Physics and chemistry of the influence of excited molecules on combustion enhancement.

The paper addresses detailed analysis of kinetic processes in the H(2)-O(2), CO-O(2) and CH(4)-O(2)-reactive systems upon the presence of singlet oxygen molecules O(2)(a(1)Δg) and [Formula: see text] and the influence of the activation of oxygen molecules in electric discharge on the acceleration of ignition in the H(2)-O(2) and CH(4)-O(2) mixtures. The possibility of the intensification of CO oxidation due to excitation of O(2) and N(2) molecule vibrations and generation of singlet oxygen molecules is also considered. It is shown that the effect of accelerating the ignition strongly depends on the reduced electric field and, as a consequence, on the composition of discharge plasma as well as on the features of chain mechanism development in oxy-fuel systems. It is revealed that the most effective approach for the intensification of CO oxidation both in the moist air and in the products of hydrocarbon combustion in air is the generation of O(2)(a(1)Δg) molecules by electric discharge. Computations showed that the presence of 1% O(2)(a(1)Δg) in the total oxygen allowed one to convert CO to CO(2) even at the temperature T=850-900 K in the time of 10(-2) s. The excitation of O(2) and N(2) molecule vibrations is less effective for such a conversion.

[Experimental study of measles immunity based on an index to neutrophil damage]. / Eksperimental'noe izuchenie korevogo immuniteta po pokazateliu povrezhdeniia neitrofilov.

Comparative studies for the elucidation of immunologic reactions in vaccination and infectious measles immunity were carried out. The delayed hypersensitivity was evaluated by the test of neutrophil alteration with the specific antigen according to V. N. Fradkin. The results indicate that the vaccine measles virus strain produces immunological alterations in animals accompanied by the development of sensitization to measles antigen. The observed alterations and changes in specific humoral immunity in experimental measles produced by a pathogenic virus are more manifest than those induced by the vaccine strain.

[Immunological reactivity of children vaccinated with a live measles vaccine]. / Immunologicheskaia reaktivnost' detei pri vaktsinatsii zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

Immunologic responsiveness in measles vaccinal and infectious processes was studied by the neutrophil alteration test in 72 children varying in ages from 18 months to 4 years of whom 20 were in the acute period of measles infection and 52 vaccinated with live measles vaccine from the L-16 strain. The study showed that both in the infectious disease and vaccinal process cell-mediated immunologic responses and changes in the specific humoral immunity are dissimilar. In measles disease they are manifested earlier and more marked than in the vaccinal process where even 30 days post-vaccination cell-mediated responses are not as manifest and frequent as in convalescents despite nearly similar levels of humoral immunity.

[Macrophage transformation of mononuclear cells following primary and secondary experimental immunization with measles vaccine]. / Makrofagal'naia transformatsiia mononuklearov posle pervichnoi i vtorichnoi immunizatsii korevoi vaktsinoi v éksperimente.

Cell-mediated and humoral immune response was studied in guinea pigs receiving two immunizations with live measles vaccine l-16 in doses of 1000 TCD50/0.5 ml at an interval of 45 days. The results of this study showed that the maximum level of the macrophagal transformation of mononuclears and the most intensive synthesis of antimeasles antibodies were observed on day 10 after booster immunization. The intensification of cell-mediated and humoral immune response was found to depend on the initial immunological background. The animals having had high values of cell-mediated response before booster immunization showed a decrease in these values, while an increase in antibody titers in such animals was transitory.

[Several physiologic features of the body and their role in the process of vaccination against measles].

The work was carried out under conditions of mass measles immunization at the polyclincs of Moscow and Dushanbe. The role of the macroorganism at the time of vaccination on the measles vaccination process was investigated. A thorough study of the anamnesis, its allergic predisposition was conducted; blood and C-RB were examined, and the content of serum immunoglobulins was determined by Macini's method. The results obtained pointed to the insufficiently complete detection of children with an altered reactivity by a simple examination by the physician alone. It was revealed that children suffering from various forms of allergy having in the anamnesis hypotrophy rickets and frequent acute respiratory diseases and chronic foci of infections had decreased indice of nonsecific immunological reactivity even at the period of clinical well-being, and could be detected only by means of laboratory methods of study. To the administration of measles vaccine such children responded not only by the development of clinical reactions of different intensity, but also by a significant reduction of antibody formation. All the aforesaid indicates a necessity of further study of the mechanism of establishment of postvaccinal measles immunity with consideration to the individual reactivity of the child organism.

[The cytochemical marking of lymphocyte subpopulations in determining the immunoreactivity status of children vaccinated with a live measles vaccine]. / Tsitokhimicheskaia markirovka subpopuliatsii limfotsitov pri opredelenii sostoianiia immunoreaktivnosti u detei, vaktsinirovannykh zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

In 54 children aged 1.5-2 years, immunized with the same batch of live measles vaccine prepared from strain, the relative and absolute numbers of different lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in parallel by means of two cytochemical reactions: for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase in their dynamics. According to the data obtained in these reactions, the determination of lymphocyte subpopulations by two cytochemical methods in the same blood sample yielded similar results indicating that immunization with attenuated measles virus strain induced a rise in the number or zero lymphocytes and was accompanied by the decrease of the immunoregulatory index (T-helper/T-suppressor ratio), most pronounced in children with a high level of antibody formation.

[Measles morbidity among children inoculated against this infection]. / O zabolevaemosti kor'iu privitykh protiv étoi infektsii detei.

In the serological survey of 2009 children immunized against measles 285 children (14.2%) were found to be seronegative to this infection in the hemagglutination inhibition test with 4 hemagglutinating units of the antigen. Among 1724 immunized children showing positive response to vaccination and placed under dynamic observation for 11 years, 2 cases of measles were registered. At the same time, in the dynamic observation of 111 seronegative children 66 measles cases (59.5%) were registered during the above period, while among 169 children, also seronegative, but receiving booster immunization against measles, morbidity rate was only 1.2%. In some vaccinees the decrease of postvaccinal immunity to seronegative values was observed, but such decrease had no essential influence on the morbidity level among the vaccines. The increase of measles morbidity among schoolchildren immunized against this infection was due not to the decrease of their postvaccinal immunity, but to their concentration in schools and to their more intensive contacts with the sources of infection in comparison with children of preschool age.

[Epidemiologic surveillance of diphtheria and measles]. / Epidemiologicheskii nadzor za difteriei i kor'iu.

The epidemiological surveillance of diphtheria and measles makes it possible to evaluate the actual coverage of different groups of population with immunization and the state of this protection, to determine the tendencies of the epidemic processes of the afore-mentioned infections, to assess the efficacy of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures, and to develop well-grounded recommendations aimed at preventing the formation of foci of group infections and the lethal outcomes of diphtheria and measles.

[Prevention of mumps in preschool institutions using a live mumps vaccine made from strain L-3]. / Profilaktika épidemicheskogo parotita v detskikh doshkol'nykh uchrezhdeniiakh zhivoi parotitnoi vaktsinoi iz shtamma L-3.

The effectiveness of the emergency vaccinal prophylaxis of epidemic parotitis was studied in 19 children's day-care centers. As revealed in this study, the immunological effectiveness of vaccination did not depend on the age of vaccinees, but sharply decreased if live parotitis vaccine contained less than 10,000 HADU50 per immunization dose. After a single administration of the vaccine 91.1 +/- 0.98% of children were found to produce mumps antibodies. The immunization of children with live parotitis vaccine prepared from strain l-3 immediately after the first case of parotitis had been registered proved to be a highly effective measure. The coefficient of epidemiological effectiveness was 96.4%.

[Immunological effectiveness of a booster inoculation against measles in children remaining seronegative after vaccination]. / Immunologicheskaia éffektivnost' povtornoi privivki protiv kori detei, ostavshikhsia seronegativnymi posle vaktsinatsii.

Booster immunization against measles with a highly immunogenic vaccine leads to the development of prolonged postvaccinal immunity lasting at least 6-7 years (the term of observation) in the groups of children found to be seronegative after the titration of their blood sera with 1 hemagglutinating unit (HAU) of the antigen. The booster immunization of children in whose blood sera the minimal concentrations of antibodies can be determined in the presence of 1 HAU of the antigen (seronegative in the presence of 4 HAU) is less effective. The serological checks of immunized children entering preschool institutions and the primary grades at schools and the subsequent booster immunization of children found to be seronegative will lead to a further decrease in measles morbidity.

[Necessity of serologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of measles under conditions of massive vaccination]. / O neobkhodimosti serologicheskogo podtverzhdeniia klinicheskogo diagnoza kori v usloviiakh massovoi vaktsinoprofilaktiki.

Serological examination of 84 foci of measles infection demonstrated that measles diagnosis was confirmed only in 69% of the foci and in 75.9% of the sick individuals. This pointed to the difficulties in the differential diagnosis of measles and other exanthema diseases, and led to the overstatement of the recorded measles foci and cases, particularly among the vaccinated. Therefore, serological confirmation of clinical measles diagnosis is necessary along with epidemiological morbidity analysis at the period of mass immunoprophylaxis.

[An epidemiologic and immunologic study of measles under conditions of massive immunization against that infection]. / Epidemiologicheskoe i immunologicheskoe izuchenie kori v usloviiakh massovoi immunizatsii protiv étoi infektsii

Massive measles immunization in Riga led to a marked reduction of measles incidence and to a change of the principal regularities of the epidemic process in this infection. Among those who contracted the disease there was an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren; affection with measles of children attending creches and kindergartens and the intensity of the spread of the infection in them diminished. Selective examination of the immunological efficacy of the living measles vaccine prepared of the (see article) and applied in 1967--1972 demonstrated the presence of specific stimulation of the antibody formation in about 90% of the persons vaccinated. The intensity of humoral immunity in the persons vaccinated did not diminish with the advance of time after the vaccination, and 6--7 years after the vaccination over 90% of the vaccinated individuals were reliably protected from measles. The presence of numerous negative results in carrying out the vaccinations in individual institutions is apparently attributed chiefly to disturbances of the storage regimen of transportation and of the use of the vaccine.

[Epidemiological and immunological study of the foci of measles infection]. / Epidemiologicheskoe i immunologicheskoe izuchenie ochagov korevoi infektsii.

Anamnestic data in respect to measles failed to correspond to the results of serological examination of contacts at the foci of the given infection. The collective immunity level in children's institutions is inadequate for the prevention of measles outbreaks. The incidence of the disease depended both on the level of immunity among the children and on the duration of presence of the source of infection in the focus. Live measles vaccine protected 90 percent of the vaccinated children from contracting the disease in the foci. At the very beginning of the postvaccinal period immunization defects were revealed in 26.5 percent of the vaccinated children who fell ill with measles. Morbidity index among the vaccinated individuals constituted 3.8 percent. One of the causes of measles contraction by the vaccinated individuals was the loss of postvaccinal immunity. Systematic control over the antimeasles immunity level with the aid of serological investigations is necessary for the purpose of detection of persons sensitive to measles in children's collective bodies.

[Immunoepidemiological observations on the duration of post-vaccinal immunity in children vaccinated against measles]. / Immuno-épidemiologicheskie nabliudeniia za dlitel'nost'iu postvaktsinal'nogo immuniteta u privitykh protiv kori detei.

In the course of 4 years the authors carried out an immunological and epidemiological observation over 4719 children which attended creches, kindergartens and schools, and were vaccinated with live measles vaccines L-16 and ASC in 1967--1972. A stable persistence of immunity was revealed in the majority of children vaccinated against measles which responded to the vaccination by the formation of humoral antibodies. Among these groups an insignificant number of persons with the appearance of measles sensitivity was noted during the observation period. The quality of the preparation, conditions of its storage, use, and different errors during the vaccination influenced the efficacy of the vaccination. Children immunized with the low-immunogenic series of the vaccine whose blood sera failed to display any specific antibodies in the reaction with 1 AU of the antigen, as a rule, were the ones that contracted the disease.

[Clinical and serologic diagnosis of measles in children vaccinated against the disease]. / O klinicheskoi i serologicheskoi diagnostike kori u privitykh protiv étoi infektsii detei.

At the period of mass immunization of children with live measles vaccine clinical symptoms of measles, their intensity and sequence apparently displayed some changes; therefore, serological diagnosis is more reliable in comparison with the clinical one. Result of serological study of 93 coupled blood sera of children who fell sick with the diagnosis of measles showed that only 54.3% of those vaccinated earlier and 49.2% of nonvaccinated children sustained measles, whereas the rest had had exanthematous disease of other etiology. All the children had fever (the majority not over 38.5 degrees C) and rash; other clinical signs of measles were of different intensity in the vaccinated and nonvaccinated children. Apparently such pathognomonic signs of measles as rash, Filatov's sports and conjunctivitis could not serve at present as a reliable criterion of clinical measles diagnosis. The majority of children vaccinated before who contracted the disease responded to the infection by an earlier and more intensive production of antibodies than nonvaccinated children who contracted the disease, this pointing to the possibility of manifestation in them of the clinically expressed booster-effect. The data obtained indicated a marked difficulty of clinical differential diagnosis of measles.

[The dynamics of the T-lymphocyte subpopulations and the peroxidase activity of the neutrophils in children immunized with a live mumps vaccine]. / Dinamika subpopuliatsii T-limfotsitov i aktivnost' peroksidazy neitrofilov u detei, immunizirovannykh zhivoi parotitnoi vaktsinoi.

The amount of T-helpers and T-suppressors and the T-helper/T-suppressor ratio were determined in 30 practically healthy children aged 1.5-2 years, immunized with live parotitis vaccine prepared from strain -3. One immunization dose of the vaccine contained 7,950 HADU50. In all children peroxidase activity in the cytoplasm of neutrophils was studied. This investigation revealed that in all examined children the formation of immune response to immunization with live parotitis vaccine was accompanied by the development of an imbalance of immunoregulatory T-cell subpopulations and by functional changes in neutrophils, characterized by the inhibition of peroxidase activity. The changes revealed in this study were most pronounced in children with a high level of antibody formation.

[Immunocytochemical indices of the measles vaccinal process]. / Immunotsitokhimicheskie pokazateli korevogo vaktsinal'nogo protsessa.

To study the immune responsiveness of children in the measles vaccinal process, the cytochemical methods for the identification of immunocompetent cells have been used. The investigations have been made in children aged 1.5-4 years, immunized with live measles vaccine prepared from strain l-16. The results of these investigations indicate that the development of specific antiviral postvaccinal immunity is characterized by transitory changes in the populations of T-, B- and O-lymphocytes; such changes are accompanied by not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes of individual populations.