteriaceae. This study investigated the prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons among E. coli strains isolated from aquaculture water of fish fields in Iran. METHODS: One hundred and fifty water samples from different geographical regions in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province were examined over a 2 months period. Isolation was through culture and biochemical tests. Integrons were identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers specific for class 1 and 2 integrons. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion methods. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of the water samples were positive for E. coli. All the strains were multi-drug resistant; 100% to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, ampicillin and tetracycline and least resistant to imipenem (7.2%). Ten (50%) of the most resistant strains were positive for class 1 (40%) and class 2 (10%). CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli in aquaculture in Iran carried integrons class 1 and 2 which could be of public health concern since they could play a role in the spread and maintenance of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial population in the region and should be constantly monitored.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Integrons , Microbiologia da Água , Aquicultura , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Irã (Geográfico) , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Honey exhibits a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ones. Chitosan (Cs) is a mucoadhesive polymer that also has antibacterial properties. Special attention has been paid to the design of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as new nano drug delivery systems to overcome bacterial resistance and its problems. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to synthesize Cs-meropenem NPs with/without honey as an antibiofilm and antibacterial agent to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: This study synthesized meropenem and honey-loaded Cs nanogels and subsequently characterized them by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and DLS-zeta potential. Using the broth microdilution and crystal violet assays, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of meropenem and honey-loaded Cs nanogel, free meropenem, free honey, and free Cs NPs were investigated in vitro against MRSA strains. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was also used to test the cytotoxicity of several Cs-NPs compound against the HEK-293 regular cell line. RESULTS: The average size of meropenem and honey-Cs-NPs was reported to be 119.885 nm, and encapsulation efficiency was 88.33 ± 0.97 with stability up to 60 days at 4°C. The NPs showed enhanced antibiofilm efficacy against S. aureus at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of meropenem and honey-encapsulated Cs against the HEK-293 normal cell line was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that meropenem and honey-Cs-NPs might be potential antibacterial and antibiofilm materials.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Quitosana , Mel , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Nanopartículas , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Humanos , Meropeném/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Quitosana/farmacologia , Células HEK293 , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , BiofilmesRESUMO
The emergence of drug-resistant strains in tuberculosis treatment underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the anti-tuberculosis activity of green-synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using garlic and astragalus extracts. The physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles confirms successful synthesis, followed by assessment of their antibacterial properties and safety profile. Rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are treated with nanocomposites derived from garlic extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight. Evaluation includes the analysis of Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) expression and confirmation of antibodies through molecular assays. Administration of garlic and nanocomposites demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on tuberculosis progression in rats, validated by safety assessments and antibacterial efficacy. Notably, the 100 mg/kg dosage exhibits pronounced mitigation of tuberculosis-induced oxidative stress and lung damage. In conclusion, the combined administration of garlic extracts and green-synthesized nanocomposites shows promising efficacy in reducing tuberculosis infection, highlighting a potential avenue for anti-tuberculosis interventions.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a commonly found Gram-negative bacterium in healthcare facilities and is renowned for its ability to form biofilms and its virulence factors that are controlled by quorum sensing (QS) systems. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of this bacterium poses a significant challenge in the field of medicine. Consequently, the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents has become a top priority. This research aims to optimize chitosan derived from white shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) computational approach. The objective is to investigate chitosan's potential as a solution for inhibiting QS activity and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa ATCC 10,145. Under optimized conditions, chitin was treated with NaOH (1.41 M) for 15.75 h, HCl (7.49% vol) for 2.01 h, and at a deacetylation temperature of 81.15 °C. The resulting chitosan exhibited a degree of deacetylation (DD%) exceeding 93.98%, as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis, indicating its high purity. The extracted chitosan demonstrated a significant synergistic antibiotic effect against P. aeruginosa when combined with ceftazidime, enhancing its bactericidal activity by up to 15-fold. In addition, sub-MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) concentrations of extracted chitosan (10 and 100 µg/mL) successfully reduced the production of pyocyanin and rhamnolipid, as well as the swimming motility, protease activity and biofilm formation ability in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, chitosan treatment downregulated the RhlR and LasR genes in P. aeruginosa when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The optimized chitosan extract shows significant potential as a coating agent for surgical equipment, effectively preventing nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa pathogens.
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BACKGROUND: The lack of appropriate vaccines is an obstacle to the effective management of A. baumannii infections. Peptide vaccines offer an attractive and promising preventive strategy against A. baumannii. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we identified specific T cell epitopes of A. baumannii outer membrane protein K (OMPK) using comprehensive bioinformatics and detailed molecular docking analysis. METHODS: Both class-I and class-II T cell epitopes of A. baumannii OMPK were predicted by three tools namely IEDB, SYFPEITHI, and ProPred. The predicted epitopes were shortlisted based on several analyses including prediction scoring, clustering, exclusion of human similarity, considering immunogenicity and cytokine production, and removal of toxic and/or allergen epitopes. The epitopic peptides with high prediction scores and appropriate properties containing both class-I and class-II T cell epitopes were selected. Two of these class I/II epitopic peptides were chosen for molecular docking studies and assessing their physicochemical properties as vaccine candidates. RESULTS: The results showed many T-cell epitopes of OMPK that could be evaluated for possible immunogenicity. Two of these epitopes (containing both class-I and II epitopes) had high prediction scores, were predicted by several tools, attached to several HLAs, and had the best docking score. They had different physicochemical properties and were conserved among Acinetobacter species. DISCUSSION: We identified the A. baumannii OMPK high immunogenic class-I and class-II T cell epitopes and introduced two promising high immunogenic peptides as vaccine candidates. It is recommended to perform in vitro/in vivo investigation of these peptides to determine their true efficacy and efficiency.
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Acinetobacter baumannii , Vacinas , Humanos , Epitopos de Linfócito T , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , PeptídeosRESUMO
Outer membrane protein W (OmpW) is a less-known A. baumannii antigen with potential immunogenic properties. The epitopes of this protein are not well-identified yet. Therefore, in the present study, B- and T-cell epitopes of A. baumannii OmpW were found using comprehensive in silico and partially in vitro studies. The T-cell (both class-I and class-II) and B-cell (both linear and conformational) epitopes were predicted and screened through many bioinformatics approaches including the prediction of IFN-γ production, immunogenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, human similarity, and clustering. A single 15-mer epitopic peptide containing a linear B-cell and both classes of T-cell epitopes were found and used for further assays. For in vitro assays, patient- and healthy control-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with the 15-mer peptide, Phytohemagglutinin, or medium alone, and cell proliferation and IFN-γ production assays were performed. The bioinformatics studies led to mapping OmpW epitopes and introducing a 15-mer peptide. In vitro assays to some extent showed its potency in cell proliferation but not in IFN-γ induction, although the responses were not very expressive and faced some questions/limitations. In general, in the current study, we mapped the most immunogenic epitopes of OmpW that may be used for future studies and also assayed one of these epitopes in vitro, which was shown to have an immunogenicity potential. However, the induced immune responses were not strong which suggests that the present peptide needs a series of biotechnological manipulations to be used as a potential vaccine candidate. More studies in this field are recommended.
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Maedi-visna (MV) is an important slow viral disease of sheep leading to a progressive lymphoproliferative disease. It affects multiple organs primarily the lungs, where it causes interstitial pneumonia (maedi). In this study, the lungs of 1,000 sheep carcasses were grossly inspected and those suspected to have maedi were studied at histopathological and molecular levels. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that amplified a 291-base pair DNA in the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence of MV provirus was conducted on all the 50 suspected lungs together with 10 normal appearing lungs as controls. Amplicons of the expected size were detected in 11 (n=11/50) suspected sheep, and one of the 10 control sheep. Histopathologic study of the pulmonary lesions of all 11 (n=11/11) positive sheep showed MV lesions, including hyperplasia of the perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid cells, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and smooth muscle hyperplasia and the histopathologic findings were correlated with PCR results. In contrast, the tissue sections of control animals were almost normal at histopathological level; however, PCR technique demonstrated that one of them was affected by maedi. This study showed that the LTR-PCR had high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of this viral infection. This study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of MV virus infection in sheep in Iran.
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Pulmão/patologia , Pneumonia Intersticial Progressiva dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Intersticial Progressiva dos Ovinos/patologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Vírus Visna-Maedi/isolamento & purificação , Animais , DNA Viral/genética , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Pulmão/virologia , Pneumonia Intersticial Progressiva dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Intersticial Progressiva dos Ovinos/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Ovinos , Carneiro Doméstico , Sequências Repetidas Terminais , Vírus Visna-Maedi/genéticaRESUMO
The production of biofilms by S. aureus contributes significantly to treatment failures. The present study aims to establish the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance and adhesion genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw cow milk in Shahrekord, Iran. A total of 90 samples of raw cow's milk were collected. Presumptive S. aureus strains were obtained using Baird-Parker plates after enrichment in tryptone soy broth, and final colonies were selected from brain heart infusion. Additional tests such as coagulase were done, and the identification was confirmed by the detection of the aroA gene. Biofilm producing strains were screened using a spectrophotometry method applied to microplates. Crystal violet staining was used to quantify the formation of biofilm. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. PCR was used to detect several biofilm and antibiotics resistance related genes. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to establish a statistically significant relationship between biofilm reaction and antibiotic resistance (p value <0.05). Results show a moderate (38.88%) recovery rate of S. aureus in milk and 65.71% of the isolates were strong biofilm producers. Antibiotic susceptibility tests show an alarming rate of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, especially penicillin (100%), ampicillin (91.42%), and oxacillin (71.42%). This finding correlates with antibiotic resistance gene detection, in which the gene blaZ was most found (71.42%), followed by mecA and Aac-D (42.85%). Detection of biofilm-related genes shows that all the genes targeted were found among S. aureus isolates. Statistical tests show a significant correlation between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. This study revealed that there is a significant correlation between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance in S. aureus isolated from raw milk. These results highlight the need for regular surveillance of the occurrence of S. aureus strains in milk and milk products in Iran.
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The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes strains in UTIs is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of resistance in Enterobacter aerogenes strains isolated from the urinary tract of infected patients. To achieve this goal, 786 urine samples from Shahrekord, Iran, were collected from June 2019 to February 2020. After isolating and identifying E. aerogenes samples, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on the strains using Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method. The biofilm formation assays were performed to study the link between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation and virulence genes. As a result, amongst the 786 urine samples, 50 strains were identified as E. aerogenes. The lowest rate of resistance was observed with imipenem (30%). This study also reports that all the strains of E. aerogenes are biofilm producers, with 50% of isolates producing a large amount, 30% a moderate amount, and 20% a small amount of biofilm. 42% were identified in the phenotypic study of ESBLs. In the PCR test, (64%) produced broad-spectrum beta-lactamases. Prevalence of qnrC, qnrB, qnrA, tetA, tet B, acc(3)IIa, acc(2)IIa, ant(2)Ia and Sul1 in strong producing isolates reported 100%, 80.95%,% 58.14, 87.5%, 81.58%, 86.67%, 82.14, 81.48% and 90% respectively. In the statistical analysis based on the chi-square test, a statistically significant relationship was reported between qnrA, qnrB, tetA, tetB, Sul1, ant(2)Ia, ant(3)I, aac(3)II, and biofilm formation. Resistance to cephalothin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime were reported 40%, 34%, 30% and 30%, respectively. Out of 50 Enterobacter aerogenes, 32 isolates (64%) were identified in the phenotypic study of ESBLS, prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV reported 30%, 20% and 14% respectively. There is a significant relationship between resistance to ceftriaxone and blaCTX-M. Prevalence of csgA, ybtS, markD, rmpA, csgD and fimH in strong biofilm formation isolates reported 84%, 83.33%, 80%, 80%, 80% and 66% respectively. The chi-square test showed a statistically significant relationship between biofilm production and resistance genes fimH, csgA, csgD, ybtS, and mrkD. The findings of this study indicate that the ability to produce biofilms is associated with the increase of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. These agents enable bacteria to produce biofilms that ultimately lead to colonization and bacterial survival in the body.
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Enterobacter aerogenes , Infecções Urinárias , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Ceftriaxona , Enterobacter aerogenes/genética , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Enterococcus faecalis is considered an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence characters, and molecular typing of E. faecalis strains isolated from seafood samples. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-six seafood samples were collected. E. faecalis was isolated from samples using bacterial culture. Furthermore, the disk diffusion assessed their antimicrobial resistance. Also, the distribution of virulence factors was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used for their molecular typing. RESULTS: Fifty-six of 276 (20.2%) seafood samples were contaminated with E. faecalis. Fish harboured the highest contamination rate (30.0%). Isolates harboured the highest resistance rate towards oxacillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (100%), cefoxitin (89.2%), cefazolin (87.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (85.7%), rifampin (69.6%), clindamycin (69.6%), and gentamicin (64.2%) antimicrobials. Efa (100%), ebpA (89.2%), ebpB (58.9%), ebpC (53.5%), and esp (51.7%) were the most commonly detected virulence factors among E. faecalis isolates. RAPD-PCR analysis showed 11 different molecular clusters considering the closeness of more than 80%. CONCLUSION: Seafood samples were considered reservoirs of virulence and resistant E. faecalis strains. Different molecular clusters of isolates may reflect their diverse sources of contamination.
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Antibacterianos , Enterococcus faecalis , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico/veterinária , Alimentos Marinhos , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aims to specify the antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from urinary tract infections in Shahrekord, Iran. METHODS: Urine samples of 1000 people suspected of having urinary tract infections referred to Shahrekord medical diagnostic laboratories were examined. Biofilm assays were performed by microtiter plate test through reading the OD490. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied to study the virulence factors. RESULTS: Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 60 samples. After performing microbiological tests, all samples were positive in the molecular analysis. Strong, moderate and weak biofilm reactions reported 66.67%, 25%, and 8.33% respectively. The most resistance reported to cotrimoxazole, vancomycin and amikacin and the lowest resistance to nitrofurantoin (8.33%) was reported. Statistical analysis with Fisher's exact test showed a statistically significant relationship between biofilm production and resistance to cotrimoxazole, vancomycin and cefotaxime. Prevalence of efe A, ace, gel E, esp, cyl M, agg, cyl A and cyl B in strong biofilm formation isolates was reported 100%, 87.5%, 82%, 62.5%, 55%, 37.5% 25% and 22.5% respectively. There was a significant relationship between the frequency of efa A and strong biofilm reaction. CONCLUSION: The presence of E. faecalis strains resistant to co-trimoxazole and vancomycin and present of some virulence factors is alarming the researchers. Since antibiotic resistance genes are probably transmitted among enterococci, and Staphylococci, controlling infections made by enterococci as well as the appropriate administration of antibiotics could treat the nosocomial infections effectively.
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BACKGROUND: Not only is it crucial to rapidly detect Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) isolates from a broad range of bacteria, but recognizing resistance agents can greatly improve current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study investigated 120 clinical isolates from a nosocomial S. epidermidis infection. The isolates were identified using common biochemical tests, and specific S. epidermidis surface protein C (SesC) primers were used to confirm the presence of S. epidermidis. PCR and special primers were used to detect the ß-lactamase gene (blaZ). Methicillin resistance was measured using the agar screening method and antibiotic susceptibility was measured by disk diffusion. RESULTS: 100 samples were characterized as S. epidermidis using a phenotypic and genotypic methods. From the 100 specimens examined, 80% contained blaZ. According to agar screening, 60% of isolates were methicillin-resistant. S. epidermidis isolates demonstrated the highest resistance to penicillin (93%) and the highest sensitivity to cefazolin (39%). CONCLUSION: The increased resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics in S. epidermidis isolates is alarming, and certain precautions should be taken by healthcare systems to continuously monitor the antimicrobial pattern of S. epidermidis, so that an appropriate drug treatment can be established.
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Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates are not only known as opportunistic nosocomial bacteria but may also be regarded as emerging bacterial contaminants in foods of animal origins. The present investigation was done to assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of A. baumannii isolated from different types of raw meat samples. One hundred and ninety-four raw meat samples were collected and cultured for A. baumannii isolates. Culture-positive bacteria were also approved using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. The disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Out of 194 raw meat samples, 39 (20.10%) were positive for A. baumannii isolates. Ovine raw meat was the most commonly contaminated samples (32.14%). All of the culture-positive A. baumannii isolates were also approved using the LAMP assay. A. baumannii isolates harboured the highest prevalence of resistance against gentamicin (87.17%), tetracycline (79.48%), erythromycin (74.35%), azithromycin (66.66%), ciprofloxacin (58.97%), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (56.41%) and rifampin (51.28%). The lowest prevalence of resistance was found against imipenem (17.94%) and chloramphenicol (28.20%). Raw bovine, ovine, caprine, camel and poultry meat samples were considered as the important sources of isolates resistant to some of the categories of antimicrobials used to treat infections caused by A. baumannii. Further studies are required to find the exact role of resistant A. baumannii isolates in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance to human population.
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Infecções por Acinetobacter/epidemiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/fisiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Carne/microbiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/veterinária , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Animais , Camelus , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Galinhas , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Cabras , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Fenótipo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Prevalência , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Carneiro Doméstico , PerusRESUMO
Acinetobacter genus belongs to a group of Gram-negative coccobacillus. These bacteria are isolated from human and animal origins. Antimicrobial agents play a vital role in treating infectious diseases in both humans and animals, and Acinetobacter in this regard is defined as an organism of low virulence. The current study aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance properties and virulence factor genes in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from raw animal meat samples. Fresh meat samples from 124 sheep, 162 goat, and 95 camels were randomly collected from Isfahan and Shahrekord cities in Iran. Most A. baumannii strains isolated from sheep meat samples represented fimH (82.35%), aac(3)-IV (78.43%), sul1 (78.43%) and Integron Class I (96.07%) genes. Moreover, more than 50% of A. baumannii strains isolated from sheep samples were resistant to streptomycin (54.90%), gentamycin (74.50%), co-trimoxazole (70.58%), tetracycline (82.35%), and trimethoprim (62.74%). Current findings revealed significant association between the presence of fimH, cnfI, afa/draBC, dfrA1, sulI, aac(3)-IV genes in sheep samples. Furthermore, significant association was observed between fimH, cnfI, sfa/focDE and dfrA1genes in goat meat samples. In sheep meat samples, significant differences were identified in resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole in comparison with other antibiotics. Finally, there were statistically significant differences between the incidences of resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole in comparison with other antibiotics in all strains. In conclusion, the presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii strains isolated from animal meat samples showed that animals should be considered as a potential reservoir of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Background: Acinetobacter baumannii strains with multiple antimicrobial resistance are primarily known as opportunistic nosocomial bacteria but they may also be regarded as emerging bacterial contaminants of food samples of animal origin. Here we aimed to study the molecular characteristics of the A. baumanni strains isolated from raw meat samples. Methods: A total of 22 A. baumanni strains were isolated from 126 animal meat samples and were genotyped by ERIC-PCR method and by PCR detection of their virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants. A. baumannii strains with 80% and more similarities were considered as one cluster. Results: Sixteen different genetic clusters were found amongst the 22 A. baumanni strains. Of the 22 strains, 12 (54.54%) had similar genetic cluster. A. baumannii strains exhibited the highest percentage of resistance against tetracycline (90.90%), trimethoprim (59.09%), cotrimoxazole (54.54%) and gentamicin (50.00%). TetA (81.81%), tetB (72.72%), dfrA1 (63.63%), aac(3)-IV (63.63%), sul1 (63.63%) and aadA1 (45.45%) were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. FimH (81.81%), afa/draBC (63.63%), csgA (63.63%), cnf1 (59.09%), cnf2 (54.54%) and iutA (50.00%) were the most commonly detected virulence factors. A. baumannii strains isolated from the chicken meat samples had the highest similarities in the genetic cluster. Conclusions: A. baumannii strains with similar genetic cluster (ERIC-Type) had the same prevalence of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. Genetic cluster of the A. baumannii strains is the main factor affected the similarities in the genotypic and phenotypic properties of the A. baumannii strains.
Assuntos
Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Genótipo , Carne/microbiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/transmissão , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli O- Serogroups with their virulence factors are the most prevalent causes of UTIs. The present research performed to track common uropathogenic E.coli serogroups, antibiotic resistance pattern of strains and prevalence of virulence genes in isolations having the ability to constitute biofilm. METHODS: In this research 130 E.coli isolation from patients having UTI symptoms were collected and antimicrobial resistance pattern was performed by Kirby-Bauer method. Polymerase chain reaction was done using primer pairs to identify common serogroups of uropathogenic E.coli and studying virulence genes in isolations creating biofilm. RESULTS: Among 130 E.coli isolates, 80 (61.53 %) were able to make biofilm that 15 isolates (18.75 %) indicated strong reaction, 20 (25 %) of medium and 45 (56.25 %) of weak biofilm reaction. Among isolations creating biofilm, the highest resistance reported to Ampicillin (87.5 %) and the lowest to Nitrofurantoin (3.75 %). The frequency of fimH, pap, sfa and afa genes in isolations having the ability to create strong biofilm reported 93.33 %, 86.66 %, 86.66 % and 66.66 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated the importance of virulence genes in serogroups producing uropathogenic E.coli biofilm. It is recommended that strains producing biofilm before antibiotic use should be studied.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), and their complications, cause serious health problems, which affect millions of people every year. Infections of the urinary tract are the second most common type of infection in the body and approximately 20% of women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons not yet well understood. Urinary Tract Infections in men are not as common as in women yet can be very serious when they do occur. Accurate identification of bacterial isolates is an essential task of the clinical microbiology laboratory. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and variety of the causative microbial agents of UTIs in patients who had referred to a medical laboratory of Kashani and Hajar hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study 147 urine samples of patients (urine test results were positive for UTIs) were examined during April to September 2013. A total of 147 urine samples of patients with clinical symptoms of UTI who had been referred to a medical laboratory of Kashani and Hajar hospital in Shahrekord (Iran), were collected and processed immediately for laboratory analysis. RESULTS: Escherichia coli was identified as the most common causative agent of UTIs (51.70% of total isolates in both sexes), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. Pneumoniae) (16.32%). Frequency of Proteus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Entrobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Providencia spp. was 10.88%, 6.12%, 5.44%, 4.08%, 3.40% and 2.04%, respectively. Statistical analysis by Fisher exact test showed that there was no significant relationship between the type of bacteria and gender (P > 0.05). Chi square test showed that there was no significant relationship between the type of bacteria and the use of catheter and age group (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant relationship between the type of bacteria and the history of hospitalization (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings implied that a wide range of bacteria could be involved in creating urinary tract infection in patients referred to a medical laboratory of Kashani and Hajar hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Regardless of age, sex and the use of catheter, a wide range of bacteria could be involved in urinary tract infections.