A novel model for predicting prolonged stay of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a 13-year (2010-2022) multicenter retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Length of stay (LOS) is an important metric for evaluating the management of inpatients. This study aimed to explore the factors impacting the LOS of inpatients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and develop a predictive model for the early identification of inpatients with prolonged LOS. METHODS: A 13-year multicenter retrospective study was conducted on 83,776 patients with T2DM to develop and validate a clinical predictive tool for prolonged LOS. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model and multivariable logistic regression analysis were adopted to build the risk model for prolonged LOS, and a nomogram was taken to visualize the model. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves were used to respectively validate the discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability of the model. RESULTS: The result showed that age, cerebral infarction, antihypertensive drug use, antiplatelet and anticoagulant use, past surgical history, past medical history, smoking, drinking, and neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio were closely related to the prolonged LOS. Area under the curve values of the nomogram in the training, internal validation, external validation set 1, and external validation set 2 were 0.803 (95% CI [confidence interval] 0.799-0.808), 0.794 (95% CI 0.788-0.800), 0.754 (95% CI 0.739-0.770), and 0.743 (95% CI 0.722-0.763), respectively. The calibration curves indicated that the nomogram had a strong calibration. Besides, decision curve analysis, and clinical impact curves exhibited that the nomogram had favorable clinical practical value. Besides, an online interface ( https://cytjt007.shinyapps.io/prolonged_los/ ) was developed to provide convenient access for users. CONCLUSION: In sum, the proposed model could predict the possible prolonged LOS of inpatients with T2DM and help the clinicians to improve efficiency in bed management.

Clinical Data based XGBoost Algorithm for infection risk prediction of patients with decompensated cirrhosis: a 10-year (2012-2021) Multicenter Retrospective Case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To appraise effective predictors for infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) by using XGBoost algorithm in a retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 6,648 patients with DC admitted to five tertiary hospitals. Indicators with significant differences were determined by univariate analysis and least absolute contraction and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Further multi-tree extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning-based model was used to rank importance of features selected from LASSO and subsequently constructed infection risk prediction model with simple-tree XGBoost model. Finally, the simple-tree XGBoost model is compared with the traditional logical regression (LR) model. Performances of models were evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: Six features, including total bilirubin, blood sodium, albumin, prothrombin activity, white blood cell count, and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio were selected as predictors for infection in patients with DC. Simple-tree XGBoost model conducted by these features can predict infection risk accurately with an AUROC of 0.971, sensitivity of 0.915, and specificity of 0.900 in training set. The performance of simple-tree XGBoost model is better than that of traditional LR model in training set, internal verification set, and external feature set (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The simple-tree XGBoost predictive model developed based on a minimal amount of clinical data available to DC patients with restricted medical resources could help primary healthcare practitioners promptly identify potential infection.

Development and validation of a risk prediction model for osteoporosis in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective and multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to construct a risk prediction model to estimate the odds of osteoporosis (OP) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and evaluate its prediction efficiency. METHODS: This study included 21,070 elderly patients with T2DM who were hospitalized at six tertiary hospitals in Southwest China between 2012 and 2022. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen for potential influencing factors of OP and least absolute shrinkage. Further, selection operator regression (LASSO) and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to select variables for developing a novel predictive model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC) were used to evaluate the performance and clinical utility of the model. RESULTS: The incidence of OP in elderly patients with T2DM was 7.01% (1,476/21,070). Age, sex, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, hyperlipidemia, and surgical history were the influencing factors. The seven-variable model displayed an AUROC of 0.713 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.697-0.730) in the training set, 0.716 (95% CI: 0.691-0.740) in the internal validation set, and 0.694 (95% CI: 0.653-0.735) in the external validation set. The optimal decision probability cut-off value was 0.075. The calibration curve (bootstrap = 1,000) showed good calibration. In addition, the DCA and CIC demonstrated good clinical practicality. An operating interface on a webpage ( https://juntaotan.shinyapps.io/osteoporosis/ ) was developed to provide convenient access for users. CONCLUSIONS: This study constructed a highly accurate model to predict OP in elderly patients with T2DM. This model incorporates demographic characteristics and clinical risk factors and may be easily used to facilitate individualized prediction.

Public awareness and anxiety during COVID-19 epidemic in China: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate public awareness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and measure levels of anxiety during the outbreak. METHOD: A total of 2115 subjects from 34 provinces in China were evaluated. A questionnaire was designed, which covers demographic characteristics, knowledge of COVID-19, and factors that influenced anxiety during the outbreak to test public awareness and determine the impact of the outbreak on people's lives. In addition, a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) scale was utilized to assess anxiety levels during the outbreak. Lastly, the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with levels of public anxiety. RESULTS: A majority of respondents reported high levels of awareness of COVID-19. A total of 1107 (52.3%), 707 (33.4%), 154 (7.3%), and 147 (7%) respondents exhibited no, mild, moderate, and severe levels of anxiety, respectively. Results of the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that respondents (a) with no college education, (b) are unaware of neighbors who may have been infected, (c) who spent considerable time collecting information and browsing negative information related to the virus, (d) are unhealthy, and (e) displayed low levels of awareness of the transmission routes were highly likely to be anxious. CONCLUSION: During the outbreak, the majority of people exhibited high levels of awareness and knowledge regarding preventive measures from COVID-19. The absence of psychological anxiety was observed in more than half of the respondents. Adaptive responses to anxiety and high levels of awareness about COVID-19 may have protected the public during the outbreak.

Dismantling complex networks based on the principal eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix.

The connectivity of complex networks is usually determined by a small fraction of key nodes. Earlier works successfully identify an influential single node, yet have some problems for the case of multiple ones. In this paper, based on the matrix spectral theory, we propose the collective influence of multiple nodes. An interesting finding is that some traditionally influential nodes have strong internal coupling interactions that reduce their collective influence. We then propose a greedy algorithm to dismantle complex networks by optimizing the collective influence of multiple nodes. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the state of the art methods in terms of the principal eigenvalue and the giant component of the remaining networks.

Graphene-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials in Cancer Detection and Therapeutics.

Nanotechnology for early diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumor is a forefront topic in the international field of biotechnology and medicine. In order to improve the effect of cancer therapy, the timely and accurate detection of the cancer is important and necessary. Graphene and its derivatives have various excellent characteristics. For example, biological sensors based on graphene are good at amplifying detection signals, and its derivatives play an important role in the early diagnosis and cancer therapy. In view of this, we discussed the biological sensor application based on graphene and its derivatives in the detection and therapy of cancer.

Association Between BMI and Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax.

BACKGROUND: Whether body mass index (BMI) is a significant risk factor for recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine whether BMI and other factors are linked to risk of PSP recurrence. METHODS: A consecutive cohort of 273 patients was retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into those who experienced recurrence (n = 81) and those who did not (n = 192), as well as into those who had low BMI (n = 75) and those who had normal or elevated BMI (n = 198). The two pairs of groups were compared in terms of baseline data, and Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to identify predictors of PSP recurrence. RESULTS: Rates of recurrence among all 273 patients were 20.9% at 1 year, 23.8% at 2 years, and 28.7% at 5 years. Univariate analysis identified the following significant predictors of PSP recurrence: height, weight, BMI, size of pneumothorax, and treatment modality. Multivariate analyses identified several risk factors for PSP recurrence: low BMI, pneumothorax size ≥50%, and non-surgical treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with low BMI showed significantly lower recurrence-free survival than patients with normal or elevated BMI (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Low BMI, pneumothorax size ≥50%, and non-surgical treatment were risk factors for PSP recurrence in our cohort. Low BMI may be a clinically useful predictor of PSP recurrence.

Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on perioperative immune function of patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) on perioperative immune function during surgery to treat resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer. Records were retrospectively analyzed for 220 patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, of whom 112 received surgery alone and 98 received neoadjuvant NCRT plus surgery. The two groups were compared in terms of proportions of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and natural kill (NK) cells, as well as the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells. These measurements were made using flow cytometry on preoperative day 1 and on postoperative days 1 and 7. Subgroup analysis were performed in terms of degrees of pathological response of NCRT. When the entire NCRT and no-NCRT (surgery alone) cohorts were compared, no significant differences in propocrtions of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, or NK cells or in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio occurred at any of the three time points. Similar results were obtained using the subgroup of NCRT patients who were NCRT-sensitive, but the subgroup of NCRT-insensitive patients showed significantly lower CD4+ and NK proportions and lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio than the no-NCRT group. Our findings suggest that NCRT does not affect perioperative immune function in patients who are NCRT-sensitive, but it does significantly reduce such function in patients who are NCRT-insensitive.

Association between age and overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection.

AIM: The suitability of hepatic resection for older patients remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate whether age influences overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection. METHODS: Records of 1,132 patients with HCC after hepatic resection were retrospectively reviewed. Overall survival (OS) was compared between younger and older patients based on five cut-off ages (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years). RESULTS: Across all patients, OS was 89.7% at 1 year, 67.7% at 3 years, and 47.7% at 5 years. OS was similar between younger and older patients at all cut-off ages (all P > 0.1), but OS was marginally lower among patients >70 years old than those ≤70 (P = 0.090). Multivariate analyses identified several risk factors for lower OS: preoperative serum albumin <35 g/L, alanine aminotransferase >80 U/L, α-fetoprotein ≥400 ng/ml, presence of esophagogastric varices or macrovascular invasion, incomplete/absent tumor capsule, tumor size >10 cm, tumor number ≥3, and major hepatectomy. CONCLUSION: Age does not influence the prognosis of patients with HCC after hepatic resection. Older patients should be considered for curative resection if remnant liver volume and liver function are adequate. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:966-970. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Comprehensive assessment of body mass index effects on short-term and long-term outcomes in laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a retrospective study.

To examine the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) on laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) short-term and long-term outcomes for gastric cancer. A retrospective analysis was conducted on gastric cancer patients undergoing LG at the Third Hospital of Nanchang City from January 2013 to January 2022. Based on WHO BMI standards, patients were categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. Factors such as operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, and overall survival were assessed. Across different BMI groups, it was found that an increase in BMI was associated with longer operative times (average times: 206.22 min for normal weight, 231.32 min for overweight, and 246.78 min for obese), with no significant differences noted in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, or long-term survival among the groups. The impact of BMI on long-term survival following LG for gastric cancer was found to be insignificant, with no notable differences in survival outcome between different BMI groups. Although higher BMI is associated with increased operative time in LG for gastric cancer, it does not significantly affect intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, recovery, or long-term survival. LG is a feasible treatment choice for obese patients with gastric cancer.

Development and validation of a nomogram for breast cancer-related lymphedema.

To establish and validate a predictive model for breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) among Chinese patients to facilitate individualized risk assessment. We retrospectively analyzed data from breast cancer patients treated at a major single-center breast hospital in China. From 2020 to 2022, we identified risk factors for BCRL through logistic regression and developed and validated a nomogram using R software (version 4.1.2). Model validation was achieved through the application of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), a calibration plot, and decision curve analysis (DCA), with further evaluated by internal validation. Among 1485 patients analyzed, 360 developed lymphedema (24.2%). The nomogram incorporated body mass index, operative time, lymph node count, axillary dissection level, surgical site infection, and radiotherapy as predictors. The AUCs for training (N = 1038) and validation (N = 447) cohorts were 0.779 and 0.724, respectively, indicating good discriminative ability. Calibration and decision curve analysis confirmed the model's clinical utility. Our nomogram provides an accurate tool for predicting BCRL risk, with potential to enhance personalized management in breast cancer survivors. Further prospective validation across multiple centers is warranted.

Mapping trends and hotspots in research on global influenza vaccine hesitancy: A bibliometric analysis.

Background and Aims: Influenza is one of the most widespread respiratory infections and poses a huge burden on health care worldwide. Vaccination is key to preventing and controlling influenza. Influenza vaccine hesitancy is an important reason for the low vaccination rate. In 2019, Vaccine hesitancy was identified as one of the top 10 threats to global health by the World Health Organization. However, there remains a glaring scarcity of bibliometric research in that regard. This study sought to identify research hotspots and future development trends on influenza vaccine hesitation and provide a new perspective and reference for future research. Methods: We retrieved publications on global influenza vaccine hesitancy from the Web of Science Core Collection database, Scopus, and PubMed databases from inception to 2022. This study used VOSviewer and CiteSpace for visualization analysis. Results: Influenza vaccine hesitancy-related publications increased rapidly from 2012 and peaked in 2022. One hundred and nine countries contributed to influenza vaccine hesitation research, and the United States ranked first with 541 articles and 7161 citations. Vaccines-Basel was the journal with the largest number of published studies on influenza vaccine hesitations. MacDonald was the most frequently cited author. The most popular research topics on influenza vaccine hesitancy were (1) determinants of influenza vaccination in specific populations, such as healthcare workers, children, pregnant women, and so on; (2) influenza and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The trend in the number of annual publications related to influenza vaccine hesitancy indicating the COVID-19 pandemic will prompt researchers to increase their attention to influenza vaccine hesitancy. With healthcare workers as the key, reducing vaccine hesitancy and improving vaccine acceptance in high-risk groups will be the research direction in the next few years.

OHCCPredictor: an online risk stratification model for predicting survival duration of older patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Although the elderly constitute more than a third of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, they have not been adequately represented in treatment and prognosis studies. Thus, there is not enough evidence to guide the treatment of such patients. The objective of this study is to identify the prognostic factors of older patients with HCC and to construct a new prognostic model for predicting their overall survival (OS). METHODS: 2,721 HCC patients aged ≥ 65 were extracted from the public database-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and randomly divided into a training set and an internal validation set with a ratio of 7:3. 101 patients diagnosed from 2008 to 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were identified as the external validation set. Univariate cox regression analyses and multivariate cox regression analyses were adopted to identify these independent prognostic factors. A predictive nomogram-based risk stratification model was proposed and evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, and a decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: These attributes including age, sex, marital status, T stage, N stage, surgery, chemotherapy, tumor size, alpha-fetoprotein level, fibrosis score, bone metastasis, lung metastasis, and grade were the independent prognostic factors for older patients with HCC while predicting survival duration. We found that the nomogram provided a good assessment of OS at 1, 3, and 5 years in older patients with HCC (1-year OS: (training set: AUC = 0.823 (95%CI 0.803-0.845); internal validation set: AUC = 0.847 (95%CI 0.818-0.876); external validation set: AUC = 0.732 (95%CI 0.521-0.943)); 3-year OS: (training set: AUC = 0.813 (95%CI 0.790-0.837); internal validation set: AUC = 0.844 (95%CI 0.812-0.876); external validation set: AUC = 0.780 (95%CI 0.674-0.887)); 5-year OS: (training set: AUC = 0.839 (95%CI 0.806-0.872); internal validation set: AUC = 0.800 (95%CI 0.751-0.849); external validation set: AUC = 0.821 (95%CI 0.727-0.914)). The calibration curves showed that the nomogram was with strong calibration. The DCA indicated that the nomogram can be used as an effective tool in clinical practice. The risk stratification of all subgroups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the stratification analysis of surgery, larger resection (LR) achieved a better survival curve than local destruction (LD), but a worse one than segmental resection (SR) and liver transplantation (LT) (p < 0.0001). With the consideration of the friendship to clinicians, we further developed an online interface (OHCCPredictor) for such a predictive function ( https://juntaotan.shinyapps.io/dynnomapp_hcc/ ). With such an easily obtained online tool, clinicians will be provided helpful assistance in formulating personalized therapy to assess the prognosis of older patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Age, sex, marital status, T stage, N stage, surgery, chemotherapy, tumor size, AFP level, fibrosis score, bone metastasis, lung metastasis, and grade were independent prognostic factors for elderly patients with HCC. The constructed nomogram model based on the above factors could accurately predict the prognosis of such patients. Besides, the developed online web interface of the predictive model provide easily obtained access for clinicians.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus trends and hotspots in clinical research: A bibliometric analysis of global research.

Background: Since severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) was first reported in 2009, a large number of relevant studies have been published. However, no bibliometrics analysis has been conducted on the literature focusing on SFTSV. This study aims to evaluate the research hotspots and future development trends of SFTSV research through bibliometric analysis, and to provide a new perspective and reference for future SFTSV research and the prevention of SFTSV. Methods: We retrieved global publications on SFTSV from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and Scopus databases from inception of the database until 2022 using VOSviewer software and CiteSpace was used for bibliometric analysis. Results: The number of SFTSV-related publications has increased rapidly since 2011, peaking in 2021. A total of 45 countries/regions have published relevant publications, with China topping the list with 359. The Viruses-Basel has published the most papers on SFTSV. In addition, Yu et al. have made the greatest contribution to SFTSV research, with their published paper being the most frequently cited. The most popular SFTSV study topics included: (1) pathogenesis and symptoms, (2) characteristics of the virus and infected patients, and (3) transmission mechanism and risk factors for SFTSV. Conclusions: In this study, we provide a detailed description of the research developments in SFTSV since its discovery and summarize the SFTSV research trends. SFTSV research is in a phase of explosive development, and a large number of publications have been published in the past decade. There is a lack of collaboration between countries and institutions, and international collaboration and exchanges should be strengthened in the future. The current research hotpots of SFTSV is antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, virus transmission mechanism and immune response.

Bibliometric analysis of publication trends and topics of influenza-related encephalopathy from 2000 to 2022.

BACKGROUND: Influenza-related encephalopathy is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy that usually presents during the early phase of influenza infection and primarily manifests as central nervous system dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze the current research status and hotspots of influenza-related encephalopathy since 2000 through bibliometrics analysis. METHODS: The Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) was used to extract global papers on influenza-related encephalopathy from 2000 to 2022. Meanwhile, the VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used for data processing and result visualization. RESULTS: A total of 561 published articles were included in the study. Japan was the country that published the most articles, with 205 articles, followed by the United States and China. Okayama University and Tokyo Medical University published the most articles, followed by Nagoya University, Tokyo University, and Juntendo University. Based on the analysis of keywords, four clusters with different research directions were identified: "Prevalence of H1N1 virus and the occurrence of neurological complications in different age groups," "mechanism of brain and central nervous system response after influenza virus infection," "various acute encephalopathy" and "diagnostic indicators of influenza-related encephalopathy." CONCLUSIONS: The research progress, hotspots, and frontiers on influenza-related encephalopathy after 2000 were described through the visualization of bibliometrics. The findings will lay the groundwork for future studies and provide a reference for influenza-related encephalopathy. Research on influenza-related encephalopathy is basically at a stable stage, and the number of research results is related to outbreaks of the influenza virus.

Do Coastal Areas Experience More Recession during the Economic Crisis-Evidence from China.

The notion of resilience has been increasingly adopted in economic geography, concerning how regions resist and recover from all kinds of shocks. Most of the literature on the resilience of coastal areas focuses on biophysical stressors, such as climate change and some environmental factors. In this research, we analyze the regional economic resilience characteristics responding to the Great Financial Crisis in 2008 and its main determinants. We conclude that the coastal areas encountered more recession (or less growth) in the long term, and the secondary industry showed higher resilience than the tertiary industry. The influential factors of regional economic resilience varied across different stages of the crisis, and for the long term, good financial arrangement and governance ability could prompt the regional resilience to the crisis. Finally, some policy implications are proposed which may benefit dealings with major shocks such as economic crises and COVID-19.

Borderland Economic Resilience under COVID-19: Evidence from China-Russia Border Regions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the global economy and trade, and border regions have been hit severely because of their high dependency on foreign trade. To understand better the economic impact of COVID-19 on border regions, we developed a COVID-19 economic resilience analytical framework and empirically examined 10 Chinese-Russian border cities in Northeast China. We quantitatively analyzed five dimensions of economic resilience, distinguished four types of shock, and examined the determinants of economic resilience. The results show that: (1) the COVID-19 pandemic has wide-ranging impacts in the border areas, with import-export trade and retail sales of consumer goods being the most vulnerable and sensitive to the shock. The whole economy of the border areas is in the downward stage of the resistance period; (2) from a multi-dimensional perspective, foreign trade and consumption are the most vulnerable components of the borderland economic system, while industrial resilience and income resilience have improved against the trend, showing that they have good crisis resistance; (3) borderland economic resilience is a spatially heterogeneous phenomenon, with each border city showing different characteristics; (4) economic openness, fiscal expenditure, and asset investment are the key drivers of economic resilience, and the interaction between the influencing factors presents a nonlinear and bi-factor enhancement of them. The findings shed light on how border economies can respond to COVID-19, and how they are useful in formulating policies to respond to the crisis.

Analysis of the Dose-Response Relationship Between the International Normalized Ratio and Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis Using Restricted Cubic Spline Functions.

Background: The International Normalized Ratio (INR) is significantly associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) in patients with liver cirrhosis. However, the dose-response relationship between continuous INR changes and HE risk has not been clearly defined. Thus, our goal was to explore the continuous relationship between HE and INR among patients hospitalized with liver cirrhosis and to evaluate the role of the INR as a risk factor for HE in these patients. Methods: A total of 6,266 people were extracted from the Big Data Platform of the Medical Data Research Institute of Chongqing Medical University. In this study, unconditional logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) model were used to analyze the dose-response association of INR with HE. Alcoholic liver disease, smoking status, and drinking status were classified for subgroup analysis. Results: The prevalence of HE in the study population was 8.36%. The median INR was 1.4. After adjusting for alcoholic liver disease, age, smoking status, drinking status, total bilirubin, neutrophil percentage, total hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, serum sodium, albumin, lymphocyte percentage, serum creatinine, red blood cell, and white blood cell, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that INR ≥ 1.5 (OR = 2.606, 95% CI: 2.072-3.278) was significantly related to HE risk. The RCS model showed a non-linear relationship between the INR and HE (non-linear test, χ2 = 30.940, P < 0.001), and an increased INR was an independent and adjusted dose-dependent risk factor for HE among patients with liver cirrhosis. Conclusion: This finding could guide clinicians to develop individualized counseling programs and treatments for patients with HE based on the INR risk stratification.

Hypnotics and infections: disproportionality analysis of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: There is no consensus information on infections associated with nonbenzodiazepines. Knowledge about infections related to newly marketed hypnotics (orexin receptor antagonists and melatonin receptor agonists) is scarce. The study aimed to detect infection signals for nonbenzodiazepines, orexin receptor antagonists, and melatonin receptor agonists by analyzing data from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. METHODS: A disproportionality analysis was performed to quantitatively detect infection signals for hypnotics by calculating the reporting odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval. Data registered in the U.S. Food & Drug Administration adverse event reporting system from 2010-2020 were retrieved. RESULTS: A total of 3,092 patients with infection were extracted for the 3 classes of hypnotic drugs. Nonbenzodiazepines were associated with a higher disproportionality of infections (reporting odds ratio: 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.14). The association of infections was not present for melatonin receptor agonists (reporting odds ratio: 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.00) and orexin receptor antagonists (reporting odds ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.25). Significant reporting associations were identified for nonbenzodiazepines concerning the categories of bone and joint infections, dental and oral soft tissue infections, upper respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: Nonbenzodiazepines had a positive signal for infections, while orexin receptor antagonists and melatonin receptor agonists had a negative signal. More research needs to be conducted to confirm this relationship. CITATION: Meng L, Huang J, He Q, et al. Hypnotics and infections: disproportionality analysis of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(9):2229-2235.

In-patient Expenditure Between 2012 and 2020 Concerning Patients With Liver Cirrhosis in Chongqing: A Hospital-Based Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Background: Liver cirrhosis is a major global health and economic challenge, placing a heavy economic burden on patients, families, and society. This study aimed to investigate medical expenditure trends in patients with liver cirrhosis and assess the drivers for such medical expenditure among patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: Medical expenditure data concerning patients with liver cirrhosis was collected in six tertiary hospitals in Chongqing, China, from 2012 to 2020. Trends in medical expenses over time and trends according to subgroups were described, and medical expenditure compositions were analyzed. A multiple linear regression model was constructed to evaluate the factors influencing medical expenditure. All expenditure data were reported in Chinese Yuan (CNY), based on the 2020 value, and adjusted using the year-specific health care consumer price index for Chongqing. Results: Medical expenditure for 7,095 patients was assessed. The average medical expenditure per patient was 16,177 CNY. An upward trend in medical expenditure was observed in almost all patient subgroups. Drug expenses were the largest contributor to medical expenditure in 2020. A multiple linear regression model showed that insurance type, sex, age at diagnosis, marital status, length of stay, smoking status, drinking status, number of complications, autoimmune liver disease, and the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index score were significantly related to medical expenditure. Conclusion: Conservative estimates suggest that the medical expenditure of patients with liver cirrhosis increased significantly from 2012 to 2020. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate targeted measures to reduce the personal burden on patients with liver cirrhosis.