The aberrant levels of decorin induce damages of human salivary gland epithelial cells and polarization of macrophages.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to preliminarily address the levels of decorin (DCN, a critical component of extracellular matrix) and its potential roles in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: DCN levels were determined in the salivary glands of experimental SS (ESS) mice and pSS patients by RNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, or immunohistochemical staining. Its correlation with interested genes and co-localization with a putative receptor was studied in pSS patients. In addition, its potential roles on salivary gland epithelium and macrophages were tested by exogenous administration to corresponding cell lines, followed by the evaluation of apoptosis using flow cytometry or cytokine expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Our data revealed a significant elevation of DCN in the salivary glands of the ESS mice model and pSS patients. In addition, the bioinformatics analysis of DCN in the GSE40611 (RNA-seq, parotid glands) dataset displayed an elevation of the DCN level in the parotid glands of pSS patients that positively correlated with several chemokines (CXCL13, CXCL9, and CCL20), Interleukin -1 ß (IL1 -ß), and caspase3 but negatively correlated with the proliferation relative gene MKI67. The stimulatory effects of DCN on the salivary gland epithelial cells (A253 cell line) and macrophages have been determined as they are considered active participants in the progression of SS. The data showed that DCN induced the apoptosis of A253 cells and polarization of macrophages towards the M1 phenotype, characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided preliminary evidence to understand the clinical significance of DCN in pSS and broadened our horizons in understanding the mechanism of pSS.

IL-33/ST2 axis contributes to the dermal fibrosis of systemic sclerosis via promoting fibroblasts activation.

BACKGROUND: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic immune-mediated rheumatic disease that is characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been recently implicated in several autoimmune diseases through its receptor ST2. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of IL-33/ST2 axis in the fibrotic disorder of SSc. METHODS: The bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrotic skin and skin biopsies of SSc patients were used to detect the expression of IL-33 and ST2. Human dermal fibroblasts were stimulated with recombinant IL-33(rIL-33) protein and their activation, proliferation and migration were assessed. The role of IL-33/ST2 axis was investigated in mouse fibrosis model via histologically assessing skin fibrosis after IL-33 gene knockout. ST2 neutralizing antibody treatment was also obtained to estimate the possible effect. RESULTS: The number IL-33+ cells and ST2+ cells were increased in the lesion skin of SSc patients and BLM-induced mouse. Human skin fibroblasts highly expressed ST2 protein, and the proliferation, migration, and collagen expression were significantly elevated after rIL-33 stimulation, accompanied by the activation of MAPKs and NF-kB pathways. The severity of skin fibrosis was significantly reduced in il33-/- mice compared with WT mice. Blockade of IL-33 receptor using an anti-ST2 neutralizing antibody effectively ameliorated the skin fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that IL-33/ST2 axis contributes to the fibrotic skin injury of SSc via promoting fibroblasts activation, and IL-33/ST2 blockade might serve as a novel strategy to inhibit the fibrosis progression in patients of SSc.

Gut Microbiota Aberration in Patients of Systemic Sclerosis and Bleomycin-Induced Mice Model.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune-mediated systemic autoimmune disease with unknown etiology, which has high morbidity and mortality. Current treatments to dispose of this disorder are limited. And there are still no ideal animal models that can fully replicate the four basic pathophysiological features of SSc, including vascular lesions, fibrosis, inflammation, and autoimmunity, let alone animal models specifically designed to study gastrointestinal lesions. It's essential to seek and establish appropriate animal models to explore the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of SSc. In this study, we found similar gut microbiota aberration in patients of SSc and bleomycin (BLM)-induced mice model through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In terms of phylum-level differences, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was significantly decreased and Firmicutes increased in the SSc patients and the mice. Notably, the genera of Lactobacillus, commonly used as a probiotic additive, was also elevated in SSc patients and BLM mice, which was consistent with a few of studies. Therefore, the model can likely mimic the pathological changes of gut microbiota in patients with SSc, which may offer an important potential platform for the in-depth understanding of gut microbiota aberration in patients with SSc and to devise potential disease-modifying treatments.

Intratracheal Poly(I:C) Exposure Accelerates the Immunological Disorder of Salivary Glands in Sjogren's-Like NOD/ShiLtJ Mice.

Evidences have suggested that Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is associated with viral infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of respiratory viral poly(I:C) in the pathogenesis of SS and potential mechanisms using a SS-like NOD/ShiLtJ (NOD) mouse model. 5-week female NOD mice were intratracheally administered poly(I:C) every other day for 5 times to mimic viral infection. Pilocarpine induced saliva secretion was determined every 8 days. Submandibular glands (SMG) and lungs were harvested for the detection of pathological changes. We found that intratracheal administration of poly(I:C) significantly advanced and enhanced the reduction of saliva flow rate in NOD mice. Furthermore, poly(I:C) treatment aggravated the histopathological lesions and inflammatory cells infiltration in SMG. Accompanied by elevated expression of IFN cytokines and IL-33, Th1 activation was enhanced in SMG of poly(I:C)-treated NOD mice, but Th17 cells activation was unchanged among the groups. In addition, intratracheal poly(I:C) exposure promoted the expression of IL-33 and increased T cells proportion in the lung, which were consistent with the change in SMG. Therefore, intratracheal poly(I:C) exposure aggravated the immunological and function disorder of SMG in NOD mice.

The immunology of COVID-19: is immune modulation an option for treatment?

In December, 2019, an outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China and quickly spread globally. As of May 7, 2020, there were 3 672 238 confirmed infections and 254 045 deaths attributed to COVID-19. Evidence has shown that there are asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 who can transmit the disease to others. The virus incubation time shows a wide range (0-24 days) and the virus displays a high infectivity. It is therefore urgent to develop an effective therapy to treat patients with COVID-19 and to control the spread of the causative agent, severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Repurposing of approved drugs is widely adopted to fight newly emerged diseases such as COVID-19, as these drugs have known pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. As pathological examination has confirmed the involvement of immune hyperactivation and acute respiratory distress syndrome in fatal cases of COVID-19, several disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS), such as hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab, have been proposed as potential therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. In this Review, we discuss the immunological aspects of COVID-19 and the potential implication of DMARDs in treating this disease.

Biomarkers in IgG4-related disease: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: ImmunoglobulinG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized disease and, as such, there is a pressing need to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring disease activity, and predicting prognosis and response to therapy. Here, we review the recent development and identification of biomarkers for IgG4-RD. METHODS: Through extensive literature review and analysis, we updated the biomarkers for IgG4-RD and further put forward our own viewpoints. RESULTS: In addition to traditional biomarkers, such as serum IgG4 concentration and typical histological characteristics, several novel indicators, including IgG2, serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2R), and cc-chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), indicate inflammation and fibrosis and can be used to accurately diagnose and predict treatment response. Studies to identify target autoantigens in IgG4-RD have shed light on the unmet need for biomarkers that can identify this disorder. Additionally, both serological and histopathologic immune cells involved in antigen-induced responses, innate immune cells (macrophages, mast cells, and the I-IFN/ IL-33 pathway), as well as subsequent acquired immune cells (T and B cell subsets), may also serve as new biomarkers for IgG4-RD. Since IgG4-RD often clinically manifests with multiple organs involvement, non-invasive PET-CT can improve diagnosis and antidiastole levels. CONCLUSION: These novel biomarkers provide information to help diagnose IgG4-RD, monitor disease activity, as well as predict prognosis and response to therapy.

The Increased Ratio of Blood CD56bright NK to CD56dim NK Is a Distinguishing Feature of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the subsets of circulating CD56+ NK cells in pSS patients and their potential value in the diagnosis and/or prediction of prognosis in patients with pSS. METHODS: We included 52 pSS patients fulfilling the 2002 AECG criteria or 2012 ACR criteria and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. The frequency and absolute number of NK cells and CD56 NK cell subsets in peripheral blood samples were detected by flow cytometry. Other laboratory parameters such as the IgG level and complement protein levels were extracted from the clinical system. RESULTS: Both the frequency and the absolute number of peripheral blood NK cells were reduced in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. The proportion of CD56bright NK cell subset was increased, and the proportion of CD56dim NK cell subset was decreased among NK cells, resulting in the ratio of CD56bright NK to CD56dim NK which was significantly elevated in pSS patients. ROC analysis indicated that the AUC of CD56bright NK/CD56dim NK ratio was 0.838, and the best diagnostic cut-off point was 0.0487 for pSS patients. Furthermore, this CD56bright NK/CD56dim NK ratio was positively correlated with the IgG level and negatively correlated with the complement protein C3 and C4 levels. More importantly, the CD56bright/CD56dim NK ratio was either slightly increased or not changed in other autoimmune diseases such as SLE and IgG4-related disease. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the ratio of blood CD56bright NK to CD56dim NK might have a diagnostic value relatively specific for pSS.

Similar Transition Processes in Synovial Fibroblasts from Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: A Single-Cell Study.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are common rheumatic disorders that primarily involve joints. The inflammation of the synovium can be observed in both of the two diseases. Synovial fibroblasts (SFs) play an important role in the inflammatory process of the synovium. The functional states of synovial fibroblasts are heterogeneous, and the detailed transition process of their functional states is still unclear. By using transcriptomic data of SFs at a single-cell level, we found a similar transition process for SFs in RA and OA. We also identified the potential regulatory effects of the WNT signaling pathway, the TGF-ß signaling pathway, the FcεRI signaling pathway, and the ERBB signaling pathway on modifying the SFs' functional state. These findings indicate potentially overlapped pathogenic mechanisms in these two diseases, which may help uncover new therapeutic targets to ameliorate disease progression.

Sphingomyelin synthase 1 enhances BCR signaling to promote lupus-like autoimmune response.

BACKGROUND: Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) has been reported to participate in hepatitis and atherosclerosis. However, its role in autoimmune response is not clear. This study investigates the possible involvement of SMS1 in B-cell activation and lupus-like autoimmunity. METHODS: SMS1 knockout lupus-like animal model and SLE patient samples were utilized. B-cell activation and associated signal transduction were detected by flow cytometry, confocal analysis and western blotting. The SMS1 expression in B cells was measured by real-time qPCR. FINDINGS: SMS1 deficiency suppressed B-cell activation in culture, which was restored by exogenous SM supplementation. The BCR-mediated early signal transduction including the colocalization of BCR with F-actin or pY/pBtk, and the phosphorylation of intracellular Fyn and Syk were impaired in SMS1 knockout B cells. Furthermore, SMS1 knockout mice showed reduced production and deposition of autoantibodies, accompanied by less severe kidney pathological changes after pristane induction. SMS1 deficiency also displayed lower autoantibody titers and 24 h urine protein excretion in bm12-induced lupus, which were associated with reduced B-cell activation. Adoptively transferred wide-type B cells partially recovered B-cell activation and autoantibody production in SMS1 deficient bm12-induced lupus mice. Moreover, the SMS1 mRNA level in B cells of SLE patients was increased and positively correlated with the serum anti-dsDNA level, IgG and globulin titers. INTERPRETATION: These data suggest that SMS1 is involved in lupus-like autoimmunity via regulating BCR signal transduction and B cell activation. (Word count for the abstract: 230).

Blau syndrome with good Reponses to Tocilizumab: A case report and focused literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Blau syndrome (BS), a rare auto-inflammatory granulomatous disease, is a progressive disorder. Usually the maintenance dose of glucocorticoid may not be tapered below 15 mg per day while immunosuppressives is used. There has been some experience with biologic agents in refractory BS patients. The objective of this study is to describe the case of a BS patient benefiting from Tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6 receptor. METHODS: We report the first Chinese patient with BS who was resistant to currently available therapies but had rapid quiescence after using Tocilizumab. We also conducted a systematic literature review about the current treatments of BS. RESULTS: A 13-year-old Chinese boy with BS, whose uveitis got worsened when treated with Infliximab, was well-controlled after taking Tocilizumab and prednisone was tapered off to a dose of 8mg per day. We identified 29 manuscripts providing 45 BS cases. Among these patients, 24 underwent biological treatments and 22 of them recovered. In these 29 manuscripts, the biological agents used to treat refractory BS included Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Canakinumab and Anakinra. CONCLUSIONS: Case reports on the use of biological agents have yielded mixed results. The diversity of the symptoms may be due to functional differences in NOD2 mutations. For BS patients with fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, Tocilizumab may be a better choice.