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BACKGROUND: A growing number of studies has combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with other non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies (NINPT) to enhance effects in pain reduction. However, the efficacy of these combined approaches in treating chronic primary pain (CPP) warrants thorough investigation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of tDCS in conjunction with other NINPT in alleviating pain severity among CPP patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of tDCS combined with NINPT against control treatments in adult CPP patients. The search spanned multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. RESULTS: Our systematic review included 11 RCTs with a total of 449 participants. In our meta-analysis, which comprised 228 participants receiving active-tDCS and 221 receiving sham-tDCS, we found a significant reduction in pain intensity (Standard Mean Difference = -0.73; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = -1.18 to -0.27; P = .002) with the use of active-tDCS combined with NINPT. CONCLUSION: These findings substantiate the therapeutic potential of combining tDCS with other NINPT, highlighting it as an effective treatment modality for reducing pain intensity in CPP patients.
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Dor Crônica , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Humanos , Dor Crônica/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
The scientific need for standardized, high-quality facial stimuli has driven the creation of several face image databases in recent years. These stimuli are particularly important in facial asymmetry research. However, previous studies have reported facial anthropometric differences across a variety of ethnicities. This highlights the need to investigate whether these differences can also impact the use of face image databases, particularly in facial asymmetry research. In this study, we investigated facial asymmetry-based morphometric differences between the multi-ethnic Chicago Face Database (CFD) and the LACOP Face Database, which is composed of Brazilian subjects. We found reliable differences in facial asymmetry between the two databases, which were related to ethnic groups. Specifically, differences in eye and mouth asymmetry seem to drive these differences. The asymmetry-based morphometric differences among databases and ethnicities found in this study reinforce the necessity of creating multi-ethnic face databases.
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We compared the effects of one versus two daily sessions of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 10 days in a cohort of 30 women (mean age 28.0±6.92) with chronic migraine (CM, disease duration: 37.8±48.41 month). Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: a-tDCS 1-s Group received one daily a-tDCS session; a-tDCS 2-s Group received two daily a-tDCS sessions; Group SHAM received one daily session with a simulated (placebo) current. All participants were assessed before, after and one month after treatment, using the Migraine Disability Assessment, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, d2 Test of Attention, Trail Making Test (part B), Sequence of Letters and Numbers of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - III, and Nine Hole Peg Test. We found no difference between groups in the cognitive measures and motor dexterity. However, after treatment, a significant decrease in migraine-related disability was found for the a-tDCS 1-s Group. For all variables, no cumulative effects were observed in a-tDCS 2-s compared to the a-tDCS 1-s Group. The study findings provide preliminary results for future clinical trials designed to compare different intervals between tDCS sessions in CM.
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Transtornos de Enxaqueca , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Adulto , Cognição/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/terapia , Dor , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Bullying is characterized by intentional, repetitive, and persistent aggressive behavior that causes damage to the victim. Many studies investigate the social and emotional aspects related to bullying, but few assess the cognitive aspects it involves. Studies with aggressive individuals indicate impairment in executive functioning and decision-making. The objective of this study was to assess hot and cold executive functions in children who experience bullying. A total of 60 children between 10 and 11 years of age were included in the study. They were divided into four groups: aggressors (bullies), victims, bully-victims, and control. Tests for decision-making, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were used. The bully group made more unfavorable choices on the Iowa Gambling Task, which may indicate difficulties in the decision-making process. The victim group took longer to complete the Trail Making Test (Part B) than aggressors, suggesting lower cognitive flexibility in victims. The hypothesis that aggressors would have lower performance in other executive functions such as inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility has not been confirmed. This study indicates that bullies have an impairment of hot executive functions whereas victims have a comparatively lower performance in cold executive functions. In addition to social and cultural variables, neurocognitive and emotional factors seem to influence the behavior of children in bullying situations.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the temporal mechanism of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task in which two letters (T1 and T2) were presented in close temporal proximity among distractors (attentional blink [AB]). METHOD: Thirty children aged between 9 and 13 years (12 with ADHD combined type and 18 controls) took part in the study. Both groups performed two kinds of RSVP task. In the single task, participants simply had to identify a target letter (T1), whereas in the dual task, they had to identify a target letter (T1) and a probe letter (T2). RESULTS: The ADHD and control groups were equivalent in their single-task performance. However, in the dual-task condition, there were significant between-group differences in the rate of detection of the probe letter (T2) at lag + 1 and lag + 4. The ADHD group exhibited a larger overall AB compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide support for a link between ADHD and attentional blink.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Intermitência na Atenção Visual/fisiologia , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção VisualRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging studies have consistently shown abnormal limbic activation patterns in socially anxious individuals, but structural data on the amygdala and hippocampus of these patients are scarce. This study explored the existence of structural differences in the whole brain, amygdala, and hippocampus of subjects with clinical and subthreshold social anxiety compared to healthy controls. We hypothesized that there would be volumetric differences across groups, without predicting their direction (i.e. enlargement or reduction). METHODS: Subjects classified as having social anxiety disorder (n = 12), subthreshold social anxiety (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 14) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. The amygdala and hippocampus were defined a priori as regions of interest and volumes were calculated by manual tracing. Whole brain volume was calculated using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS: The bilateral amygdala and left hippocampus were enlarged in socially anxious individuals relative to controls. The volume of the right hippocampus was enlarged in subthreshold social anxiety participants relative to controls. No differences were found across groups in respect to total brain volume. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show amygdalar and hippocampal volume alterations in social anxiety, possibly associated with symptom severity. The time course of such alterations and the cellular and molecular bases of limbic plasticity in social anxiety should be further investigated.
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Tonsila do Cerebelo/patologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Previous studies have shown that depression and anxiety are associated to changes in the recognition of facial expression. In the present research, a non-clinical sample was evaluated with respect to trait and state anxiety and depression symptoms. In the experimental task, participants evaluated facial expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, and fear, presented at four intensities (25, 50, 75, and 100%), as well as the neutral face. Results showed that the trait anxiety was associated with a better recognition of anger, fear, and happiness. For depression, we only found differences between groups for emotional attribution to neutral faces, in which participants scoring high in depression were more likely to attribute fear to neutral faces. Findings indicate an improvement of the recognition of happiness, anger, and fear in trait anxiety, whereas symptoms of depression and state anxiety were associated to changes in the evaluation of neutral faces in non-clinical individuals.
Resumen Estudios han demostrado que la depresión y la ansiedad están asociados a cambios en el reconocimiento de la expresión facial. En la presente investigación, una muestra no clínica ha sido evaluada con respecto a la ansiedad rasgo y estado y los síntomas de depresión. En la tarea experimental, los participantes evaluaran expresiones faciales de alegría, ira, tristeza y miedo, presentadas en cuatro intensidades (25, 50, 75 y 100%), y el rostro neutro. Los resultados mostraron que la ansiedad rasgo se asoció con un mejor reconocimiento de la ira, miedo y alegría. Para la depresión, sólo se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos para la atribución emocional a rostros neutros, en el que los participantes que puntuaran alto en depresión eran más propensos a atribuir miedo a rostros neutros. Los resultados indican una mejora del reconocimiento de la alegría, ira y miedo en la ansiedad rasgo, mientras que los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad estado están asociados a cambios en la evaluación de rostros neutros en individuos no clínicos.
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Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Depressão/diagnóstico , Emoções/classificaçãoRESUMO
No processo de envelhecimento, alterações na percepção e na cognição podem gerar prejuízos no reconhecimento de emoções faciais. No presente trabalho, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, de acordo com as diretrizes do PRISMA, de estudos recentes que avaliaram a percepção e o reconhecimento facial de emoções em idosos sem patologias. As bases eletrónicas de dados pesquisadas foram: MEDLINE, PsycoINFO e Web of Science, sendo selecionados 22 artigos publicados entre 2009 e 2016. De um modo geral, verificou-se que os idosos apresentaram um declínio no reconhecimento de emoções, principalmente para as emoções negativas. Tais resultados podem ser explicados tanto pela teoria estrutural, quanto pela teoria da seletividade socioemocional. Os resultados têm importantes implicações na medida em que sinalizam a relevância da avaliação cognitiva e do uso de estímulos mais ecológicos nas tarefas de reconhecimento emocional em idosos.
In the aging process, changes in perception and cognition may lead to losses in the recognition of facial emotions. In this study, we carried out, according to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of recent studies that evaluated the perception and facial emotion recognition in the elderly without pathologies. Searches occurred in the electronic databases: MEDLINE, PsycoINFO and Web of Science, being selected 22 articles published between 2009 and 2016. In general, we found that elderly show a decline in emotion recognition, mainly for negative emotions. These results can be explained by the structural theory as well as by theory of the socioemotional selectivity. The results have important implications inasmuch as they indicate the relevance of cognitive assessment and use of more ecological stimuli in emotion recognition tasks in elderly.
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The ability to recognize emotions in faces is essential to human interaction and occurs since childhood. Hypothesis: research using the morphing technique assume that children require greater or lesser intensity of emotional expression to perceive it. Objective: to examine the emotional recognition of faces in childhood, using a task with emotional intensity variation. Method: it was applied a Test of Facial Emotion Recognition for Children to 28 children between 7 and 11 years, of both sexes, which presented 168 faces manipulated by the morphing technique, of the six basic emotions. Results: age as a trend growth of the likelihood of success at the task; more right answers for happiness and worst performances for fear; and the emotional intensity increasing at 42% the chance of success by every unit of intensity. Conclusion: these findings are relevant because they show the recognition of emotions at different levels as a more sensitive method.
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In general, the experience of providing assistance to and dealing with the complications experienced by a person with Alzheimer's disease puts caregivers in a situation of high risk, vulnerability, and stress, causing serious physical and emotional problems. However, some caregivers adopt a resilient mindset, which helps them to experience and express positive feelings as well as lower their burden in relation to the care. This positive experience occurs because caregivers perceive the process of caring as less adverse. They face the situation of care with a more positive mindset and are able to resist and maintain adaptive functioning. The objective of the present narrative literature review was to emphasize the need to develop intervention programs for caregivers based on salutogenic models of resilience, resistance, and personal growth to promote positive individual, family, and community resources.
Em geral, a experiência de proporcionar assistência e lidar com as complicações da pessoa com doença de Alzheimer coloca os cuidadores em uma situação de alto risco, vulnerabilidade e estresse, causando sérios problemas físicos e emocionais. Entretanto, existem cuidadores com uma mentalidade resiliente que os leva a experimentar e expressar sentimentos positivos e uma menor sobrecarga associada ao cuidado. Esta experiência positiva acontece porque percebem o processo de cuidar como menos prejudicial. Enfrentam a situação de cuidado com uma atitude mais positiva e são capazes de resistir e manter um funcionamento adaptativo. O objetivo desta revisão narrativa da literatura foi indicar a necessidade de se desenvolver programas de intervenção para o cuidador, com base em modelos salutogênicos, de resiliência, resistência e crescimento pessoal, para promover os recursos positivos da pessoa, da família e da comunidade.
En general, la experiencia de proporcionar asistencia y lidiar con las complicaciones del enfermo de Alzheimer sitúa a los cuidadores en una situación de alto riesgo, vulnerabilidad y estrés, ocasionando importantes problemas físicos y emocionales en muchos familiares. En cambio, existen cuidadores que disponen de una mentalidad resiliente que les protege y lleva a experimentar sentimientos positivos y experimentar menor sobrecarga. Esta experiencia positiva sucede porque interpretan el proceso de cuidado como menos negativo, afrontan la situación con una actitud positiva y son capaces de resistir y mantener un funcionamiento adaptativo. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa da literatura fue señalar la necesidad de desarrollar programas de intervenciones centradas en el cuidador que promuevan los modelos salutogénicos, de resistencia, resistencia y crecimiento personal, para potenciar los recursos positivos del cuidador, de la familia y de la comunidad.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cuidadores , Resiliência Psicológica , Doença de AlzheimerRESUMO
The present study investigated the influence of wrinkles on facial age judgments. In Experiment 1, preadolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults made categorical age judgments for male and female faces. The qualitative (type of wrinkle) and quantitative (density of wrinkles and depth of furrows) contributions of wrinkles were analyzed. Results indicated that the greater the number of wrinkles and the depth of furrows, the older a face was rated. The roles of the gender of the face and the age of the participants were discussed. In Experiment 2, participants performed relative age judgments by comparing pairs of faces. Results revealed that the number of wrinkles had more influence on the perceived facial age than the type of wrinkle. A MDS analysis showed the main dimensions on which participants based their judgments, namely, the number of wrinkles and the depth of furrows. We conclude that the quantitative component is more likely to increase perceived facial age. Nevertheless, other variables, such as the gender of the face and the age of the participants, also seem to be involved in the age estimation process.
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Envelhecimento/psicologia , Face , Envelhecimento da Pele , Percepção Visual , Análise de Variância , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Julgamento , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estimulação Luminosa , Psicofísica , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMONo contexto da interação interpessoal, no qual são utilizados recursos comportamentais como gestos, expressões faciais, postura corporal e modulação de voz, destaca-se o fenômeno da mentira, que é caracterizada pela dissimulação de ideias, sentimentos e emoções. No presente trabalho foi realizado um levantamento teórico acerca da mentira, sendo descritos alguns de seus aspectos comportamentais e neurobiológicos e também analisadas as publicações relacionadas ao tema no Brasil. As implicações do uso de técnicas de avaliação da mentira no âmbito judicial, bem como as crenças infundadas utilizadas em julgamentos são discutidas. A revisão identificou poucos estudos sobre a temática no contexto brasileiro, o que indica a necessidade de ampliação desse campo de investigação no país.
ABSTRACTIn the context of interpersonal interaction, in which behavioral features such as gestures, facial expressions, body posture, and voice modulation are used, there is the phenomenon of lying, which is characterized by the dissimulation of ideas, feelings and emotions. This study carried out a theoretical survey about lying, describing some of its behavioral and neurobiological aspects and analyzing the publications on the theme in Brazil. The implications of the use of lie evaluation techniques in legal contexts, as well as the baseless beliefs used in trials are discussed.The literature review revealed a small number of studies on the subject in the Brazilian context, indicating the need of expanding this research field in the country.
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Objective: To explore the temporal mechanism of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task in which two letters (T1 and T2) were presented in close temporal proximity among distractors (attentional blink [AB]). Method: Thirty children aged between 9 and 13 years (12 with ADHD combined type and 18 controls) took part in the study. Both groups performed two kinds of RSVP task. In the single task, participants simply had to identify a target letter (T1), whereas in the dual task, they had to identify a target letter (T1) and a probe letter (T2). Results: The ADHD and control groups were equivalent in their single-task performance. However, in the dual-task condition, there were significant between-group differences in the rate of detection of the probe letter (T2) at lag + 1 and lag + 4. The ADHD group exhibited a larger overall AB compared with controls. Conclusion: Our findings provide support for a link between ADHD and attentional blink. .
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Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Intermitência na Atenção Visual/fisiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Percepção VisualRESUMO
The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in processing orientation on the frontal and ground planes. The stimuli comprised two yellow circles conceived as the endpoints of a segment and depicted on a black background. In Experiment 1, the observers performed two tasks on both planes (frontal and ground). In Task 1 they were asked to indicate the absolute location of the two endpoints, presented one at a time (successive task). In Task 2 they had to locate the relative position of the endpoints presented simultaneously (simultaneous task). Relative and absolute errors were analyzed according to a cyclopean coordinate system derived from the geometry of the visual scene. These two kinds of errors were studied within the framework of the hypothesis that each kind of task would minimize the error related to its codification. The results showed greater absolute errors in the simultaneous task than in the successive task and greater relative errors in which the successive task seemingly activated a more accurate way of codification of the orientation. In Experiment 2 we controlled the availability of visual depth cues by changing the presentation time (50 and 3000 ms) and viewing conditions (monocular and binocular) in the simultaneous task. The results showed that the precision of orientation judgments was poorer on the ground plane than on the frontal plane, except when the observers used binocular vision. These results suggest that the orientation of a segment, at least on the ground plane, can be conceptualized as a gradient of disparities.
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Percepção de Profundidade , Percepção Espacial , Visão Binocular , Visão MonocularRESUMO
In the present paper, we review some programming languages and computer software used to investigate basic psychological processes. In the first section, we address the principles and logical structure of the most common programming languages (e.g. C, C++, Java, Matlab, R, Python), and in the second section we present some of their applications to psychological research. Finally, we discuss the importance of computer programming as a tool in the field of psychology and its relationship with technological innovation.
No presente artigo foram revisadas algumas linguagens de programação esoftwares usados na investigação dos processos psicológicos básicos. Na primeira seção, foram abordados os princípios e a estrutura lógica das linguagens mais comuns de programação (e.g. C, C++, Java, Matlab, R e Python), e na segunda seção foram apresentadas algumas de suas aplicações na pesquisa psicológica. Ao final, são discutidas a importância da programação como uma ferramenta no campo da psicologia e sua relação com a inovação tecnológica.
En el presente artículo revisamos algunos de los lenguajes de programación y programas informáticos utilizados en la investigación de los procesos psicológicos básicos. En la primera sección, abordamos los principios y la estructura lógica de los lenguajes más comunes de programación (e.g., C, C++, Java, Matlab, R, y Python), y en la segunda sección, presentamos algunas de sus aplicaciones en la investigación psicológica. Al final, discutimos la importancia de la programación como una herramienta en el campo de la psicología y su relación con la innovación tecnológica.
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Desenvolvimento Tecnológico , Linguagens de Programação , SoftwareRESUMO
The present study investigated the influence of emotional valence on the spatial stimulus-key location correspondence effect in three experiments using the Affective Spatial Correspondence task (AffSCt). We initially reanalyzed the results of Conde et al. (2011) according to the model proposed by Proctor (2013). In that study, compatible and incompatible responses were chosen according to the participants' team preference. In one block, the volunteers had to press a key on the same side for the Favorite team and on the opposite side for the Rival team. In another block, a reverse code was used. We found that responses were faster for the Favorite-compatible/Rival-incompatible condition (614 ms) compared with the Favorite-incompatible/Rival-compatible condition (691 ms). The same experimental arrangement was replicated in another Brazilian city, and similar results were found. Additionally, we employed non-affective "fake" soccer teams as a control condition, and no mapping-rule effect was observed. Finally, a final experiment that used the same design but different non-affective stimuli (yellow and blue bars) was performed to provide further evidence that the valence effect in the present experimental paradigm only occurs with affective stimuli. As expected, non-affective stimuli did not produce an overall advantage for any mapping rules, corroborating earlier findings with similar mixed designs. The results confirmed the previous findings and validity of the AffSCt as a methodology to investigate the effects of emotional valence on stimulus-response correspondence. However, we are unable to provide a conclusive explanation to support the several hypotheses proposed previously in our paper and by Proctor (2013)...
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Controle Comportamental , Condicionamento Psicológico , Tempo de Reação , Percepção EspacialRESUMO
Emotional stimuli are processed very efficiently, influencing physiological and behavioral responses as well as attention, perceptual processes and sensory-motor integration. In a previous work, we introduced a new paradigm, the Affective Spatial Compatibility task (AffSCt), to study whether the affective valence of the stimulus influences spatial compatibility effects. By using figures of soccer players of Favorite and Rival Teams as positive and negative valence stimuli, we found a normal Spatial Compatibility effect for the Favorite team and a reversed one for the Rival team. Here, we analyzed the time course of inhibitory and facilitatory effects of emotional valence by the Vincentization method. We found that for Favorite team, the facilitatory effect for the compatible condition, as compared to the incompatible one, increases as a function of the reaction time. In contrast, for Rival team, an opposite trend was found, in which inhibitory effect beEmotional stimuli are processed verycomes stronger for slower responses. We suggest that AffSCt is a powerful technology for investigating approach/avoidance effects and that it may be useful for diagnosing and following up the treatment of affective and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety, panic and ADHD. Potential applications in social psychology and consumer studies are also considered.
Os estímulos emocionais são processados de forma muito eficiente, influenciando as respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais, bem como a atenção, a percepção e a integração sensório-motora. Em um trabalho anterior, propusemos um novo paradigma, a Tarefa Afetiva de Compatibilidade Espacial (AffSCt), para estudar se a valência afetiva do estímulo influenciaria os efeitos de compatibilidade espacial. Ao usarmos figuras de jogadores de futebol dos times Favorito e Rival como estímulos de valência positiva e negativa, respectivamente, encontramos um efeito de compatibilidade espacial normal para o time Favorito e um invertido para o time Rival. No presente trabalho, foi analisado o desenvolvimento temporal dos efeitos inibitórios e facilitatórios da valência emocional pelo método da Vincentização. Descobrimos que, para o time Favorito, o efeito facilitatório na condição compatível em relação à incompatível aumenta em função do tempo de reação. Em contraste, para o time Rival, uma tendência oposta foi encontrada, em que o efeito inibitório se torna mais forte para as respostas mais lentas. Sugere-se que a AffSCt é uma tecnologia poderosa para investigar comportamentos de aproximação/afastamento, podendo ser útil na avaliação diagnóstica e acompanhamento terapêutico de transtornos emocionais e comportamentais, como o de ansiedade generalizada, síndrome de pânico e transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. Também são consideradas as aplicações potenciais em psicologia social e estudos de consumidor.
Los estímulos emocionales se procesan de manera muy eficiente e influyen en las respuestas fisiológicas y de comportamiento, así como en la atención, la percepción y la integración sensorio-motora. En un trabajo previo, que presentó un nuevo paradigma, la tarea afectiva de compatibilidad espacial (AffSCt), para estudiar si la valencia afectiva de los estímulos influyen en los efectos de la compatibilidad espacial. Mediante el uso de las figuras de los jugadores de fútbol de los equipos favorito e rival como estímulos positivo y negativo de valencia, respectivamente, se observó un efecto ordinario de compatibilidad espacial para el equipo favorito y un efecto invertido para el equipo rival. En este estudio, hemos examinado la evolución temporal de los efectos inhibitorios y facilitatorio de la valencia emocional por el uso de la Vincentización. Hemos encontrado que, para el equipo favorito, el efecto facilitatorio aumenta para la condición compatible, respecto la incompatible, con el tiempo de eacción. En contraste, para el equipo rival, una tendencia inversa se encontró, en el que el efecto inhibidor se vuelve más fuerte para las respuestas más lentas. Se sugiere que AffSCt es una poderosa tecnología para investigar los comportamientos de aproximación/retirada que puede ser útil para diagnosticar y seguir el tratamiento de trastornos afectivos y conductuales como ansiedad, pánico y déficit de atención/trastorno de hiperactividad. También son consideradas aplicaciones potenciales del método en la psicología social y en los estudios de consumo.
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EmoçõesRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção das notas musicais RÉ, FÁ, e LÁ em adultos jovens. Participaram do estudo 20 homens e 20 mulheres de 18 a 29 anos, saudáveis, não músicos e não usuários de fármacos ou outras substâncias tóxicas. Realizou-se um teste de discriminação de notas musicais com escolha forçada entre duas alternativas, por meio do qual os participantes escolheram um estímulo previamente apresentado. Comparou-se a frequência de acertos na discriminação das notas musicais em relação ao sexo dos participantes. Encontraram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes na nota musical Fá, sendo que os homens apresentaram maior quantidade de acertos que as mulheres. Esses resultados encontrados sugerem diferença na percepção das notas musicais para mulheres e homens.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of musical notes D, F, and A in young adults. The study included 20 men and 20 women, aged 18 to 29 years, healthy, non-musicians, and non-users of drugs or other toxic substances. Participants did a two-alternative forced choice discrimination test of musical notes, in which they were asked to select the stimulus that was previously presented. The frequency of correct discrimination of the musical notes was compared between both sexes. Statistically significant differences in the musical note F were found. Men had a higher number of hits than women. These results suggest differences in the perception of musical notes by women and men.
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The present study evaluated the recognition of facial expressions in different ages, using groups composed of: 1) 21 children with a mean age of 7.7 years; 2) 19 young adults with a mean age of 20.1 years; and 3) 9 elderly people with a mean age of 74.7 years. In the tests, participants were asked to identify facial expressions of happiness, sadness, fear and anger of different emotional intensities. The results indicated that the young adults performed better in recognizing facial expressions when compared to the children and elderly people. The children presented a performance similar to the elderly people, supporting the hypothesis that the ability to recognize facial expressions improves in adulthood and diminishes in old age...
Desenvolveu-se um estudo para avaliar o reconhecimento de expressões faciais em diferentes faixas etárias, com inclusão de grupos compostos por: 1) 21 crianças com idade média de 7,7 anos; 2) 19 adultos jovens com idade média de 20,1 anos; e 3) 9 idosos com idade média de 74,7 anos. Na situação de teste, foi solicitado aos participantes que identificassem expressões faciais de alegria, tristeza, medo e raiva em diferentes intensidades emocionais. Os resultados indicaram que os jovens apresentaram um melhor desempenho no reconhecimento de expressões faciais, quando comparados a crianças e idosos. Crianças apresentaram um desempenho similar aos idosos, apoiando a hipótese de que as capacidades de reconhecimento de expressões faciais aperfeiçoam-se na idade adulta e diminuem na velhice...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto Jovem , Idoso , Emoções , Expressão Facial , PercepçãoRESUMO
Foram investigados os efeitos do gradiente de textura e da posição do estímulo teste com relação à linha do horizonte na percepção de tamanho relativo. Pelo método das escadas duplas, cinquenta voluntários ajustaram o tamanho de uma barra apresentada acima, abaixo ou no nível do horizonte para que fosse percebida do mesmo tamanho que uma barra apresentada no campo visual inferior. Os estímulos foram apresentados por 100ms sobre cinco fundos de tela. O gradiente de perspectiva contribuiu mais para a superestimação de tamanho relativo que o gradiente de compressão. Os tamanhos dos objetos que interceptavam a linha do horizonte foram superestimados. O sistema visual mostrou-se bastante eficaz em extrair informações de profundidade da perspectiva, fazendo-o mesmo em apresentações muito breves.
We investigated the effects of texture gradient and the position of test stimulus in relation to the horizon on the perception of relative sizes. By using the staircase method, 50 participants adjusted the size of a bar presented above, below or on the horizon as it could be perceived in the same size of a bar presented in the lower visual field. Stimuli were presented during 100ms on five background conditions. Perspective gradient contributed more to the overestimation of relative sizes than compression gradient. The sizes of the objects which intercepted the horizon line were overestimated. Visual system was very effective in extracting information from perspective depth cues, making it even during very brief exposure.