Deficiency of primate-specific SSX1 induced asthenoteratozoospermia in infertile men and cynomolgus monkey and tree shrew models.

Primate-specific genes (PSGs) tend to be expressed in the brain and testis. This phenomenon is consistent with brain evolution in primates but is seemingly contradictory to the similarity of spermatogenesis among mammals. Here, using whole-exome sequencing, we identified deleterious variants of X-linked SSX1 in six unrelated men with asthenoteratozoospermia. SSX1 is a PSG expressed predominantly in the testis, and the SSX family evolutionarily expanded independently in rodents and primates. As the mouse model could not be used for studying SSX1, we used a non-human primate model and tree shrews, which are phylogenetically similar to primates, to knock down (KD) Ssx1 expression in the testes. Consistent with the phenotype observed in humans, both Ssx1-KD models exhibited a reduced sperm motility and abnormal sperm morphology. Further, RNA sequencing indicated that Ssx1 deficiency influenced multiple biological processes during spermatogenesis. Collectively, our experimental observations in humans and cynomolgus monkey and tree shrew models highlight the crucial role of SSX1 in spermatogenesis. Notably, three of the five couples who underwent intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection treatment achieved a successful pregnancy. This study provides important guidance for genetic counseling and clinical diagnosis and, significantly, describes the approaches for elucidating the functions of testis-enriched PSGs in spermatogenesis.

Bi-allelic variants in DNHD1 cause flagellar axoneme defects and asthenoteratozoospermia in humans and mice.

Asthenoteratozoospermia, defined as reduced sperm motility and abnormal sperm morphology, is a disorder with considerable genetic heterogeneity. Although previous studies have identified several asthenoteratozoospermia-associated genes, the etiology remains unknown for the majority of affected men. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing on 497 unrelated men with asthenoteratozoospermia and identified DNHD1 bi-allelic variants from eight families (1.6%). All detected variants were predicted to be deleterious via multiple bioinformatics tools. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed that individuals with bi-allelic DNHD1 variants presented striking abnormalities of the flagella; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further showed flagellar axoneme defects, including central pair microtubule (CP) deficiency and mitochondrial sheath (MS) malformations. In sperm from fertile men, DNHD1 was localized to the entire flagella of the normal sperm; however, it was nearly absent in the flagella of men with bi-allelic DNHD1 variants. Moreover, abundance of the CP markers SPAG6 and SPEF2 was significantly reduced in spermatozoa from men harboring bi-allelic DNHD1 variants. In addition, Dnhd1 knockout male mice (Dnhd1‒/‒) exhibited asthenoteratozoospermia and infertility, a finding consistent with the sperm phenotypes present in human subjects with DNHD1 variants. The female partners of four out of seven men who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection therapy subsequently became pregnant. In conclusion, our study showed that bi-allelic DNHD1 variants cause asthenoteratozoospermia, a finding that provides crucial insights into the biological underpinnings of this disorder and should assist with counseling of affected individuals.

C9orf131 and C10orf120 are not essential for male fertility in humans or mice.

Male infertility affects approximately 7% of childbearing couples and is a major health issue. Although nearly 50% idiopathic infertile men are assumed to have a genetic basis, the underlying causes remain largely unknown in most infertility cases. Here, we report two rare homozygous variants in two previously uncharacterized genes, C9orf131 and C10orf120, identified in two unrelated men with asthenozoospermia. Both genes were predominantly expressed in the testes. Furthermore, C9orf131 and C10orf120 knockout mice were successfully generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. However, both C9orf131-/- and C10orf120-/- adult male mice were fertile, with testis-to-body weight ratios comparable to those of wild-type mice. No overt differences were found between wild-type, C9orf131-/-, and C10orf120-/- mice regarding testicular/epididymal tissue morphology, sperm count, sperm motility, or sperm morphology. Moreover, TUNEL assays indicated that the number of apoptotic germ cells in testes was not significantly different between the three groups. In summary, these findings suggest that C9orf131 and C10orf120 are redundant genes in male infertility.

Bi-allelic mutations of DNAH10 cause primary male infertility with asthenoteratozoospermia in humans and mice.

Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF)-induced asthenoteratozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility. Previous studies have identified several MMAF-associated genes, highlighting the condition's genetic heterogeneity. To further define the genetic causes underlying MMAF, we performed whole-exome sequencing in a cohort of 643 Chinese MMAF-affected men. Bi-allelic DNAH10 variants were identified in five individuals with MMAF from four unrelated families. These variants were either rare or absent in public population genome databases and were predicted to be deleterious by multiple bioinformatics tools. Morphological and ultrastructural analyses of the spermatozoa obtained from men harboring bi-allelic DNAH10 variants revealed striking flagellar defects with the absence of inner dynein arms (IDAs). DNAH10 encodes an axonemal IDA heavy chain component that is predominantly expressed in the testes. Immunostaining analysis indicated that DNAH10 localized to the entire sperm flagellum of control spermatozoa. In contrast, spermatozoa from the men harboring bi-allelic DNAH10 variants exhibited an absence or markedly reduced staining intensity of DNAH10 and other IDA components, including DNAH2 and DNAH6. Furthermore, the phenotypes were recapitulated in mouse models lacking Dnah10 or expressing a disease-associated variant, confirming the involvement of DNAH10 in human MMAF. Altogether, our findings in humans and mice demonstrate that DNAH10 is essential for sperm flagellar assembly and that deleterious bi-allelic DNAH10 variants can cause male infertility with MMAF. These findings will provide guidance for genetic counseling and insights into the diagnosis of MMAF-associated asthenoteratozoospermia.

Deleterious variants in X-linked CFAP47 induce asthenoteratozoospermia and primary male infertility.

Asthenoteratozoospermia characterized by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) has been identified as a sub-type of male infertility. Recent progress has identified several MMAF-associated genes with an autosomal recessive inheritance in human affected individuals, but the etiology in approximately 40% of affected individuals remains unknown. Here, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) and identified hemizygous missense variants in the X-linked CFAP47 in three unrelated Chinese individuals with MMAF. These three CFAP47 variants were absent in human control population genome databases and were predicted to be deleterious by multiple bioinformatic tools. CFAP47 encodes a cilia- and flagella-associated protein that is highly expressed in testis. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays revealed obviously reduced levels of CFAP47 in spermatozoa from all three men harboring deleterious missense variants of CFAP47. Furthermore, WES data from an additional cohort of severe asthenoteratozoospermic men originating from Australia permitted the identification of a hemizygous Xp21.1 deletion removing the entire CFAP47 gene. All men harboring hemizygous CFAP47 variants displayed typical MMAF phenotypes. We also generated a Cfap47-mutated mouse model, the adult males of which were sterile and presented with reduced sperm motility and abnormal flagellar morphology and movement. However, fertility could be rescued by the use of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSIs). Altogether, our experimental observations in humans and mice demonstrate that hemizygous mutations in CFAP47 can induce X-linked MMAF and asthenoteratozoospermia, for which good ICSI prognosis is suggested. These findings will provide important guidance for genetic counseling and assisted reproduction treatments.

Deleterious variants in X-linked RHOXF1 cause male infertility with oligo- and azoospermia.

Oligozoospermia and azoospermia are two common phenotypes of male infertility characterized by massive sperm defects owing to failure of spermatogenesis. The deleterious impact of candidate variants with male infertility is to be explored. In our study, we identified three hemizygous missense variants (c.388G>A: p.V130M, c.272C>T: p.A91V, and c.467C>T: p.A156V) and one hemizygous nonsense variant (c.478C>T: p.R160X) in the Rhox homeobox family member 1 gene (RHOXF1) in four unrelated cases from a cohort of 1201 infertile Chinese men with oligo- and azoospermia using whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. RHOXF1 was absent in the testicular biopsy of one patient (c.388G>A: p.V130M) whose histological analysis showed a phenotype of Sertoli cell-only syndrome. In vitro experiments indicated that RHOXF1 mutations significantly reduced the content of RHOXF1 protein in HEK293T cells. Specifically, the p.V130M, p.A156V, and p.R160X mutants of RHOXF1 also led to increased RHOXF1 accumulation in cytoplasmic particles. Luciferase assays revealed that p.V130M and p.R160X mutants may disrupt downstream spermatogenesis by perturbing the regulation of doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) promoter activity. Furthermore, ICSI treatment could be beneficial in the context of oligozoospermia caused by RHOXF1 mutations. In conclusion, our findings collectively identified mutated RHOXF1 to be a disease-causing X-linked gene in human oligo- and azoospermia.

Mogroside V reduced the excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitigated the Ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory condition of the colon, characterized by repeated attacks, a lack of effective treatment options, and significant physical and mental health complications for patients. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital intracellular organelle in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is induced when the body is exposed to adverse external stimuli. Numerous studies have shown that ERS-induced apoptosis plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of UC. Mogroside V (MV), an active ingredient of Monk fruit, has demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of MV on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC and its potential mechanisms based on ERS. The results showed that MV exerted a protective effect against DSS-induced UC in mice as reflected by reduced DAI scores, increased colon length, reduced histological scores of the colon, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as decreased intestinal permeability. In addition, the expression of ERS pathway including BIP, PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, as well as the apoptosis-related protein including Caspase-12, Bcl-2 and Bax, was found to be elevated in UC. However, MV treatment significantly inhibited the UC and reversed the expression of inflammation signaling pathway including ERS and ERS-induced apoptosis. Additionally, the addition of tunicamycin (Tm), an ERS activator, significantly weakened the therapeutic effect of MV on UC in mice. These findings suggest that MV may be a therapeutic agent for the treatment of DSS-induced UC by inhibiting the activation of the ERS-apoptosis pathway, and may provide a novel avenue for the treatment of UC.

A hemizygous loss-of-function variant in BCORL1 is associated with male infertility and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) is a common type of male infertility; however, its genetic causes remain largely unknown. Some of the genetic determinants of OAT are gene defects affecting spermatogenesis. BCORL1 (BCL6 corepressor like 1) is a transcriptional corepressor that exhibits the OAT phenotype in a knockout mouse model. A hemizygous missense variant of BCORL1 (c.2615T > G:p.Val872Gly) was reported in an infertile male patient with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Nevertheless, the correlation between BCORL1 variants and OAT in humans remains unknown. In this study, we used whole-exome sequencing to identify a novel hemizygous nonsense variant of BCORL1 (c.1564G > T:p.Glu522*) in a male patient with OAT from a Han Chinese family. Functional analysis showed that the variant produced a truncated protein with altered cellular localization and a dysfunctional interaction with SKP1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1). Further population screening identified four BCORL1 missense variants in subjects with both OAT (1 of 325, 0.31%) and NOA (4 of 355, 1.13%), but no pathogenic BCORL1 variants among 362 fertile subjects. In conclusion, our findings indicate that BCORL1 is a potential candidate gene in the pathogenesis of OAT and NOA, expanded its disease spectrum and suggested that BCORL1 may play a role in spermatogenesis by interacting with SKP1.

A case report of a normal fertile woman with 46,XX/46,XY somatic chimerism reveals a critical role for germ cells in sex determination.

Individuals with 46,XX/XY chimerism can display a wide range of characteristics, varying from hermaphroditism to complete male or female, and can display sex chromosome chimerism in multiple tissues, including the gonads. The gonadal tissues of females contain both granulosa and germ cells. However, the specific sex chromosome composition of the granulosa and germ cells in 46,XX/XY chimeric female is currently unknown. Here, we reported a 30-year-old woman with secondary infertility who displayed a 46,XX/46,XY chimerism in the peripheral blood. FISH testing revealed varying degrees of XX/XY chimerism in multiple tissues of the female patient. Subsequently, the patient underwent preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) treatment, and 26 oocytes were retrieved. From the twenty-four biopsied mature oocytes, a total of 23 first polar bodies (PBs) and 10 second PBs were obtained. These PBs and two immature metaphase I (MI) oocytes only displayed X chromosome signals with no presence of the Y, suggesting that all oocytes in this chimeric female were of XX germ cell origin. On the other hand, granulosa cells obtained from individual follicles exhibited varied proportions of XX/XY cell types, and six follicles possessed 100% XX or XY granulosa cells. A total of 24 oocytes were successfully fertilized, and 12 developed into blastocysts, where 5 being XY and 5 were XX. Two blastocysts were transferred with one originating from an oocyte aspirated from a follicle containing 100% XY granulosa cells. This resulted in a twin pregnancy. Subsequent prenatal diagnosis confirmed normal male and female karyotypes. Ultimately, healthy boy-girl twins were delivered at full term. In summary, this 46,XX/XY chimerism with XX germ cells presented complete female, suggesting that germ cells may exert a significant influence on the sexual determination of an individual, which provide valuable insights into the intricate processes associated with sexual development and reproduction.

Transcriptome analysis of Vero cells infected with attenuated vaccine strain CDV-QN-1.

To better understand the interaction between attenuated vaccines and host antiviral responses, we used bioinformatics and public transcriptomics data to analyze the immune response mechanisms of host cells after canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in Vero cells and screened for potential key effector factors. In this study, CDV-QN-1 infect with Vero cells at an MOI of 0.5, and total RNA was extracted from the cells 24 h later and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Transcriptome high-throughput sequencing perform using Illumina. The results showed that 438 differentially expressed genes were screened, of which 409 were significantly up-regulated and 29 were significantly down-regulated. Eight differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for RT-qPCR validation, and the change trend was consistent with the transcriptomics data. GO and KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes in CDV-QN-1 infection in the early stage were related to immune response and antiviral activity. The enriched signaling pathways mainly included the interaction between cytokines and cytokine receptors, the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. This study provides a foundation for further exploring the pathogenesis of CDV and the innate immune response of host cells in the early stage of infection.

Clinical translation of a novel FAPI dimer [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013.

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has emerged as a highly promising target for cancer diagnostic imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. To exploit the therapeutic potential of suitably radiolabeled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs), this study presents the design and synthesis of a series of FAPI dimers to increase tumor uptake and retention. Preclinical evaluation and a pilot clinical PET imaging study were conducted to screen the lead compound with the potential for radionuclide therapy. METHODS: Three new FAPI dimers were synthesized by linking two quinoline-based FAPIs with different spacers. The in vitro binding affinity and preclinical small animal PET imaging of the compounds were compared with their monomeric counterparts, FAPI-04 and FAPI-46. The lead compound, [68Ga]Ga -LNC1013, was then evaluated in a pilot clinical PET imaging study involving seven patients with gastrointestinal cancer. RESULTS: The three newly synthesized FAPI homodimers had high binding affinity and specificity in vitro and in vivo. Small animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies showed that [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 had persistent tumor retention for at least 4 h, also higher uptake than the other two dimers and the monomer counterparts, making it the lead compound to enter clinical investigation. In the pilot clinical PET imaging study, seven patients were enrolled. The effective dose of [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 was 8.24E-03 mSv/MBq. The human biodistribution of [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 demonstrated prominent tumor uptake and good tumor-to-background contrast. [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 PET imaging showed potential in capturing primary and metastatic lesions and outperforming 18F-FDG PET in detecting pancreatic and esophageal cancers. The SUVmax for lesions with [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 decreased over time, whereas [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 exhibited persistently high tumor uptake from 1 to 4 h post-injection. CONCLUSION: Dimerization is an effective strategy to produce FAPI derivatives with favorable tumor uptake, long tumor retention, and imaging contrast over its monomeric counterpart. We demonstrated that [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013, the lead compound without any piperazine moiety, had superior diagnostic potential over [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 and 18F-FDG, suggesting the future potential of LNC1013 for radioligand therapy of FAP-positive cancers.

Dihydroartemisinin eliminates senescent cells by promoting autophagy-dependent ferroptosis via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell-cycle arrest in response to a variety of cellular stresses, which contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of age-related degenerative diseases. However, effective antisenescence strategies are still lacking. Drugs that selectively target senescent cells represent an intriguing therapeutic strategy to delay aging and age-related diseases. Thus, we thought to investigate the effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on senescent cells and elucidated its mechanisms underlying aging. Stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) model was built in NIH3T3 cells using H2O2 and evaluated by ß-galactosidase staining. Cells were exposed to DHA and subjected to cellular activity assays including viability, ferroptosis, and autophagy. The number of microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3 puncta was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The iron content was assessed by spectrophotometer and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by fluorescent probe dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. We found that DHA triggered senescent cell death via ferroptosis. DHA accelerated ferritin degradation via promoting autophagy, increasing the iron contents, promoting ROS accumulation, thus leading to ferroptotic cell death in SIPS cells. In addition, autophagy inhibitor BafA1 preconditioning inhibited ferroptosis induced by DHA. Moreover, Atg5 silencing and autophagy inhibitor BafA1 preconditioning inhibited ferroptosis induced by DHA. We also revealed that the expression of p-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in senescent cells was downregulated. These results suggested that DHA may be a promising drug candidate for clearing senescent cells by inducing autophagy-dependent ferroptosis via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Dissecting Drivers of Ozone Pollution during the 2022 Multicity Lockdowns in China Sheds Light on Future Control Direction.

In 2022, many Chinese cities experienced lockdowns and heatwaves. We analyzed ground and satellite data using machine learning to elucidate chemical and meteorological drivers of changes in O3 pollution in 27 major Chinese cities during lockdowns. We found that there was an increase in O3 concentrations in 23 out of 27 cities compared with the corresponding period in 2021. Random forest modeling indicates that emission reductions in transportation and other sectors, as well as the changes in meteorology, increased the level of O3 in most cities. In cities with over 80% transportation reductions and temperature fluctuations within -2 to 2 °C, the increases in O3 concentrations were mainly attributable to reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In cities that experienced heatwaves and droughts, increases in the O3 concentrations were primarily driven by increases in temperature and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and reductions in NOx concentrations from ground transport were offset by increases in emissions from coal-fired power generation. Despite 3-99% reduction in passenger volume, most cities remained VOC-limited during lockdowns. These findings demonstrate that to alleviate urban O3 pollution, it will be necessary to further reduce industrial emissions along with transportation sources and to take into account the climate penalty and the impact of heatwaves on O3 pollution.

Impact of Molecular Chlorine Production from Aerosol Iron Photochemistry on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in North China.

Elevated levels of atmospheric molecular chlorine (Cl2) have been observed during the daytime in recent field studies in China but could not be explained by the current chlorine chemistry mechanisms in models. Here, we propose a Cl2 formation mechanism initiated by aerosol iron photochemistry to explain daytime Cl2 formation. We implement this mechanism into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and investigate its impacts on the atmospheric composition in wintertime North China where high levels of Cl2 as well as aerosol chloride and iron were observed. The new mechanism accounts for more than 90% of surface air Cl2 production in North China and consequently increases the surface air Cl2 abundances by an order of magnitude, improving the model's agreement with observed Cl2. The presence of high Cl2 significantly alters the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, with a factor of 20-40 increase in the chlorine radical concentration and a 20-40% increase in the hydroxyl radical concentration in regions with high aerosol chloride and iron loadings. This results in an increase in surface air ozone by about 10%. This new Cl2 formation mechanism will improve the model simulation capability for reactive chlorine abundances in the regions with high emissions of chlorine and iron.

The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in regulation of intestinal barrier and inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the digestive tract, characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and so on, which can make patients physically weakened and live difficultly. Although IBD has been recognized for many years, the pathogenesis of IBD has not yet been established and damage to intestinal barrier is thought to be closely associated with IBD. Intestinal barrier is an innate barrier that maintains the homeostasis of the intestinal environment and impedes pathogenic bacteria and toxins, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has recently been found to be involved in maintaining the integrity of intestinal barrier. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a status of endoplasmic reticulum damaged when unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in excess of the degradation systematic clearance limit of the misfolded proteins. The regulation of ERS on protein folding synthesis and maintenance of cellular homeostasis is an important factor in influencing the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This paper mainly discusses the relationship between ERS and the intestinal barrier, aiming to understand the regulatory role of ERS on the intestinal barrier and the mechanism and to improve new solutions and notions for the treatment or prevention of IBD.

Biallelic mutations in CFAP54 cause male infertility with severe MMAF and NOA.

BACKGROUND: Spermatogenic impairments can lead to male infertility by different pathological conditions, such as multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Genetic factors are involved in impaired spermatogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we performed genetic analyses through whole-exome sequencing in a cohort of 334 Han Chinese probands with severe MMAF or NOA. Biallelic variants of CFAP54 were identified in three unrelated men, including one homozygous frameshift variant (c.3317del, p.Phe1106Serfs*19) and two compound heterozygous variants (c.878G>A, p.Arg293His; c.955C>T, p.Arg319Cys and c.4885C>T, p.Arg1629Cys; c.937G>A, p.Gly313Arg). All of the identified variants were absent or extremely rare in the public human genome databases and predicted to be damaging by bioinformatic tools. The men harbouring CFAP54 mutations exhibited abnormal sperm morphology, reduced sperm concentration and motility in ejaculated semen. Significant axoneme disorganisation and other ultrastructure abnormities were also detected inside the sperm cells from men harbouring CFAP54 mutations. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assays showed remarkably reduced staining of four flagellar assembly-associated proteins (IFT20, IFT52, IFT122 and SPEF2) in the spermatozoa of CFAP54-deficient men. Notably, favourable clinical pregnancy outcomes were achieved with sperm from men carrying CFAP54 mutations after intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. CONCLUSION: Our genetic analyses and experimental observations revealed that biallelic deleterious mutations of CFAP54 can induce severe MMAF and NOA in humans.

Biallelic CFAP61 variants cause male infertility in humans and mice with severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.

BACKGROUND: The genetic causes for most male infertility due to severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic cause of male infertility characterised by OAT. METHODS: Variant screening was performed by whole-exome sequencing from 325 infertile patients with OAT and 392 fertile individuals. In silico and in vitro analyses were performed to evaluate the impacts of candidate disease-causing variants. A knockout mouse model was generated to confirm the candidate disease-causing gene, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was used to evaluate the efficiency of clinical treatment. RESULTS: We identified biallelic CFAP61 variants (NM_015585.4: c.1654C>T (p.R552C) and c.2911G>A (p.D971N), c.144-2A>G and c.1666G>A (p.G556R)) in two (0.62%) of the 325 OAT-affected men. In silico bioinformatics analysis predicted that all four variants were deleterious, and in vitro functional analysis confirmed the deleterious effects of the mutants. Notably, H&E staining and electron microscopy analyses of the spermatozoa revealed multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella, the absence of central pair microtubules and mitochondrial sheath malformation in sperm flagella from man with CFAP61 variants. Further immunofluorescence assays revealed markedly reduced CFAP61 staining in the sperm flagella. In addition, Cfap61-deficient mice showed the OAT phenotype, suggesting that loss of function of CFAP61 was the cause of OAT. Two individuals accepted ICSI therapy using their own ejaculated sperm, and one of them succeeded in fathering a healthy baby. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that CFAP61 is essential for spermatogenesis and that biallelic CFAP61 variants lead to male infertility in humans and mice with OAT.

Circ-RNF111 Promotes Proliferation of Ovarian Cancer Cell SKOV-3 by Targeting the MiR-556-5p/CCND1 Axis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of circ-RNF111 in the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3. First, qRT-PCR was used to detect circ-RNF111 and miR-556-5p expression levels in human normal ovarian epithelial cells IOSE80 and human ovarian cancer cells SKOV-3. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were adopted to determine the proliferation rate and cell viability of SKOV-3 cells, respectively. Additionally, in an attempt to reveal the mechanism of circ-RNF111, we predicted the targeting relationship between miR-556-5p and circ-RNF111 as well as miR-556-5p and CCND1 using the circinteractome and TargetScan databases, respectively, and validated their relationship by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The protein expression levels of CCND1 in SKOV-3 cells were detected by Western blot. Based on the above experiments, the expression of circ-RNF111 was found to be up-regulated in SKOV-3, and the knockdown of circ-RNF111 significantly inhibited the proliferation and viability of SKOV-3 cells. Then we confirmed that circ-RNF111 sponged miR-556-5p in SKOV-3 cells to up-regulate CCND1 expression. In addition, simultaneous inhibition of miR-556-5p or overexpression of CCND1 in SKOV-3 cells with knockdown of circ-RNF111 reversed the inhibitory effect of knockdown of circ-RNF111 on the protein expression level of CCND1, cell proliferation rate, and cell viability. In summary, circ-RNF111 promotes the proliferation of SKOV-3 cells by targeting the miR-556-5p/CCND1 axis. Circ-RNF111 may serve as a potential target for ovarian cancer therapy.

Identification of novel homozygous asthenoteratospermia-causing ARMC2 mutations associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella.

PURPOSE: To identify the genetic causes of multiple morphological abnormalities in sperm flagella (MMAF) and male infertility in patients from two unrelated Han Chinese families. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was conducted using blood samples from the two individuals with MMAF and male infertility. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate sperm morphology. Ultrastructural and immunostaining analyses of the spermatozoa were performed. The HEK293T cells were used to confirm the pathogenicity of the variants. RESULTS: We identified two novel homozygous missense ARMC2 variants: c.314C > T: p.P105L and c.2227A > G: p.N743D. Both variants are absent or rare in the human population genome data and are predicted to be deleterious. In vitro experiments indicated that both ARMC2 variants caused a slightly increased protein expression. ARMC2-mutant spermatozoa showed multiple morphological abnormalities (bent, short, coiled, absent, and irregular) in the flagella. In addition, the spermatozoa of the patients revealed a frequent absence of the central pair complex and disrupted axonemal ultrastructure. CONCLUSION: We identified two novel ARMC2 variants that caused male infertility and MMAF in Han Chinese patients. These findings expand the mutational spectrum of ARMC2 and provide insights into the complex causes and pathogenesis of MMAF.

Novel SPEF2 variants cause male infertility and likely primary ciliary dyskinesia.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the genetic causes of male infertility and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)/PCD-like phenotypes in three unrelated Han Chinese families. METHODS: We conducted whole-exome sequencing of three patients with male infertility and PCD/PCD-like phenotypes from three unrelated Chinese families. Ultrastructural and immunostaining analyses of patient spermatozoa and respiratory cilia and in vitro analyses were performed to analyze the effects of SPEF2 variants. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was administered to three affected patients. RESULTS: We identified four novel SPEF2 variants, including one novel homozygous splicing site variant [NC_000005.10(NM_024867.4): c.4447 + 1G > A] of the SPEF2 gene in family 1, novel compound heterozygous nonsense variants [NC_000005.10(NM_024867.4): c.1339C > T (p.R447*) and NC_000005.10(NM_024867.4): c.1645G > T (p.E549*)] in family 2, and one novel homozygous missense variant [NC_000005.10(NM_024867.4): c.2524G > A (p.D842N)] in family 3. All the patients presented with male infertility and PCD/likely PCD. All variants were present at very low levels in public databases, predicted to be deleterious in silico prediction tools, and were further confirmed deleterious by in vitro analyses. Ultrastructural analyses of the spermatozoa of the patients revealed the absence of the central pair complex in the sperm flagella. Immunostaining of the spermatozoa and respiratory cilia of the patients validated the pathogenicity of the SPEF2 variants. All patients carrying SPEF2 variants underwent one ICSI cycle and delivered healthy infants. CONCLUSION: Our study reported four novel pathogenic variants of SPEF2 in three male patients with infertility and PCD/PCD-like phenotypes, which not only extend the spectrum of SPEF2 mutations but also provide information for genetic counseling and treatment of such conditions.