Phase I study of the novel Cdc2/CDK1 and AKT inhibitor terameprocol in patients with advanced leukemias.

PURPOSE: Inhibiting survivin and Cdc2 (CDK1) has preclinical anti-leukemic activity. Terameprocol is a small molecule survivin and Cdc2/CDK1 inhibitor that was studied in a Phase I dose-escalation trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with advanced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were enrolled and 15 treated with Terameprocol in three dose cohorts intravenously three times per week for 2 weeks every 21 days. RESULTS: Patients had AML (n = 11), chronic myelogeneous leukemia in blast phase (CML-BP, n = 2) and one each T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and MDS. Four, five and six patients were treated at the 1000, 1500 and 2200 mg Terameprocol dose cohorts respectively. Common related treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE) were grade 1 or 2 headache, transaminitis and pruritus, with one grade 4 serious AE (SAE) of pneumonia. No dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed, however, due to other observed grade 3 TEAE the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was determined at 1500 mg 3×/week for 2 weeks of a 21-day cycle. Partial remission and transfusion independence in a CML-BP patient (1500 mg cohort) and hematological improvement in erythroid (HI-E) and platelet lineage (HI-P) in an AML patient were observed. Five AML patients had stable disease greater/equal to 2 months. Pharmacodynamic studies showed a reduction of CDK1 and phospho-AKT protein expression. CONCLUSION: Terameprocol can be safely administered to advanced leukemia patients, sufficient drug exposure was obtained and clinical activity and biomarker modulation were observed.

Phase I ficlatuzumab monotherapy or with erlotinib for refractory advanced solid tumours and multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Ficlatuzumab, a humanised hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) IgG1κ inhibitory monoclonal antibody, was evaluated for recommended phase II dose (RP2D), safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), antidrug antibody (ADA), pharmacodynamics (PDs) and antitumour activity as monotherapy or combined with erlotinib. METHODS: Patients with solid tumours received ficlatuzumab 2, 5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1) intravenously every 2 weeks (q2w). Additional patients were treated at the RP2D erlotinib. RESULTS: Forty-one patients enrolled at doses ⩽20 mg kg(-1). Common adverse events (AEs) included peripheral oedema, fatigue and nausea. Three patients experienced grade ⩾3 treatment-related hyperkalaemia/hypokalaemia, diarrhoea or fatigue. Best overall response (44%) was stable disease (SD); median duration was 5.5 months (0.4-18.7 months). One patient has been on therapy with SD for >4 years. Pharmacokinetics of ficlatuzumab showed low clearance (0.17-0.26 ml h(-1) kg(-1)), a half-life of 6.8-9.4 days and dose-proportional exposure. Ficlatuzumab/erlotinib had no impact on the PK of either agent. No ADAs were detected. Ficlatuzumab increased serum HGF levels. CONCLUSIONS: Recommended phase II dose is 20 mg kg(-1) q2w for ficlatuzumab monotherapy or with erlotinib. Preliminary antitumour activity and manageable AEs were observed. Pharmacokinetics were dose-proportional and consistent with other IgG therapeutics. Ficlatuzumab was not immunogenic, and serum HGF was a potential PD marker.

Pegylated interferon alpha - 2a is clinically effective and tolerable in myeloproliferative neoplasm patients treated off clinical trial.

Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and myelofibrosis are chronic Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms that are characterized by clonal hematopoiesis, splenomegaly, risk of hemorrhagic and thrombotic sequelae, and profound symptom burden. We review the outcomes of 75 myeloproliferative neoplasm patients treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2a off study at an academic medical center. In the 56 treated polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis patients, a complete or partial response was obtained in 78.6% of patients per ELN/IWG-MRT revised criteria, with >80% of polycythemia vera patients becoming phlebotomy independent and 60% of essential thrombocytosis patients having platelet normalization with therapy. In the 19 treated myelofibrosis patients, stable disease was seen in 63.2% of patients. Vascular events occurred in 2/75 (2.6%) of treated patients while on therapy. Grade 3 toxicity was uncommon with leukopenia noted in 1 patient (1.3%). The most common adverse event overall was grade 1 fatigue in 18.7%. This retrospective single center analysis demonstrates pegylated interferon alpha 2a is active and well-tolerated therapy outside the support of a clinical trial. These results substantiate the previously reported efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha 2a in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Further prospective and randomized clinical trial data is required to better delineate pegylated interferon alpha 2a's use in myeloproliferative disease, with emphasis placed on comprehensive molecular characterization, allelic burden quantification, and measurement of histologic response.

Multicenter phase 2 study of combination therapy with ruxolitinib and danazol in patients with myelofibrosis.

Myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that is characterized by splenomegaly, profound symptom burden, and cytopenias. JAK inhibitor therapy offers improvements in splenomegaly, symptom burden, and potentially survival; however, cytopenias remain a significant challenge. Danazol has previously demonstrated improvements in myelofibrosis-associated anemia. We conducted a phase II clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of combination therapy with ruxolitinib, an oral JAK inhibitor, and danazol. Fourteen intermediate or high-risk MF patients were enrolled at 2 institutions. Responses per IWG-MRT criteria were stable disease in 9 patients (64.2%) clinical improvement in 3 (21.4%) all of which were spleen responses, partial response in 1 (7.1%) and progressive disease in 1 (7.1%). Despite limited IWG-MRT response, stabilization of anemia and thrombocytopenia was demonstrated. In JAK inhibitor naïve patients, 4/5 (80%) had stable or increasing hemoglobin. Of the 9 patients on prior JAK inhibitor, 5 patients (55.5%) and 8 patients (88.9%) had stable or increasing hemoglobin or platelet levels, respectively. Adverse events possibly related included grade 3 or greater hematologic toxicity in ten patients (71.4%) and non-hematologic toxicity in two patients (14.3%). Although combination therapy did not lead to increased hematologic response per IWG-MRT criteria, hematologic stabilization was observed and may be clinically useful.

Sonidegib phosphate: new approval for basal cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), although mostly locally confined, is the most common cancer. Most BCCs harbor inactivating mutations in the membrane receptor/gene Ptch, thereby activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh) via the essential signaling molecule Smoothened (SMO). Novel small-molecule inhibitors or antagonists of SMO have shown excellent response rates in patients with locally advanced, unresectable and metastatic BCC in roughly 35-60% of patients, with disease control rates and clinical benefit being even higher. Sonidegib is the second-in-class SMO inhibitor approved for locally advanced, unresectable and metastatic BCC. Sonidegib is given once daily continuously, with specific side effects as listed in the label indication. Resistance develops over time and knowledge gleaned from other SMO inhibitors indicates that SMO mutations preventing drug binding as well as mechanisms activating the Hh pathway downstream of SMO are responsible, ultimately reactivating Hh pathway signaling. The next challenge will be to define novel salvage and SMO combination strategies for BCC and other tumors.

Panel sequencing for clinically oriented variant screening and copy number detection in 142 untreated multiple myeloma patients.

We employed a customized Multiple Myeloma (MM)-specific Mutation Panel (M(3)P) to screen a homogenous cohort of 142 untreated MM patients for relevant mutations in a selection of disease-specific genes. M(3)Pv2.0 includes 77 genes selected for being either actionable targets, potentially related to drug-response or part of known key pathways in MM biology. We identified mutations in potentially actionable genes in 49% of patients and provided prognostic evidence of STAT3 mutations. This panel may serve as a practical alternative to more comprehensive sequencing approaches, providing genomic information in a timely and cost-effective manner, thus allowing clinically oriented variant screening in MM.

BCL-2 family proteins as 5-Azacytidine-sensitizing targets and determinants of response in myeloid malignancies.

Synergistic molecular vulnerabilities enhancing hypomethylating agents in myeloid malignancies have remained elusive. RNA-interference drug modifier screens identified antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members as potent 5-Azacytidine-sensitizing targets. In further dissecting BCL-XL, BCL-2 and MCL-1 contribution to 5-Azacytidine activity, siRNA silencing of BCL-XL and MCL-1, but not BCL-2, exhibited variable synergy with 5-Azacytidine in vitro. The BCL-XL, BCL-2 and BCL-w inhibitor ABT-737 sensitized most cell lines more potently compared with the selective BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199, which synergized with 5-Azacytidine mostly at higher doses. Ex vivo, ABT-737 enhanced 5-Azacytidine activity across primary AML, MDS and MPN specimens. Protein levels of BCL-XL, BCL-2 and MCL-1 in 577 AML patient samples showed overlapping expression across AML FAB subtypes and heterogeneous expression within subtypes, further supporting a concept of dual/multiple BCL-2 family member targeting consistent with RNAi and pharmacologic results. Consequently, silencing of MCL-1 and BCL-XL increased the activity of ABT-199. Functional interrogation of BCL-2 family proteins by BH3 profiling performed on patient samples significantly discriminated clinical response versus resistance to 5-Azacytidine-based therapies. On the basis of these results, we propose a clinical trial of navitoclax (clinical-grade ABT-737) combined with 5-Azacytidine in myeloid malignancies, as well as to prospectively validate BH3 profiling in predicting 5-Azacytidine response.

5q- myelodysplastic syndromes: chromosome 5q genes direct a tumor-suppression network sensing actin dynamics.

Complete loss or interstitial deletions of chromosome 5 are the most common karyotypic abnormality in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). Isolated del(5q)/5q- MDS patients have a more favorable prognosis than those with additional karyotypic defects, who tend to develop myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and acute myeloid leukemia. The frequency of unbalanced chromosome 5 deletions has led to the idea that 5q harbors one or more tumor-suppressor genes that have fundamental roles in the growth control of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs). Cytogenetic mapping of commonly deleted regions (CDRs) centered on 5q31 and 5q32 identified candidate tumor-suppressor genes, including the ribosomal subunit RPS14, the transcription factor Egr1/Krox20 and the cytoskeletal remodeling protein, alpha-catenin. Although each acts as a tumor suppressor, alone or in combination, no molecular mechanism accounts for how defects in individual 5q candidates may act as a lesion driving MDS or contributing to malignant progression in MPN. One candidate gene that resides between the conventional del(5q)/5q- MDS-associated CDRs is DIAPH1 (5q31.3). DIAPH1 encodes the mammalian Diaphanous-related formin, mDia1. mDia1 has critical roles in actin remodeling in cell division and in response to adhesive and migratory stimuli. This review examines evidence, with a focus on mouse gene-targeting experiments, that mDia1 acts as a node in a tumor-suppressor network that involves multiple 5q gene products. The network has the potential to sense dynamic changes in actin assembly. At the root of the network is a transcriptional response mechanism mediated by the MADS-box transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF), its actin-binding myocardin family coactivator, MAL, and the SRF-target 5q gene, EGR1, which regulate the expression of PTEN and p53-family tumor-suppressor proteins. We hypothesize that the network provides a homeostatic mechanism balancing HPC/HSC growth control and differentiation decisions in response to microenvironment and other external stimuli.