Support for Regulatory Assessment of Percutaneous Absorption of Retronecine-type Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids through Human Skin.

1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found naturally in Symphytum officinale, well known as comfrey, which has a longstanding use for the topical treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are a relevant concern for the safety assessment due to their liver genotoxicity profile, and close attention is paid during manufacturing to minimizing their levels. Current regulatory risk assessment approaches include setting limits that derive from toxicity data coming from the oral route of exposure. This study investigated to what extent pyrrolizidine alkaloids are bioavailable following topical exposure, assessing penetration of retronecine-type PAs in an in vitro human skin model. A single comfrey root formulation was spiked with 3 different congeners (a 7R-monoester, an open-chained 7R-diester, and a cyclic diester) and percutaneous absorption measured per OECD guidelines and good laboratory practices. The measured penetration for all 3 PAs was low and compared favourably with existing in vitro data. Although consideration of different regulatory guidance influences the determination of dermally absorbed dose, these data facilitate the understanding of absorption differences following topical exposure, which in turn can be taken into account in the risk assessment.

An OECD TG 428 study ring trial with 14C-Caffeine demonstrating repeatability and robustness of the dermal absorption in vitro method.

The dermal absorption potential of 14C-Caffeine applied as a 4 mg/mL concentration (10 µL/cm2 finite dose) was investigated in six laboratories under Good Laboratory Practice conditions using an OECD TG 428-compliant in vitro assay with flow-through cells and split-thickness human skin. Potential sources of variation were reduced by a standardized protocol, test item and skin source. Particularly, skin samples from same donors were distributed over two repeats and between labs in a non-random, stratified design. Very similar recovery was achieved in the various assay compartments between laboratories, repeats and donors, demonstrating that the assay can be robustly and reliably performed. The absorption in one laboratory was 5-fold higher than in the others. This did not clearly correlate with skin integrity parameters but might be associated with an accidental COVID-19 pandemic-related interruption in sample shipment. It is possible that other factors may affect dermal absorption variation not routinely assessed or considered in the current method. The mean receptor fluid recovery, potential absorption (recovery in receptor fluid and skin except tape strips 1 and 2) and mass balance of caffeine was 6.99%, 7.14% and 99.13%, respectively, across all and 3.87%, 3.96% and 99.00% in the subset of five laboratories.

Application of in vitro skin penetration measurements to confirm and refine the quantitative skin sensitization risk assessment of methylisothiazolinone.

Use of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals present in consumer products requires an understanding of hazard and product exposure. In the absence of data, consumer exposure is based on relevant habits and practices and assumes 100% skin uptake of the applied dose. To confirm and refine the exposure, a novel design for in vitro skin exposure measurements was conducted with the preservative, methylisothiazolinone (MI), in beauty care (BC) and household care (HHC) products using realistic consumer exposure conditions. A difference between measured exposure levels (MELs) for MI in leave-on versus rinse-off BC products, and lower MELs for MI in HHC rinse-off compared to BC products was demonstrated. For repeated product applications, the measured exposure was lower than estimations based on summation of applied amounts. Compared to rinse-off products, leave-on applications resulted in higher MELs, correlating with the higher incidences of allergic contact dermatitis associated with those product types. Lower MELs for MI in rinse-off products indicate a lower likelihood to induce skin sensitization, also after multiple daily applications. These in vitro skin exposure measurements indicate conservatism of default exposure estimates applied in skin sensitization QRA and might be helpful in future risk assessments.

Use of an in vitro human skin permeation assay to assess bioequivalence of two topical cream formulations containing butenafine hydrochloride (1%, w/w).

The primary objective of this work was to investigate, using an in vitro human skin permeation study, whether changes in the excipients of butenafine hydrochloride cream would have any effect on bioperformance of the formulation. Such in vitro data would be a surrogate for any requirement of a bioequivalence (BE) study to demonstrate formulation similarity. A LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of butenafine in various matrices was developed and validated. A pilot study was performed to validate the in vitro skin permeation methodology using three cream formulations containing butenafine hydrochloride at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (w/w). Finally, a definitive in vitro human skin permeation study was conducted, comparing the extent of butenafine hydrochloride permeation from the new formulation to that from the current formulation. The results of the study comparing the two formulations showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the extent of butenafine permeation into human skin. In conclusion, these in vitro data demonstrated that the formulation change is likely to have no significant impact on the bioperformance of 1% (w/w) butenafine hydrochloride cream.

An in vitro skin penetration model for compromised skin: estimating penetration of polyethylene glycol [¹4C]-PEG-7 phosphate.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Establishing dermal penetration rates is important to better understand the safety of topically applied materials, especially for premature infant skin with compromised skin barrier function. Skin prematurity involves thinner stratum corneum and underdeveloped epidermis/dermis resulting in decreased barrier function, higher transepidermal water loss and greater chemical penetration, when compared to healthy full-term neonate/adult skin. METHODS: We developed an in vitro skin penetration model using human ex vivo skin to estimate penetration for premature/compromised skin barrier conditions by tape stripping. Skin barrier deficiency was characterized by transepidermal water loss. Baby wipe lotion containing 5 mg/cm(2) [(14)C]-PEG-7 phosphate was applied 5 times to human skin samples of intact, moderately or highly compromised skin barrier and once at 25 mg/cm(2) over 24 h. RESULTS: Overall penetration of [(14)C]-PEG-7 phosphate was low (<5%) even for highly compromised skin. The absorption rate was higher (p < 0.001) for compromised skin versus intact skin. No significant difference was seen between moderately and highly compromised skin by repeated dosing. Under single-dose conditions, penetration through highly compromised skin was significantly higher compared to intact skin (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our model demonstrates that even under highly compromised skin conditions, penetration of [(14)C]-PEG-7 phosphate is low (<5%) and only 4-6 times higher compared to mature/intact skin and does not approach 100%. Penetration was unaffected by single or multiple dosing conditions.

Optimization of topical formulations using a combination of in vitro methods to quantify the transdermal passive diffusion of drugs.

This paper describes a new approach to the early-stage optimization of topical products and selection of lead formulation candidates. It demonstrates the application of open flow microperfusion in vitro in conjunction with the Franz diffusion cell to compare time-resolved, 24-hour profiles of diclofenac passive diffusion through all skin layers (including the skin barrier, dermis, and subcutis) resulting from nine topical formulations of different composition. The technique was successfully validated for in vitro sampling of diclofenac in interstitial fluid. A multi-compartmental model integrating the two datasets was analyzed and revealed that the passive diffusion of diclofenac through the dermis and subcutis does not correlate with its diffusion through the skin barrier and cannot be predicted using Franz diffusion cell data alone. The combined application of the two techniques provides a new, convenient tool for product development and selection enabling the comparison of topical formulation candidates and their impact on drug delivery through all skin layers. This approach can also generate the experimental data required to improve the robustness of mechanistic PBPK models, and when combined with clinical sampling via open flow microperfusion - for the development of better in vivo-in vitro correlative models.

Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption Across Human Skin Using BAY1003803 Formulated as Ointment and Cream.

Direct comparisons between skin absorption data and clinical pharmacokinetic data are rare. Here we use the lipophilic nonsteroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist BAY1003803 to make such a comparison. The objective is to find the extent to which measurements of skin permeation in vitro can be used to predict the corresponding permeation in vivo for human pharmacokinetics of topically applied substances. BAY1003803 was prepared in various formulations: ointment, hydrophilic cream, lipophilic cream, and milk. Its ability to permeate healthy human skin was measured in vitro in static diffusion cells, and percutaneous absorption as well as dermal delivery was measured thereafter, for 2 selected formulations, in vivo in healthy volunteers. Absorption in vivo comparing ointment and lipophilic cream was correlated with expectation based on the dermal delivery obtained in vitro. A 2.17-fold higher systemic exposure to BAY1003803 was achieved by the ointment formulation. This is well in line with the predicted exposure difference of 2.74 based on the in vitro data. In conclusion, in vitro skin absorption studies using human skin are suitable for the prediction of systemic exposure and formulation effects in vivo; they can therefore be applied to guide the design of clinical investigations of dermatological preparations.

In vitro percutaneous absorption and metabolism of Bisphenol A (BPA) through fresh human skin.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume compound. It is mainly used as a monomer to make polymers for various applications including food-contact materials. The primary route of exposure to BPA in the general population is through oral intake (EFSA 2015) however, other potential sources of exposure have also been identified, such as dermal contact. In the present study, the percutaneous absorption through human skin has been investigated in an in vitro study according to OECD TG 428 (Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method). In order to investigate potential dermal BPA metabolism during absorption, radiolabelled BPA was applied to fresh, metabolically competent, human skin samples (ring labelled 14C BPA concentrations tested were 2.4, 12, 60 and 300mg/L). Measured as total radioactivity the mean absorbed dose (receptor compartment) ranged from 1.7-3.6% of the applied doses and the dermal delivery (epidermis+dermis+receptor compartment), sometimes also named bioavailable dose was 16-20% of the applied doses, with the majority of the radioactivity associated with epidermis compared to dermis and receptor fluid. No metabolism was observed in any of the epidermis samples; however some metabolism was observed in dermis and receptor fluid samples with formation of BPA-glucuronide and BPA-sulfate, and some polar metabolites.