Compensatory regeneration as a mechanism for renal tubule carcinogenesis of fumonisin B1 in the F344/N/Nctr BR rat.

Fumonisin B1(FB1) is a fungal metabolite of Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme), a fungus that grows on many crops worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated that male BD IX rats consuming diets containing 50 ppm fumonisin B1 developed hepatocellular carcinomas. In our recent studies, diets containing FB1 at 50 ppm or higher concentrations induced renal tubule carcinomas in male F344/N/Nctr BR rats and hepatocellular carcinomas in female B6C3F1/Nctr BR mice. The carcinogenicity of FB1 in rats and mice is not due to DNA damage, as several laboratories have demonstrated that FB1 is not a genotoxin. FB1 induces apoptosis in cells in vitro. Including FB1 in the diets of rats results in increased hepatocellular and renal tubule epithelial cell apoptosis. In studies with F344/N/Nctr BR rats consuming diets containing up to 484 ppm FB1 for 28 days, female rats demonstrated more sensitivity than male rats in the induction of hepatocellular apoptosis and mitosis. Conversely, induction of renal tubule apoptosis and regeneration were more pronounced in male than in female rats. Induction of renal tubule apoptosis and hyperplasia correlated with the incidence of renal tubule carcinomas that developed in the 2-year feeding study with FB1 in the F344/N/Nctr BR rats. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the induction of renal tubule carcinomas in male rats could be partly due to the continuous compensatory regeneration of renal tubule epithelial cells in response to the induction of apoptosis by fumonisin B1.

The mycotoxin fumonisin induces apoptosis in cultured human cells and in livers and kidneys of rats.

Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a fungus that infects corn and other grains in the U.S. Fumonisin ingestion causes a variety of effects including equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema, and has been associated epidemiologically with human esophageal cancer. Fumonisin B1 produces growth inhibition and increased apoptosis in primary human keratinocyte cultures and in HET-1A cells. In order to set the doses for a 2-year tumor bioassay, male and female F344 rats were fed fumonisin B1 (99, 163, 234, and 484 ppm) for 28 days and the organs examined histologically. There was a dose dependent decrease in liver and kidney weights in the rats. The liver weight loss was accompanied by the induction of apoptosis and hepatocellular and bile duct hyperplasia in both sexes, with the female rats being more responsive at lower doses. The induction of tubular epithelial cell apoptosis was the primary response of the kidneys to dietary fumonisin B1. Apoptosis was present at all doses in the kidneys of the male rats, and occurred in the females only at 163, 234, and 484 ppm fumonisin B1. These results demonstrate that fumonisin B1 treatment causes a similar increase in apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro.

Mycotoxicosis caused by aerosolized T-2 toxin administered to female mice.

Thymus, spleen, adrenal glands, and small intestine of female mice exposed to aerosolized T-2 mycotoxin were examined at postexposure hours (PEH) 0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24. Lymphocyte necrosis was observed at PEH 1 in the thymus, spleen, and lamina propria and Peyer patches of the small intestine. Necrosis of small intestinal crypt epithelial cells was observed at PEH 2, and necrosis of parenchymal cells and increased number of neutrophils were seen in sinusoids of the adrenal cortex at PEH 4. These results indicated that the earliest microscopic evidence of T-2 mycotoxicosis after aerosol exposure was necrosis of lymphocytes in the thymus, spleen, and lamina propria and Peyer patches of the small intestine.

Effects of testosterone on the prevention of T-2 toxin-induced adrenocortical necrosis in mice.

To evaluate the effect of exogenous testosterone on the development of T-2 toxin-induced necrosis of adrenal glands, mice were allotted to 3 treatment groups. Each treatment group contained castrated male, and castrated and sexually intact female mice. Each mouse in group 1 was given 0.16 mg testosterone propionate at 48-hour intervals for a total of 12 injections, group-2 mice were given similar injections of only the vehicle, and group-3 mice were given no treatment. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the mice in all 3 groups were exposed for 10 minutes to an aerosol of T-2 toxin. All mice alive at 24 hours after exposure were euthanatized and the adrenal glands and thymuses were examined histologically. Necrosis of the adrenal cortex was not found in any of the mice given preexposure treatment with exogenous testosterone, whereas all mice given vehicle only or no treatment had T-2 toxin-induced necrosis of the inner portion of the adrenal cortex. Lymphocytolysis in the cortex of the thymus confirmed that each mouse of all 3 treatment groups had experienced systemic mycotoxicosis. The uniform severity of the lesion in all mice suggests that the thymus was not protected by exogenous testosterone administration or by the castration status of the mice. We propose that T-2 toxin-induced adrenal necrosis in mice is prevented by the presence of testosterone.

Adrenal cortical necrosis caused by T-2 mycotoxicosis in female, but not male, mice.

Experimentally, adrenal cortical parenchymal cell necrosis was induced by T-2 mycotoxin in female, but not male, mice. The lesion occurred in the adrenal glands in 11 of 11 female and 0 of 10 male mice given a nose-only aerosol exposure to T-2 mycotoxin. The necrosis, restricted to the zona fasciculata, began at the X zone interface and extended peripherally to involve 15% to 70% of the zone. Both light and transmission electron microscopies were used to determine whether the cellular and subcellular damage involved parenchymal cells of the zona fasciculata. Extensive necrosis of cortical thymocytes and necrosis of lymphoid cells in follicles of the spleen, lymph nodes, and intestine-associated lymphoid tissue were observed in both sexes. This is the first report to describe adrenal gland necrosis associated with exposure to T-2 mycotoxin.

Dirofilariasis with arteriosclerosis in a horse.

Arteriosclerosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis adult parasites was diagnosed in a 20-month-old Quarter horse stallion that died from cantharidin toxicosis. Microscopically, the pulmonary vascular changes were typical of those described as "proliferative endarteritis" in D immitis-infected dogs.

Proliferative lesions of the testis in ad libitum-fed and food-restricted Fischer-344 and FBNF1 rats.

The effect of 40% food restriction on spontaneous proliferative lesions of the testis was evaluated in lifetime and cross-sectional (serial sacrifice) studies of 419 Fischer (F-344) and 304 Fischer x Brown Norway (FBNF1) male rats. Interstitial cell hyperplasia and interstitial cell adenoma (ICA) were the most common proliferative lesions in each genotype; incidence of each was less in the FBNF1. In each genotype, food restriction delayed the onset of both lesions and reduced the incidence of ICA. At 12 months interstitial cell hyperplasia was present in 11 of 12 ad libitum (AL)-fed and 0 of 12 food-restricted (FR) F-344 rats. In FBNF1 rats interstitial cell hyperplasia was observed first at 18 months in AL-fed and at 36 months in FR groups. Interstitial cell adenoma developed in 5 of 12 AL-fed F-344 rats by 18 months and in 2 of 12 FR rats by 24 months; 2 of 12 AL-fed FBNF1 rats had ICA at 30 months, and 1 of 12 FR rats had ICA at 42 months. In these cross-sectional studies approximately half the ICA cases in F-344 rats were bilateral; no FBNF1 rats had bilateral ICA. In lifetime studies the incidence of ICA was reduced from 49% in AL-fed rats to 19% in FR F-344 rats and from 9% in AL to 4% in FR FBNF1 rats. The incidence of mesothelioma was low in both genotypes and was not obviously altered by food restriction. A malignant embryonal neoplasm, an unclassified benign neoplasm, and three seminomas were present in the testes of FBNF1 rats.

Spontaneous renal tubular carcinoma in Fischer-344 rat littermates.

Two of 632 Fischer-344 rats in a food restriction study had spontaneous, bilateral, multicentric renal tubular cell carcinomas. Although there were 104 litters represented in this study, both rats that developed this rare neoplasm were from the same litter. The littermates, one male and one female, were in the food-restricted treatment groups (60% of ad libitum intake) and were 550 and 447 days old, respectively, at death. The probability that the two rare bilateral renal neoplasms occurred by a chance event in littermates is approximately 0.8%. The apparent familial predisposition for development of specific types of neoplasms emphasizes the importance of randomization of individuals into treatment groups and consideration of lineage for rare tumors.

Survival, body weight, and spontaneous neoplasms in ad Libitum-fed and food-restricted Fischer-344 rats.

Ad libitum-fed (AL) and food-restricted (FR) Fischer-344 male and female rats were monitored for survival, body weight, and spontaneous neoplasms. Mean and maximal lifespans for each group were inversely related to mean body weights. AL males were the shortest lived (mean lifespan 101 wk) followed by AL females (118 wk), FR males (125 wk), and FR females (132 wk). Gross and microscopic examinations were performed on 851 rats from cross-sectional and longevity components of the study. In FR groups, the incidence of mammary gland fibroadenomas, testicular interstitial cell tumors, and pituitary neoplasms was decreased while the latency of these neoplasms was increased. In longevity components, most FR groups had a higher incidence of leukemia than AL cohorts, but all FR groups had a higher mean age at death for the rats with leukemia. Higher leukemia rate in the FR groups was thought to be a result of their extended mean lifespan.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma in ad libitum-fed and food-restricted Brown-Norway rats.

A high incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma was present in male and female Brown-Norway rats fed ad libitum or food-restricted dietary formulations. One hundred eight-nine rats were examined from 4 dietary treatment groups: male ad libitum, male food-restricted, female ad libitum, and female food-restricted. The ad libitum treatment groups for both males and females had significantly more cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma than cohort food-restricted groups. In ad libitum rats, 10 of 47 (21%) males and 15 of 47 (32%) females had oral squamous cell carcinoma, whereas only 4 of 47 (9%) males and 5 of 48 (10%) females in the food-restricted groups were similarly affected. The food-restricted rats lived significantly longer than ad libitum cohorts, so the higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was not dependent on extended lifespans. In addition to the dietary influence, a significant difference in oral squamous cell carcinoma incidence occurred between various familial lines. Family lines having representatives in both ad libitum and food-restricted groups had lower oral squamous cell carcinoma incidences in the food-restricted group whether comparing affected litters or individuals. Results suggest that the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma in our colony of Brown-Norway rats can be influenced by both the dietary treatment group and genetic predilection within certain pedigrees.

Acute inhalation toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in the rat and guinea pig.

In this study, concentration-response parameters were determined for rats and guinea pigs systematically exposed to an aerosol of T-2 toxin. The LC50 for a 10-min exposure to T-2 toxin aerosol was 0.02 mg T-2/liter air for rats and 0.21 mg T-2/liter air for guinea pigs. Data from total T-2 deposition in rats and guinea pigs exposed to their respective LC50 aerosol concentration gave an LD50 of 0.05 mg T-2/kg body weight for the rat and 0.4 mg T-2/kg body weight for the guinea pig. These data show that inhaled T-2 toxin is approximately 20 times more toxic to the rat (0.05 mg T-2/kg body wt inhaled vs 1.0 mg T-2/kg body wt ip) and at least twice as toxic to the guinea pig (0.4 mg T-2/kg body wt inhaled vs 1-2 mg T-2/kg body wt ip) than ip administered T-2 toxin. Histopathologic examination of major organs in both the rat and guinea pig after respiratory exposure to T-2 toxin indicated that lesions were similar to those described after systemic administration of the toxin. Gross and microscopic alterations of respiratory tract tissue after T-2 aerosol exposure were minimal and could not account for the increase in toxicity.

Genome-linked toxic responses to dietary iron overload.

Genome-related differences to Fe overload between and within rodent species were evaluated in the present study. Male B6C3F1 mice, yellow and black C5YSF1 mice, and Fischer 344 (F344) rats were fed AIN-76A diets containing 35 (control), 1,500, 3,500, 5,000, or 10,000 micrograms carbonyl Fe/g for 12 wk. No effects on body weight gain were observed in the B6C3F1 and black C5YSF1 mice, whereas at all doses of Fe above the control, weight gain was reduced in yellow C5YSF1 mice and F344 rats. At the 10,000 micrograms Fe/g dose, 9 of 12 rats died, but there was no mortality among the mice. In all animals, there was a dose-related increase in liver nonheme Fe, and the Fe was stored in hepatocytes predominantly in the periportal region. There was significant hypertrophy of the hepatocytes in both B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats fed the 10,000 micrograms Fe/g diet. PCNA assays showed significant stimulatory effects of the high dose of Fe on hepatocyte proliferation in the F344 rats and the C5YSF1 mice but not in the B6C3F1 mice. In the rat, there was pancreatic atrophy with loss of both endocrine and exocrine tissue. Morphometric evaluation of pancreas showed fewer beta cells in B6C3F1 and yellow C5YSF1 mice but not in the black C5YSF1 mice. There were fewer islets in the yellow C5YSF1 mice, and total and mean islet areas were smaller than in the control mice. Rats in the 10,000 micrograms Fe/g dose group had markedly exacerbated dose-dependent nephropathy and changes in glomerular and tubular epithelium associated with Fe accumulation. The rats also showed degeneration of the germinal epithelium of the testis, formation of multinucleated giant cells, and lack of mature sperm.

Acute inhalation toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in mice.

Experiments were conducted to study the acute inhalation toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in both young adult and mature mice. For a 10-min aerosol exposure, the 24-hr LC50 of T-2 mycotoxin in young adult mice was 0.08 +/- 0.04 mg T-2/liter air and that for mature mice was 0.325 +/- 0.1 mg T-2/liter air. Deaths among mice exposed to the higher aerosol concentrations used in this study (i.e., 1.5 to 2.4 mg T-2/liter air) occurred in less than 5 hr. General clinical symptoms in these animals immediately postexposure were tremors, lethargy, stilted gait, and, in some animals, prostration. In experiments separate from the concentration-response studies, total deposition of T-2 aerosol and selective retention of T-2 in the respiratory tract and nasal turbinates were determined analytically from 3H-labeled T-2. When total deposition of T-2 was quantitated, there was excellent agreement between that amount of T-2 deposited and that amount of T-2 predicted from calculations based on aerosol size and animal minute volume. Based on the aerosol deposition data, the LD50 values of T-2 mycotoxins was 0.24 mg/kg for young adult mice and 0.94 mg/kg for mature mice. For mice, inhalation of T-2 mycotoxin is at least 10 times more toxic than systemic administration (LD50 approximately 4.5 mg/kg) and at least 20 times more toxic than dermal administration (LD50 greater than 10 mg/kg).