Reduced gaze-cueing effect with neutral and emotional faces in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

This study examined whether gaze shift of neutral and emotional faces triggers reflexive attention orienting in 45 adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 45 age-, sex-, and intelligence quotient-matched typically developing (TD) adults. The cues changed from neutral to anger, fearful, or happy expressions under the emotional face condition. Participants were asked to detect a target that appeared to the left or right of the cue stimuli, as rapidly and accurately as possible. The results revealed a gaze-cueing effect, where the reaction time to the target was shorter under the "gaze-at-target" condition than under the "non-gaze-at-target" condition in both groups. Facial expressions did not modulate the gaze-cueing effect in either group. However, the magnitude of the gaze-cueing effect was smaller in the ADHD group than in the TD group. Contrary to our expectations, a larger gaze-cueing effect was observed in individuals with ADHD who exhibited more severe inattention. Our results suggest that adults with ADHD ineffectively orient their attention toward another's gaze. Moreover, difficulty with sustained and selective attention may be associated with a larger influence of gaze direction; this difficulty may play a role in social interaction problems.

No Influence of Emotional Faces or Autistic Traits on Gaze-Cueing in General Population.

The present study addressed the controversial issue of whether autistic traits in the general population are associated with the automatic and fundamental aspects of joint attention through eye gaze. Specifically, we examined whether the degree of autistic traits is associated with the magnitude of reflexive attention orienting in the direction of another's eye gaze embedded in neutral and emotional (angry, fearful, and happy) faces. The cue stimuli changed gaze direction and facial expressions simultaneously. Participants were asked to detect a target that appeared at the left or right of the cue stimuli. The results revealed a robust gaze-cueing effect, such that the reaction time to the target was shorter under the gazed-at-target condition than under the non-gazed-at-target condition. However, emotional expressions did not modulate the gaze-cueing effect. Furthermore, individual differences in autistic traits and emotional characteristics (social anxiety, alexithymia, and emotional disturbances) did not influence the magnitude of the gaze-cueing effect. Although the ability to orient attention in the direction of another's gaze is a fundamental function of social development, the gaze-cueing effect measured in a controlled experiment might not be an elaborate representation of the current social cognitive function, at least in typically developing adults.

Quality of life of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a 1-year follow-up study.

This study aimed to reveal changes in the quality of life (QOL) of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents, and the interaction between their QOL and parental mental state during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Eighty-nine school-aged children and parents participated in surveys in May 2020 (T1) and May 2021 (T2). The parents completed questionnaires that assessed their QOL, depression, parenting stress, and living conditions. Children's temporary mood status was evaluated using the self-reported visual analog scale (VAS). Children's QOL and VAS at T2 were higher than their QOL at T1. Parents' QOL at T2 was lower than their QOL at T1. Severe parental depression at T1 had a synergistic effect on severe parenting stress and severe depressive state at T2. Additionally, children's high QOL at T1 had a synergistic effect on low parenting stress and children's high QOL at T2. Furthermore, children's low VAS scores and parents' low QOL at T2 were associated with deterioration of family economic status. Children and parents' QOL changed during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Improvement in children's QOL was influenced by reduced maternal depressive symptoms. Public support for parental mental health is important to avoid decreasing QOL.

Optimization of computed tomography contrast studies with a new, simple dosing regimen incorporating body size: examination of contrast effects in the thoracoabdominal aorta.

The dosage of contrast agents for computed tomography contrast studies is calculated based on the parameter of actual body weight (ABW) to ensure reproducibility. The use of lean body weight (LBW) and adjustment for physique (lean or obese) improves accuracy. However, this method is complex, because LBW is not a general body parameter and requires a special device to measure. To solve this problem, contrast body weight (CBW), has been proposed as a new and simple parameter that considers physique. CBW is calculated by determining the blood volume ratio based on body height, ABW, and sex and can potentially correct for body size. It can be calculated by entering a formula in a Microsoft Excel sheet. Since CBW can be easily obtained using this general tool, we decided to compare the two body parameters of ABW and CBW. We compared ABW and CBW and demonstrated a higher correlation between CBW-based dosing and the amount of iodine used per body weight than with ABW-based dosing. CBW-based dosing allows correction for body size. This indicates that contrast enhancement over a spectrum of lean or obese examinees can be linearly evaluated. To date, this method has shown good results.

The mutagenic mechanism of oxygenated alkylhydrazones occurs through alkyl radicals and alkyldiazonium ions.

Acetone alkylhydrazones have been reported to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 after exposure to oxygen, and the corresponding 2-alkylazo-2-propyl hydroperoxides are formed by autoxidation as a result. The aims of this study were to investigate the mutagenic mechanisms of a methyl analogue, 2-methylazo-2-propyl hydroperoxide (MAPH), by comparing the mutagenic potency of specific Salmonella strains, detecting the DNA adducts that cause mutagenicity, and observing the hydroxyl radical and methyl radical with the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. MAPH showed stronger mutagenicity in both Salmonella typhimurium YG3001, a strain sensitive to hydroxyl radicals, and Salmonella typhimurium YG7108, a strain sensitive to alkylating agents, than the original Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 strain. Moreover, MAPH resulted in the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine in a reaction with DNA. These results showed that the mutagenicity of hydrazones was ascribed to the generation of reactive species by autoxidation, namely that of the alkyldiazonium ion and also the hydroxyl radical.

Anti-neovascular therapy by use of tumor neovasculature-targeted long-circulating liposome.

For the purpose of cancer anti-neovascular therapy (ANET), we previously isolated 5-mer peptide Ala-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly (APRPG) that specifically bound to the tumor angiogenic site and observed that APRPG-modified liposomes encapsulating adriamycin were effective for the suppression of tumor in tumor-bearing mice. Since polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification of liposomes endows them with a future of long circulation, we modified liposomes with PEG and APRPG-conjugated distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE-PEG-APRPG) and examined the applicability of the liposomes on ANET. Liposomes containing DSPE-PEG-APRPG not only specifically bound to vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro, but also showed long-circulating characteristic and enhanced accumulation in tumor in vivo. Furthermore, adriamycin-encapsulated liposomes modified with APRPG-PEG caused more efficient tumor growth suppression than adriamycin-encapsulated liposomes modified with PEG alone in Colon 26 NL-17 carcinoma-bearing mice, despite not so much different accumulation of both liposomes in the tumor. These data suggest that tumor neovasculature-targeted long-circulating liposomes encapsulating anti-cancer drugs effectively eradicate cancerous cells through damaging of angiogenic endothelial cells. ANET promises no drug resistance and is expected to be effective against essentially any kind of solid tumors. The present results demonstrate the beneficial usage of APRPG-PEG for the active-targeting of drug carriers to angiogenic site in the novel modality of tumor treatment, namely ANET.

Synthesis of angiogenesis-targeted peptide and hydrophobized polyethylene glycol conjugate.

For the purpose of cancer antineovascular therapy, a novel angiogenesis-targeted peptide, Ala-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly, (APRPG) was attached to hydrophobized polyethylene glycol (distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine [DSPE]-PEG). DSPE-PEG and the 5-mer peptide were condensed with DCC-HOBt method. Liposome modified with this DSPE-PEG-APRPG conjugate highly accumulated in tumor of tumor-bearing mice.

Cancer chemotherapy by liposomal 6-[12-(dimethylamino)ethyl]aminol-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-clquinolin-7-one dihydrochloride (TAS-103), a novel anti-cancer agent.

A novel anti-tumor agent, 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one dihydrochloride (TAS-103), effectively inhibits both topoisomerase I and II activities. To enhance anti-tumor efficacy and to reduce the side effects of the agent, liposomalization of TAS-103 was performed. TAS-103 was effectively entrapped in liposomes by a remote-loading method, and was stable at 4 degrees C and in the presence of 50% serum. To evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of liposomal TAS-103, the growth inhibition against Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vitro and the therapeutic efficacy against solid tumor-bearing mice in vivo were examined. Liposomal TAS-103 showed strong cytotoxic effect against Lewis lung carcinoma cells in a dose dependent manner and effectively suppressed solid tumor growth accompanying longer survival time of tumor-bearing mice in comparison with the mice treated with free TAS-103. These results suggest that liposomal TAS-103 is useful for cancer therapy.

Potential usage of liposomal 4beta-aminoalkyl-4'-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin (TOP-53) for cancer chemotherapy.

To enhance the therapeutic efficacy as well as to reduce the side effect, we attempted to liposomalize 4beta-aminoalkyl-4'-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin (TOP-53), a novel and effective topoisomerase II inhibitor. More than 90% of TOP-53 was efficiently incorporated into the liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol by remote-loading method. Anti-tumor activity of liposomal TOP-53 against solid tumor was examined in vivo using colon26 NL-17 carcinoma model mice. Three doses of liposomal TOP-53 (12 mg/kg/dose) showed significant tumor growth suppression (97.5% reduction determined at day 25) and the increase in life span (33%) of tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, one mouse out of 5 was completely cured after treatment. Since similar efficacy was observed in the free TOP-53 treated group, liposomalization does not contribute much to the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy. However, a slight but measurable damage at the injection site was observed when free TOP-53 was injected, and the damage was diminished by the liposomalization. Taken together, liposomalization reduces the side effect rather than enhancing the therapeutic efficacy when TOP-53 is used.

Salacia reticulata and its polyphenolic constituents with lipase inhibitory and lipolytic activities have mild antiobesity effects in rats.

Salacia (S.) reticulata, a Hippocrateaceae plant distributed in Sri Lankan and Indian forests, has been used as a supplementary food in Japan to prevent obesity and diabetes. We examined the antiobesity effects of the hot water-soluble extract (SRHW) from the roots of S. reticulata using obese rat models and an in vitro study. Body weight (P = 0.07) and periuterine fat storage (P = 0.10) in female Zucker fatty rats (8-9 wk old) tended to be suppressed by oral administration of SRHW (125 mg/kg) for 27 d. Male rats fed a high fat diet were not affected by SRHW. Furthermore, SRHW inhibited porcine pancreatic lipase (PL), rat adipose tissue-derived lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activities with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of 264 (95% confidence limits: 203-393) mg/L, 15 (12-18) mg/L and 54 (35-85) mg/L, respectively, but did not inhibit hormone-sensitive lipase activity in rat adipose tissue. Next, we examined the effects of polyphenols, di- and triterpenes and salacinol isolated from the roots of S. reticulata on lipid metabolizing enzymes and lipolysis. (-)-Epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-(-)-4'-O-methylepigallocatechin inhibited PL activity with IC(50) of 88 (not calculated) and 68 (26-122) mg/L, respectively. (-)-Epicatechin, 3beta, 22beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-29-oic acid and the tannin fraction inhibited LPL activity with IC(50) of 81 (54-214), 89 (62-214) and 35 (24-62) mg/L. Only the tannin fraction inhibited GPDH activity with an IC(50) of 6.8 (3.4-10.9) mg/L. These constituents may be involved in the lipase and GPDH inhibitory activities of SRHW. On the other hand, SRHW at 100 mg/L tended to enhance lipolysis in rat adipocytes (P = 0.06). Significant lipolytic effects were exerted by mangiferin, (-)-4'-O-methylepigallocatechin and maytenfolic acid at 100 mg/L (P < 0.01). In conclusion, polyphenolic compounds may be involved in the antiobesity effects of SRHW in rats through inhibition of fat metabolizing enzymes (PL, LPL and GPDH) and enhanced lipolysis.