Increased toxicities associated with dose escalation of stereotactic body radiation therapy in prostate cancer: results from a phase I/II study.

BACKGROUND: This dose-escalation study evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of different stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) doses for selecting an optimal dose for prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinical trial was registered at UMIN (UMIN000014328). Patients with low- or intermediate-risk PCa were equally assigned to 3 SBRT dose levels: 35, 37.5, and 40 Gy per 5 fractions. The primary endpoint was the occurrence rate of late grade ≥2 genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events at 2 years, while the secondary endpoint was the 2-year biochemical relapse-free (bRF) rate. Adverse events were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (median age, 70 years) were enrolled from March 2014 to January 2018, of whom 10 (15%) and 65 (85%) had low- and intermediate-risk PCa, respectively. The median follow-up time was 48 months. Twelve (16%) patients received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy. The 2-year occurrence rates of grade 2 late GU and GI toxicities were 34 and 7% in all cohorts, respectively (35 Gy: 21 and 4%; 37.5 Gy: 40 and 14%; 40 Gy: 42 and 5%). The occurrence risk of GU toxicities significantly increased with dose escalation (p = 0.0256). Grades 2 and 3 acute GU toxicities were observed in 19 (25%) and 1 (1%), respectively. Grade 2 acute GI toxicity was observed in 8 (11%) patients. No grade ≥3 GI or ≥4 GU acute toxicity or grade ≥3 late toxicity was observed. Clinical recurrence was detected in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: An SBRT dose of 35 Gy per 5 fractions is less likely to cause adverse events in patients with PCa than 375- and 40-Gy SBRT doses. Higher doses of SBRT should be applied with caution.

Evaluation of Lung and Liver Tumor Dose Coverage Treated With the CyberKnife Synchrony System With Consideration of Measured Tracking Errors.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Lung and liver tumor dose coverage was evaluated for the CyberKnife synchrony respiratory tracking system (SRTS) with consideration of the motion tracking accuracy measured for motion patterns of individual patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven treatment plans of six cases treated with the SRTS were evaluated. The motion phantom was moved with the motion data derived from the treatment log files. A laser emitted from the linac head to the moving phantom block was recorded with a webcam, and the tracking accuracy was evaluated. The dose volume histogram (DVH) of planning target volume (PTV) and gross tumor volume (GTV) were calculated by a pencil beam algorithm with shifting the beams with Gaussian random numbers mimicking the measured tracking errors. RESULTS: The tracking errors measured with the motion phantom in the lateral direction were within ±2 mm for 90% of beam-on time. The tracking errors in the longitudinal direction were within ±3.0 mm and ±1.1 mm for 90% and 50% of beam-on time, respectively. Although one case showed a decrease in the dose covering 95% of PTV (D95%) by 1.8%, the change in the dose covering 99% of GTV (D99%) was within 1%. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the motion tracking errors of the SRTS by a motion phantom moved with the patients' respiration signal, and the impact of the tracking errors on the target coverage was calculated. Even for respiratory patterns with large maximum tracking errors, sufficient GTV coverage is achievable if the beam is accurately delivered for high percentage of beam-on time.

HDR-brachytherapy for accelerated partial breast irradiation: Long-term experience from a Japanese institution.

Purpose: We investigated the long-term oncological outcome of high-dose-rate (HDR) multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy (MIB) for adjuvant accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) after breast conserving surgery in Japanese patients. Material and methods: Between June 2002 and October 2011, 86 breast cancer patients were treated at National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital (trial number of the local institutional review board, 0329). Median age was 48 years (range, 26-73 years). Eighty patients had invasive and 6 patients non-invasive ductal carcinoma. Tumor stage distribution was pT0 in 2, pTis in 6, pT1 in 55, pT2 in 22, and pT3 in one patient, respectively. Twenty-seven patients had close/positive resection margins. Total physical HDR dose was 36-42 Gy in 6-7 fractions. Results: At a median follow-up of 119 months (range, 13-189 months), the 10-year local control (LC) and overall survival rate was 93% and 88%, respectively. Concerning the 2009 Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology risk stratification scheme, the 10-year LC rate was 100%, 100%, and 91% for patients considered as low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk, respectively. According to the 2018 American Brachytherapy Society risk stratification scheme, the 10-year LC rate was 100% and 90% for patients 'acceptable' and 'unacceptable' for APBI, respectively. Wound complications were observed in 7 patients (8%). Risk factors for wound complications were the omission of prophylactic antibiotics during MIB, open cavity implantation, and V100 ≥ 190 cc. No grade ≥ 3 late complications (CTCVE version 4.0) were observed. Conclusions: Adjuvant APBI using MIB is associated with favorable long-term oncological outcomes in Japanese patients for low-risk, intermediate-risk, and acceptable groups of patients.