Mast cells' involvement in inflammation pathways linked to depression: evidence in mastocytosis.

Converging sources of evidence point to a role for inflammation in the development of depression, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. More precisely, the tryptophan (TRP) catabolism is thought to play a major role in inflammation-induced depression. Mastocytosis is a rare disease in which chronic symptoms, including depression, are related to mast cell accumulation and activation. Our objectives were to study the correlations between neuropsychiatric features and the TRP catabolism pathway in mastocytosis in order to demonstrate mast cells' potential involvement in inflammation-induced depression. Fifty-four patients with mastocytosis and a mean age of 50.1 years were enrolled in the study and compared healthy age-matched controls. Depression and stress were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory revised and the Perceived Stress Scale. All patients had measurements of TRP, serotonin (5-HT), kynurenine (KYN), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity (ratio KYN/TRP), kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). Patients displayed significantly lower levels of TRP and 5-HT without hypoalbuminemia or malabsorption, higher IDO1 activity, and higher levels of KA and QA, with an imbalance towards the latter. High perceived stress and high depression scores were associated with low TRP and high IDO1 activity. In conclusion, TRP metabolism is altered in mastocytosis and correlates with perceived stress and depression, demonstrating mast cells' involvement in inflammation pathways linked to depression.

[Prodromes of schizophrenia: consensus or confusion?]. / Prodromes de la schizophrénie: consensus ou confusion?

LITERATURE FINDINGS: Prospective studies of subjects at high genetic risk of psychosis (at least one first relative with schizophrenia) and retrospective studies of patients at the end of the first episode of delusion or hallucination have identified various subjective and objective symptoms which emerged months or years before the diagnostic of schizophrenia. The objective symptoms presently designed as prodromes are either transient or of infradiagnostic intensity. The objective signs have been used to define an ultrahigh risk (UHR) state, and have been operationalized by psychometric instruments, which also include criteria for genetic risk (schizotypal dimensions) and alteration of social functioning. The main instruments are the Comprehensive Assessment of At-risk Mental States (CAARMS) and the SIPS (Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms). The subjective symptoms, which consist exclusively in inner experiences, have been named basic symptoms, and are operationalized by the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS) and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI-A, Adult version). Prospective studies of selected individuals with a psychiatric help demand have shown that signs of endogenicity (schizotypal traits), and severity (high symptomatic scores and poor functioning), are of major value to predict conversion. In contrast, the positive predictive value of isolated prodromal symptoms is rather poor (much less than the 80% required for clinical validation). DISCUSSION: This suggests that the population of subjects with prodromes is structured by two latent subgroups: those who express transient psychotic manifestations (which are quite frequent in the general population), and those with an active psychotic process, who are progressively evolving towards the categorical diagnostic of schizophrenia. However, results obtained by between groups comparison of mean psychometric variables are unable to distinguish between these two populations at baseline. Because of this, introduction of the risk of psychosis category in the DSM-V has been bitterly criticized. In accordance, therapeutic prevention assays using antipsychotics, antidepressants, or cognitive therapy have provided inconsistent results. Only the administration of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has produced a long term efficient effect.

Influence of different heat stress models on nutrient digestibility and markers of stress, inflammation, lipid, and protein metabolism in broilers.

This experiment determined the effects of different HS models and pair-feeding (PF) on nutrient digestibility and markers of stress, inflammation, and metabolism in broilers. Birds (720 total) were allocated into 12 environmentally controlled chambers and reared under thermoneutral conditions until 20 d. Until 41 d birds were exposed to 4 treatments, including: thermoneutral at 24°C (TN-al), daily cyclic HS (12 h at 24 and 12 h at 35°C; cyHS), constant HS at 35°C (coHS), and PF birds maintained at 24°C and fed to equalize FI with coHS birds (TN-coPF). At d 41, ileal digesta were collected to determine nutrient apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Blood, liver, and breast tissues were collected from 8 birds per treatment to determine the mRNA expression of stress, inflammation, and metabolism markers. An additional 8 TN-al birds were sampled after acute HS exposure at 35°C for 4 h (aHS), and 8 cyHS birds were sampled either right before or 4 h after HS initiation. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey's HSD test. Compared with TN-al birds, AID of nitrogen and ether extract were reduced in coHS birds, and both cyHS and coHS reduced (P < 0.05) AID of total essential amino acids. TNFα and SOD2 expression were increased (P < 0.05) under aHS, coHS, and TN-coPF conditions. IL6 and HSP70 were increased (P < 0.05) under coHS and aHS, respectively. Expression of lipogenic enzymes ACCα and FASN were reduced by coHS and TN-coPF, while coHS increased the lipolytic enzyme ATGL (P < 0.05). IGF1 was lowered in coHS birds, and p70S6K and MyoG were reduced under coHS and TN-coPF (P < 0.05). Interestingly, MuRF1 and MAFbx were increased (P < 0.05) under coHS only. Overall, these results indicate that coHS has a greater impact on nutrient digestibility and metabolism than aHS and cyHS. Interestingly, increased protein degradation during HS appears to be mostly driven by HS per se and not the reduced FI.

Constant and cyclic chronic heat stress models differentially influence growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of broilers.

This experiment compared the effects of 2 chronic heat stress (HS) models, constant (coHS), and cyclic (cyHS), on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. A total of 720 male chicks from a Cobb 500 line were placed in 12 environmentally controlled chambers divided into 2 pens of 30 birds. Before the experimental HS models were applied, chamber temperatures were gradually decreased from 32°C at placement to 24°C on d 20. From 20 to 41 d, 4 chambers were set to 35°C (coHS), and 4 chambers were set to 35°C for 12 h and 24°C for the next 12 h (cyHS). Four thermoneutral chambers were maintained at 24°C with half of the birds pair-fed to equalize feed intake (FI) with coHS birds (TN-coPF) and half fed ad-libitum (TN-al). From 20 to 41 d, FI and BW gain (BWG) of cyHS, coHS and TN-coPF birds were decreased (P < 0.001), whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) was increased (P < 0.001) for coHS and TN-coPF birds compared with TN-al birds. The overall BWG and FCR of coHS birds were lower (P < 0.001) than TN-coPF birds. Both HS models reduced (P < 0.001) carcass weight, pectoralis major yield, total breast meat yield, and increased (P < 0.001) wing yield relative to TN-al birds, with each of these measurements more impacted by coHS than by cyHS. Pair-fed birds had lower (P < 0.001) fat pad and a higher total breast meat yield than coHS birds. They also had the lowest (P < 0.001) pectoralis major ultimate pH and yellowness, and these parameters were lower (P < 0.001) for coHS birds than for TN-al birds. Both HS models reduced (P < 0.001) the incidence of woody breast and white striping. Thus, these data indicate that the detrimental effects of HS cannot be entirely explained by reduced FI and that HS per se affects metabolic pathways associated with muscle and lipid accretion in broilers.

[Telomeres in the brain cortex of depressive patients]. / Longueur des télomères dans le cortex des patients atteints de troubles dépressifs.

BACKGROUND: Telomeres are complex structures formed by the end of the DNA molecule at the tip of chromosomal arms. The telomeric sequence, which results from the repetition of the hexanucleotide TTAGGG, is partly single strand and is associated with more than ten proteins, including the enzyme telomerase. Because of the characteristics of the DNA replication process, only telomerase is able to elongate the telomeric sequence. Since the telomerase gene is repressed in virtually all the somatic cells, telomeres progressively shorten at each S phase of the cell cycle, and this shortening is accelerated by oxidative stress. A critically shortened telomere activates the genetic program of cell senescence and/or apoptosis. The telomere length measured in peripheral blood leucocytes is considered a reliable marker of biological age, mortality risk and exposure to various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, dementia and metabolic syndrome. Telomere erosion has been observed in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and mood disorders, suggesting an accelerated aging of 10 to 20 years. Whether this peripheral dynamic is reflected by a similar pattern in the brain remains unknown. To address this issue, we have measured the telomere length in the occipital DNA cortex of 24 patients with major depressive disorder and 12 controls (donated by the Stanley Research Institute). METHODOLOGY: The mean telomere length has been evaluated by a real time quantitative PCR technique, which amplified the telomere sequence and a reference single copy sequence. Results have been expressed by the ratios of Ct obtained for the two amplification curves. RESULTS: The mean Ct values were strictly identical (0.79 ± 0.001) and the 36 PCR curves were coincident. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates for the first time that there is no shortening of telomeres in the cortex of patients with depressive disorder. Previous results have shown that in normal tissues telomeres length is inversely correlated to age, even in non proliferating tissues, but that the change is minimal in the brain. Thus, although consistent evidence for the role of a systemic and brain inflammation associated oxidative stress in depression has been provided, it must be concluded that the cerebral state of telomeres is not affected by the mechanism operating in the leucocytes. This observation raises the issue of the relation between the psychiatric pathological process and the peripheral telomere marker. It suggests the existence of specific telomere stabilizing factors in the cortex cells.

Polymicrogyria in a child with inv dup del(9p) and 22q11.2 microduplication.

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is a relatively common malformation of the cortex for which the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Both acquired and genetic causes are known, and to date more than 70 cases of PMG have been associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Here we report on a 12-year-old girl presenting with asymmetrical PMG predominantly affecting the right occipital lobe. She was the only child of consanguineous parents. At 7 years of age she was referred for mental retardation with speech delay and seizures. Cytogenetic studies of the patient revealed an inverted 9p duplication/deletion and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)-array also showed a 22q11.2 microduplication confirmed by quantitative PCR. This case is of interest in the search for candidate genes and emphasizes the importance of the 22q11 region in PMG. It also highlights the efficiency of BACs-array in detecting complex rearrangements.

Array-CGH in a series of 30 patients with mental retardation, dysmorphic features, and congenital malformations detected an interstitial 1p22.2-p31.1 deletion in a patient with features overlapping the Goldenhar syndrome.

Genosensor Array 300 (Abbott) is a multiplex platform for array-based comparative genomic hybridization that detects unbalanced genomic aberrations including whole chromosome gains/losses, microdeletions, duplications and unbalanced subtelomeric rearrangements. A series of 30 patients with unexplained mental retardation, dysmorphic features, congenital abnormalities and normal high resolution karyotype and FISH subtelomeric studies were analyzed using Genosensor Array 300 array-CGH. We identified a chromosomal aberration in one patient with an interstitial 1p31.1 deletion. FISH analysis with BACs specific probes of the 1p region confirmed the interstitial 1p22.2-p31.1 deletion. The patient was a 20-year-old man with short stature, facial dysmorphism including asymmetry, scoliosis, severe psychomotor delay and an epibulbar dermoid cyst. The phenotype was compatible with Goldenhar syndrome despite the absence of asymmetric ears. This observation is of interest since it could be a clue in the search for the genes responsible for Goldenhar syndrome. This study demonstrates the utility of the array-CGH technology in detecting interstitial deletions.

Clinical, molecular, and genotype-phenotype correlation studies from 25 cases of oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1: a French and Belgian collaborative study.

Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1) is characterised by an X linked dominant mode of inheritance with lethality in males. Clinical features include facial dysmorphism with oral, tooth, and distal abnormalities, polycystic kidney disease, and central nervous system malformations. Large interfamilial and intrafamilial clinical variability has been widely reported, and 18 distinct mutations have been previously reported within OFD1. A French and Belgian collaborative study collected 25 cases from 16 families. OFD1 was analysed using direct sequencing and phenotype-genotype correlation was performed using chi2 test. X inactivation studies were performed on blood lymphocytes. In 11 families, 11 novel mutations, including nine frameshift, one nonsense, and one missense mutation were identified, which spanned nine different exons. A combination of our results with previously reported cases showed that the majority of mutations (65.5%) was located in exons 3, 8, 9, 13, and 16. There was phenotype-genotype correlation between (a) polycystic kidney disease and splice mutations; (b) mental retardation and mutations located in exons 3, 8, 9, 13, and 16; and (c) tooth abnormalities and mutations located in coiled coil domains. Comparing the phenotype of the families with a pathogenic mutation to families with absence of OFD1 mutation, polycystic kidneys and short stature were significantly more frequent in the group with no OFD1 mutation, whereas lingual hamartomas were significantly more frequent in the group with OFD1 mutation. Finally, an X inactivation study showed non-random X inactivation in a third of the samples. Differential X inactivation between mothers and daughters in two families with high intrafamilial variability was of particular interest. Slight phenotype-genotype correlations were established, and X inactivation study showed that skewed X inactivation could be partially involved in the pathogenesis of intrafamilial clinical variability.

Nonrandom chromosomal changes in human solid tumors: application of an improved culture method.

A cytogenetic study was performed on 48 primary human benign, borderline malignant, and malignant solid tumors from more than 10 different tissues. An improved cell culture method using an extracellular matrix substrate and a polyvalent serum-free medium was applied, which ensured a success rate of about 68%. The results disclosed a nonrandom involvement of chromosomes 1, 3, and 7 (especially duplication of chromosome 7) in numerical changes and a clustering of breakpoints on chromosomes 1, 3, 7, and 11. These data indicate that some chromosomal changes are shared by various types of tumors, suggesting some common genetic clonal evolution pathways.

Recurrent deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3 in human renal cell carcinoma: shift of the c-raf 1 locus.

A cytogenetic study performed on 6 human renal cell carcinomas after short-term culture on extracellular matrix with serum-free medium showed aneuploidy without structural changes in 2 tumors and a rearrangement of the short arm of chromosome 3 in 4 tumors, including deletions and a translocation involving the 3p14 and 3p21 bands. Chromosomal in situ hybridization with a c-raf 1 probe demonstrated that in 2 renal cancers with del3(p14 or 21) the cellular oncogene had shifted from 3p25 to 3p14 as a result of an interstitial deletion.

Stage-dependent activation of cell cycle and apoptosis mechanisms in the right ventricle by pressure overload.

The molecular basis of the intrinsic vulnerability of the compliant right ventricle to chronic pressure overload is poorly understood. Extensive apoptosis, possibly coupled with aberrant cell cycle reentry, in response to unrestrained biomechanical stress may account for this phenotypic flaw. To address this issue we have studied changes in expression of the cell cycle and apoptosis regulators in the right ventricle following induction of pulmonary hypertension in the rat by injection of monocrotaline. Hypertrophy, apoptosis and cell cycle events, as well as expression of their regulator genes were documented during a period of 31 days. The hypertrophy index reached 127% at day 31. At the early stage both apoptosis and cell proliferation pathways were coincidentally activated. The level of cyclin A and E transcripts steadily increased, the labeling index was 4.8% at day 31, and expression of the caspase-3 gene peaked at day 14. Until day 21 execution of apoptosis was prevented, probably by a high level of Bcl-2. At this time point Bcl-2 collapsed, cyclin D1 was upregulated, the differentiation gatekeeper p27Kip1 was downregulated, pro-caspase-3 was activated and extensive apoptosis developed. These results indicate that the right ventricle is especially vulnerable to apoptotic pressure-dependent stimuli, and that the cell cycle and apoptosis pathways were co-activated in this experimental model.

The chromosomal analysis of human solid tumors. A triple challenge.

The present review considers the three main issues of the cytogenetic analysis of human solid tumors: the technical limitations, the difficulty in interpreting the available results, and the uncertainty affecting any hypothesis about the role of chromosome changes in tumorigenesis. Information is given on the recent improvements in the field of tumor cell culturing and karyotyping, with a critical discussion of more than 1300 cytogenetic studies from 18 different tumors, and clues for a synthetic understanding of the cytogenetics of malignancy.

Chromosomal changes in renal cell carcinoma. No evidence for correlation with clinical stage.

A cytogenetic study was performed in 18 renal cell carcinomas using a culture method previously described. The significance of chromosome involvement in clonal aberrations was evaluated according to the mean + 1 SD objective criterion. Chromosomes 3, 7, 9, and 17 were preferentially involved in both numerical and structural changes. The cytogenetic data have been correlated with the clinical staging, but in contrast to a previous study, abnormalities of chromosome 3 were not associated with a higher clinical stage.

Chromosomal changes in an ovarian granulosa cell tumor: similarity with carcinoma.

The chromosomal changes in an ovarian granulosa cell tumor were studied after short-term culture in defined medium. The abnormalities found included X monosomy, structural rearrangements of chromosome #1, and an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome #6. This pattern is closely related to that found in ovarian carcinoma and argues for the malignant nature of such tumors at the cellular level.

Chromosomal changes in a documented case of malignant histiocytosis: significance of polyploidy.

A case of malignant histiocytosis was studied by cytology, cytochemistry, electron microscopy, and cytogenetics. It was shown that the malignant cells expressed a fully differentiated histiocytic pattern with high macrophagic activity. This correlated with the presence of polyploid metaphases. The significance of polyploid cells in the definition of malignant histiocytosis is discussed.

A multidrug-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line with a malignant suppressed phenotype is a CD44 gene expression defective mutant.

A multidrug-resistant cell subline (OV1/VCR) derived from an ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line (OV1/P) was characterized by a typical suppressed malignant phenotype and by a unique karyotypic change: del(11)(p13). In an attempt to discern some genetic alteration of 11p genes that may be relevant to the phenotypic shift, cells were analyzed with DNA probes mapped in the deleted region and with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against 11p-encoded membrane molecules. Southern blot did not detect abnormal restriction patterns of the probed sequences. OV1/VCR cells did not express the CD44 epitope (11p13 MIC4 locus) recognized by the F10-44 MoAb and did not accumulate RNAs of the CD44 (Hermes) core peptide. This defect was not detected in another OV1/P-derived drug-resistant subline that retained the malignant behavior and did not have the del(11p) marker. It may have contributed to phenotypic reversion because evidence shows that CD44 membrane molecule is involved in cell-cell interaction and growth regulation of cancer cells.

Chromosomal subclonal evolution in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria evolving into acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.

Four cytogenetic studies were performed in the course of a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria evolving into acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. The clonal evolution was characterized by a unique structural change (9p) at the time of diagnosis, heralding an accelerated and complex karyotypic alteration including 5q-, 12p-, +21, -5, -7. At the terminal phase, the initial population was replaced within 1 week by a new overgrowing clone with -5, +8, +17. This suggests that the paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-associated preleukemia and leukemic states share with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia the same nonrandom chromosomal changes.

Drug-related chromosomal changes in chemoresistant human ovarian carcinoma cells.

Four resistant sublines were derived from the sensitive human ovarian carcinoma IGROV 1 (OV1-P) cell line by exposure to increasing concentrations of vincristine, doxorubicin, and cisplatinum. The vincristine-resistant sublines expressed the MDR phenotype associated with a complete reversion of malignant properties. Cytogenetic studies of sensitive and resistant cells have been repeatedly performed over a 1-year period. Consistent and stable drug-related chromosomal structural rearrangements have been observed in each resistant population affecting chromosomes 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 22, and X. The most significant result was the presence in OV1/P cells of a minor subclone with a del(11)(p13) marker that represented the whole OV1/VCR population. This result suggests a possible role of this deletion either in the drug-selection process, or in the malignant reversion.

Chromosomal changes in thyroid tumors. Relation with DNA content, karyotypic features, and clinical data.

A cytogenetic study was performed in 63 thyroid tumors after a monolayer short-term culture. Clonal chromosomal changes were found in 47% of carcinomas and 31% of adenomas. Chromosome 7 was altered in 40% of cytogenetically abnormal tumors. The modal DNA index measured in 26 tumors was consistent with the chromosomal mode in 88% of cases. A quantitative morphometric analysis of nuclear features differentiated between diploid thyroid adenomas with or without a single translocation, which suggests that they have different biological properties. Clonal chromosomal changes were observed in 78% of carcinomas with an aggressive behavior, but only 28% of those had no risk factors. The two patients who died early had abnormalities of chromosome 7.