[Carnitine deficiency syndrome. Two cases]. / La sindrome da deficit di carnitina. Descrizione di 2 casi.

Due to its rarity and biochemical and clinical heterogeneity, carnitine deficiency syndrome is difficult to diagnose in those cases where there are no past episodes of the disease. The paper describes two cases: one of a child aged 2 years and 10 months in whom tests permitted the diagnosis of a primary systemic form of carnitine deficiency; the other case concerned a 3 month-old baby girl who died unexpectedly due to hypothesised metabolic disease with secondary carnitine deficiency. The similarities and differences observed in the two cases are discussed.

Tubular duplication of the oesophagus in a child: clinical, radiologic and endoscopic features.

A case of tubular duplication of the oesophagus in a 10-year-old boy is presented. The boy, previously healthy, experienced dysphagia of sudden onset after an episode of pharyngitis. The clinical, radiologic and endoscopic findings are described. A twelve-month follow-up is reported.

Malignant ventricular arrhythmias in chronic chagasic myocarditis.

We studied 28 cases of chronic chagasic myocarditis (CCM) with frequent ventricular arrhythmias. Two-hundred and three conventional ECGs recorded during 3 months showed ventricular extrasystoles (VE) ranging between 0.2 and 6 per ten beats in 100%; multiform VE in 97.04%; couplets in 79.31%; ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 42.85%; and R on T in 21.67%. A 24-hour continuous recording showed that VE ranged between 3780 and 61733 (mean 16618 +/- 2627); multiform VE and couplets were present in 100% of patients, and VT was present in 78.5%. In 16 patients (group I) the frequency of VE was persistently high, without diurnal variation; 11 patients showed sustained reduction during sleeping hours and only one showed an increase during night sleep (group II). Even in group II, VE never disappeared for periods longer than 10 minutes. In five patients, four 24-hour recordings were obtained at weekly intervals, and in five other patients a second 24-hour recording was performed 10 to 24 months later. The remarkable frequency, persistence and low variability of ventricular arrhythmias in CCM suggest that such arrhythmias can be used as a most stable, reliable, but highly demanding model for testing the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Efficacy of amiodarone during long-term treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic chagasic myocarditis.

Oral amiodarone was administered to 24 patients with chronic chagasic myocarditis (CCM) and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Control 24-hour Holter recordings revealed frequent ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (157 to 2572/hr; mean 714 +/- 125), multiform VPBs, and countless numbers of ventricular couplets in all patients, R-on-T phenomenon in 17 patients, and ventricular tachycardia in 21 patients. Amiodarone caused total and persistent suppression of ventricular couplets and tachycardia and greater than 93% reduction of VPB number in 22 patients, during a follow-up of 26.6 months (range 2 to 55 months). In 1 patient, ventricular couplets and tachycardia persisted despite the fact that a 98.2% reduction of VPB number was achieved. This latter patient was the only one in the whole group who experienced sudden death. The maximal antiarrhythmic effect was attained gradually after 3 to 26 weeks (mean 7.4). In four patients in whom treatment was discontinued after 3 to 12 months, the antiarrhythmic protection lasted 4 to 9 weeks. In nine patients the dose of amiodarone was 600 to 800 mg/day. In 15 patients the dose had to be increased to 800 to 1000 mg/day. Despite the presence of congestive heart failure in seven patients and intraventricular block in 17 patients, no limiting side effects were observed. Amiodarone proved to be extremely effective and safe against the most malignant ventricular arrhythmias of CCM.