Outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant outbreak among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with cancer in Europe: results from the retrospective, multicentre, OnCovid registry study.

BACKGROUND: The omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible and escapes vaccine-induced immunity. We aimed to describe outcomes due to COVID-19 during the omicron outbreak compared with the prevaccination period and alpha (B.1.1.7) and delta (B.1.617.2) waves in patients with cancer in Europe. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis of the multicentre OnCovid Registry study, we recruited patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, who had a history of solid or haematological malignancy that was either active or in remission. Patient were recruited from 37 oncology centres from UK, Italy, Spain, France, Belgium, and Germany. Participants were followed up from COVID-19 diagnosis until death or loss to follow-up, while being treated as per standard of care. For this analysis, we excluded data from centres that did not actively enter new data after March 1, 2021 (in France, Germany, and Belgium). We compared measures of COVID-19 morbidity, which were complications from COVID-19, hospitalisation due to COVID-19, and requirement of supplemental oxygen and COVID-19-specific therapies, and COVID-19 mortality across three time periods designated as the prevaccination (Feb 27 to Nov 30, 2020), alpha-delta (Dec 1, 2020, to Dec 14, 2021), and omicron (Dec 15, 2021, to Jan 31, 2022) phases. We assessed all-cause case-fatality rates at 14 days and 28 days after diagnosis of COVID-19 overall and in unvaccinated and fully vaccinated patients and in those who received a booster dose, after adjusting for country of origin, sex, age, comorbidities, tumour type, stage, and status, and receipt of systemic anti-cancer therapy. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04393974, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: As of Feb 4, 2022 (database lock), the registry included 3820 patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 between Feb 27, 2020, and Jan 31, 2022. 3473 patients were eligible for inclusion (1640 [47·4%] were women and 1822 [52·6%] were men, with a median age of 68 years [IQR 57-77]). 2033 (58·5%) of 3473 were diagnosed during the prevaccination phase, 1075 (31·0%) during the alpha-delta phase, and 365 (10·5%) during the omicron phase. Among patients diagnosed during the omicron phase, 113 (33·3%) of 339 were fully vaccinated and 165 (48·7%) were boosted, whereas among those diagnosed during the alpha-delta phase, 152 (16·6%) of 915 were fully vaccinated and 21 (2·3%) were boosted. Compared with patients diagnosed during the prevaccination period, those who were diagnosed during the omicron phase had lower case-fatality rates at 14 days (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·32 [95% CI 0·19-0·61) and 28 days (0·34 [0·16-0·79]), complications due to COVID-19 (0·26 [0·17-0·46]), and hospitalisation due to COVID-19 (0·17 [0·09-0·32]), and had less requirements for COVID-19-specific therapy (0·22 [0·15-0·34]) and oxygen therapy (0·24 [0·14-0·43]) than did those diagnosed during the alpha-delta phase. Unvaccinated patients diagnosed during the omicron phase had similar crude case-fatality rates at 14 days (ten [25%] of 40 patients vs 114 [17%] of 656) and at 28 days (11 [27%] of 40 vs 184 [28%] of 656) and similar rates of hospitalisation due to COVID-19 (18 [43%] of 42 vs 266 [41%] of 652) and complications from COVID-19 (13 [31%] of 42 vs 237 [36%] of 659) as those diagnosed during the alpha-delta phase. INTERPRETATION: Despite time-dependent improvements in outcomes reported in the omicron phase compared with the earlier phases of the pandemic, patients with cancer remain highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 if they are not vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Our findings support universal vaccination of patients with cancer as a protective measure against morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. FUNDING: National Institute for Health and Care Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and the Cancer Treatment and Research Trust.

Short- and long-term survival after adrenalectomy in 53 dogs with pheochromocytomas with or without alpha-blocker therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To report data related to the short- and long-term survival of dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, and to determine the influence of preoperative alpha-blocker therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. ANIMALS: Fifty-three dogs. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for dogs diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and treated with adrenalectomy between 2010 and 2020. Preoperative management, imaging studies, intraoperative cardiovascular instability, complications, and procedural information were recorded. When applicable, duration of survival and cause of death, time to recurrence or metastasis, and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: During anesthesia, a hypertensive episode was documented in 46/53 dogs and arrhythmias were recorded in 16/53 dogs. Of these, 37/46 hypertensive dogs and 11/16 dogs with arrhythmias were treated with an alpha-blocker before surgery. Intraoperative systolic blood pressures reached higher levels by a magnitude of nearly 20% in dogs that were treated preoperatively with an alpha-blocker (P = .01). All dogs survived surgery and 44 survived to discharge. Follow up ranged from 6 to 1653 days (median 450 days). Median survival time for dogs discharged from the hospital was 1169 days (3.2 years). Recurrence and metastasis were suspected in 3 and 8 dogs, respectively. CONCLUSION: Most dogs survived the immediate postoperative period and achieved long-term survival with a low reported incidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Preoperative alpha-blocker therapy was not associated with increased survival. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The favorable outcomes reported in this study should be taken into consideration when discussing treatment options for dogs with pheochromocytomas. This study provides no evidence to support preoperative alpha-blocker therapy.

What's in a Name? The Hidden Historical Ideologies Embedded in the Black and African American Racial Labels.

History can inconspicuously repeat itself through words and language. We explored the association between the "Black" and "African American" racial labels and the ideologies of the historical movements within which they gained prominence (Civil Rights and Black Power, respectively). Two content analyses and two preregistered experimental studies (N = 1,204 White American adults) show that the associations between "Black" and "bias and discrimination" and between "African American" and "civil rights and equality" are evident in images, op-eds, and perceptions of organizations. Google Images search results for "Black people" evoke more racially victimized imagery than search results for "African American people" (Study 1), and op-eds that use the Black label contain more bias and discrimination content than those that use the African American label (Study 2). Finally, White Americans infer the ideologies of organizations by the racial label within the organization's name (Studies 3 and 4). Consequently, these inferences guide the degree to which Whites support the organization financially.

Successful Treatment of Urinary Bladder Hemangiosarcoma by Partial Cystectomy in a Dog.

A 6 yr old neutered male German shepherd dog was evaluated at a veterinary referral hospital following diagnosis of uroabdomen of unknown origin. A positive-contrast retrograde urethrogram identified diffusely irregular margins of the urinary bladder but no active leakage of urine into the peritoneal cavity. An abdominal ultrasound identified severe thickening and loss of wall layering of the apex of the bladder. The dog was initially managed with an indwelling urinary catheter; however, when the catheter was removed 5 days later, the dog developed a recurrent uroabdomen after an episode of dysuria. Subsequent surgical exploration identified numerous (>5), small (1-2 cm), black cyst-like nodules within the bladder wall at the apex of the bladder. A partial cystectomy, removing approximately 65% of the cranial bladder, was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the bladder identified hemangiosarcoma of the bladder wall with chronic neutrophilic and hemorrhagic cystitis. The dog recovered from surgery without major complication and is still alive 9 mo following surgery. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of canine bladder hemangiosarcoma by partial cystectomy in a dog.

The lysyl oxidase like 2/3 enzymatic inhibitor, PXS-5153A, reduces crosslinks and ameliorates fibrosis.

Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and crosslinked proteins, in particular collagen and elastin, leading to tissue stiffening and disrupted organ function. Lysyl oxidases are key players during this process, as they initiate collagen crosslinking through the oxidation of the ε-amino group of lysine or hydroxylysine on collagen side-chains, which subsequently dimerize to form immature, or trimerize to form mature, collagen crosslinks. The role of LOXL2 in fibrosis and cancer is well documented, however the specific enzymatic function of LOXL2 and LOXL3 during disease is less clear. Herein, we describe the development of PXS-5153A, a novel mechanism based, fast-acting, dual LOXL2/LOXL3 inhibitor, which was used to interrogate the role of these enzymes in models of collagen crosslinking and fibrosis. PXS-5153A dose-dependently reduced LOXL2-mediated collagen oxidation and collagen crosslinking in vitro. In two liver fibrosis models, carbon tetrachloride or streptozotocin/high fat diet-induced, PXS-5153A reduced disease severity and improved liver function by diminishing collagen content and collagen crosslinks. In myocardial infarction, PXS-5153A improved cardiac output. Taken together these results demonstrate that, due to their crucial role in collagen crosslinking, inhibition of the enzymatic activities of LOXL2/LOXL3 represents an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of fibrosis.

Outcome in dogs with presumptive idiopathic pericardial effusion after thoracoscopic pericardectomy and pericardioscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of dogs with presumptive echocardiographic idiopathic pericardial effusion treated with thoracoscopic pericardectomy and pericardioscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Multi-institutional retrospective study (2011-2017). ANIMALS: Eighteen dogs. METHODS: Records were searched for dogs with pericardial effusion and no identified cause by preoperative echocardiography and subsequent thoracoscopic pericardectomy and pericardioscopy. Collected data included presenting complaint, physical examination, laboratory results, imaging, and operative findings. Follow-up was obtained via telephone interview and/or recheck examination. RESULTS: No evidence of mass lesions or cause for the effusion was identified in any of the dogs by preoperative echocardiography. Nine dogs had unremarkable pericardioscopic examination results. Nine dogs had pericardioscopic abnormalities consistent with masses, nodules, or adhesions. Median survival time (MST) for the 9 dogs with abnormalities identified by pericardioscopy was 66 days, whereas MST for the 9 dogs with unremarkable pericardioscopic examination results was not reached (P = .0067). Median survival time for dogs based on histopathologic diagnosis alone was not different between dogs with a diagnosis of neoplasia and dogs with a diagnosis of pericarditis (P = .1056). Among dogs with lesions identified during pericardioscopy, MST did not differ between those with a diagnosis of malignancy and those with a diagnosis of pericarditis (P = .78). CONCLUSION: Dogs with presumptive idiopathic pericardial effusion without evidence of masses, nodules, and/or adhesions during thoracoscopic pericardectomy and pericardioscopy lived longer than dogs in which abnormalities were identified during pericardioscopy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Thoracoscopic pericardectomy/pericardioscopy and targeted biopsy of the pericardium and pleura are recommended in dogs with echocardiographic idiopathic pericardial effusion.

Limb-shortening limb salvage (LSLS) in a cat with metatarsal osteosarcoma.

The objective of this report was to document a successful partial limb amputation surgery in a cat with metatarsal osteosarcoma (OSA) including the use of pad grafts from the amputated foot. Limb shortening of the hindlimb through a partial amputation resulted in excellent limb function and usage. The patient retained functional use of the limb after surgery, with no lameness. There was no evidence of metastasis or local recurrence seen 323 days post-surgery. Limb shortening partial amputation is a reasonable option and can result in excellent limb use after surgery despite a significant loss in limb length.

Intervention pour raccourcir et sauver un membre chez un chat atteint d'un ostéosarcome métatarsien. L'objectif du présent rapport consistait à documenter une chirurgie d'amputation partielle réussie chez un chat atteint d'un ostéosarcome métatarsien y compris l'usage de greffes des coussinets du pied amputé. Le raccourcissement du membre postérieur par une amputation partielle a donné d'excellents résultats pour la fonction et l'usage du membre. Le patient a conservé l'usage fonctionnel du membre après la chirurgie, sans boiterie. Il n'y avait aucun signe de métastase ni de récurrence locale lors d'un examen 323 jours après la chirurgie. L'amputation partielle et le raccourcissement du membre sont une option raisonnable et peuvent produire une excellente utilisation du membre après la chirurgie malgré une perte importante de la longueur du membre.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Tibial plateau morphology in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To identify possible biomechanical causes for the predominantly unilateral presentation of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) insufficiency by comparing the computed tomographic (CT) features of the tibial plateau of CCL affected and contralateral sound stifles in dogs with unilateral CCL insufficiency. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: Eighteen dogs, 36 stifles. METHODS: Eighteen dogs with naturally occurring unilateral CCL insufficiency were included. Stifle CT and radiographs were performed at the time of diagnosis. Follow-up was performed at a minimum of 1 year from the original diagnosis to ensure that there was no evidence of contralateral CCL insufficiency. The medial tibial plateau angle (m-TPA), lateral TPA (and l-TPA), medial tibial plateau midsagittal radius of curvature (m-TPr), and lateral TPr (l-TPr) were measured from the CT images. Variables were compared with paired t tests. A Bonferroni correction was performed, and P < .006 was considered significant. RESULTS: Mean m-TPr was steeper (P = .002) and m-TPr:l-TPr ratio was greater (P < .001) in affected stifles compared with contralateral sound stifles. No other variables differed between groups. Mean l-TPA was steeper than mean m-TPA (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Tibial plateau convexity differed between the CCL affected and contralateral sound stifle in dogs with unilateral CCL insufficiency. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Medial tibial plateau convexity may play a role in the development of CCL insufficiency.

The Role of a Dedicated Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Clinic in 2016.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of liver disease in the United Kingdom, and is predicted to become the leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) within the next 10 years. Key Messages: With rising demands on liver services, identifying those at risk of developing significant liver disease is important, so that risk factors for disease progression can be addressed. Emerging diagnostic techniques make it possible to diagnose significant fibrosis without the need for liver biopsy, and while there are currently no approved therapies for NAFLD, a specialist clinic can also provide access to clinical trials. For patients who develop cirrhosis, the presence of multiple comorbidities necessitates expertise in the selection and management of individuals requiring LT. CONCLUSIONS: A dedicated multidisciplinary NAFLD clinic facilitates rationalisation of services, improves patient outcomes, and provides access to emerging diagnostics and therapies.

Effect of stem sizing and position on short-term complications with canine press fit cementless total hip arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of stem sizing and positioning with early subsidence and stem complications with cementless (BFX) total hip arthroplasty (THA). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Fifty-five dogs; 58 THAs. METHODS: Eighty cobalt-chromium BFX THAs were reviewed, 58 met inclusion criteria. Implant size, positioning, and major complications within 12 months of surgery were recorded. Femoral canal flare (FCF), canal fill, stem angle, and subsidence at 3 months were measured from postoperative radiographs. Appropriateness of final stem size was assessed with digital templates. Odds ratios for associations were calculated. RESULTS: Mean ± SD coronal canal fill (Fillcor ) was 75% ± 6, FCF was 2.0 ± 0.3, and subsidence was 1.7 mm ± 2.6. Stem angulation ranged from 7° varus to 6° valgus, and 7° cranial to 3° caudal. Appropriately sized stems (n = 45) had a mean Fillcor of 78%. Major stem complications occurred in 12% of THAs. Femora with subsidence > 3 mm were 45.3 times more likely to develop postoperative stem complications (P = .02). Stems with varus angulation ≥ 5° were 12.5 times more likely to sustain intraoperative fissures (P = .03). Stems considered undersized based on postoperative digital templating were 5.6 times more likely to develop stem complications (P = .04) and 5.7 times more likely to subside > 3 mm (P = .03). CONCLUSION: Varus stem angulation should be avoided to prevent fissures. Canal fill is a poor indicator of optimal stem size and the current recommendation of >85% is unnecessarily high. Postoperative templating may be useful for assessing appropriateness of stem size.

Comparison of two external fixator systems for fracture reduction during minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in simulated antebrachial fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Minimally Invasive Reduction Instrumentation System (MIRIS) to a two-ring circular fixator construct (CFC) for indirect reduction during minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric antebrachial fracture model. ANIMALS: Ten skeletally mature dog cadavers. METHODS: Simulated bilateral antebrachial fractures were reduced and stabilized with the MIRIS on one limb, and a CFC on the contralateral limb, prior to placing a 10 hole Locking Compression Plate. Time to satisfactory reduction and implant placement were compared. Difficulty of fracture reduction and plate application was subjectively scored (1 to 5) for each procedure. Prefracture and postoperative orthogonal antebrachial radiographs were compared to assess restoration of radial length and angulation in sagittal and frontal planes. A paired t test (P ≤ .05) was used to compare parameters between the two reduction techniques. RESULTS: Reduction was faster (P = .0191) and plate application was subjectively easier (P = .047) when using the MIRIS compared to the CFC. There were no differences in subjective difficulty of reduction or plate application time between techniques. Mean postoperative radial length was reduced by approximately 4-mm, and procurvatum were decreased by approximately 7° compared to prefracture measurements, regardless of reduction technique. CONCLUSION: The MIRIS allowed for faster fracture reduction, and simplified plate placement compared to a temporary application of a CFC in our simulated antebrachial fracture model.

Thoracoscopy with Concurrent Esophagoscopy for Persistent Right Aortic Arch in 9 Dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To report the diagnosis, treatment, and short-term outcome in dogs with suspected persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) undergoing thoracoscopy with concurrent esophagoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Multi-institutional retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Dogs with suspected PRAA (n=9). METHODS: Medical records were reviewed from 2012 to 2016. Dogs undergoing thoracoscopy for PRAA at 3 referral hospitals were included. Signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic imaging, anesthesia protocol (including the use of one-lung ventilation), surgical approach, complications, and short-term outcome were recorded. Dogs underwent a left-sided intercostal thoracoscopic approach with concurrent intraoperative esophagoscopy. The ligamentum arteriosum (LA) and constricting fibers were divided using a vessel-sealing device using a 3 or 4 port thoracoscopy technique. Visualization and dissection of the LA was aided by transesophageal illumination by esophagoscopy. RESULTS: Thoracoscopy confirmed PRAA in 9 dogs, with an aberrant left subclavian artery (LS) identified in 5 dogs. Major complications occurred in 2 dogs: postoperative hemorrhage from the LS and esophageal perforation, which resulted in euthanasia. Median follow-up was 250 days (range, 56-1,595). Regurgitation resolved in 4 of 8 surviving dogs. One dog had recurrence of regurgitation 1,450 days postoperatively, esophageal compression by the LS was identified, and regurgitation resolved following LS transection. CONCLUSION: Esophagoscopy aided identification and dissection of the LA in all cases. Due to the potential for the LS to cause clinical esophageal constriction postoperatively, a recommendation for LS transection may be warranted. Vascular clips can also be considered as an alternative for vessel ligation to avoid complications associated with vessel-sealing device use.

A 5-Year Follow-Up of Study Patients With Asymptomatic Iron-Deficiency Anemia Using a Nurse-Led Pathway.

A protocol-driven, systematic pathway was developed to allow rapid and coordinated investigation of patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in a nurse-delivered outpatient setting. The study objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of the pathway by 5-year outcome data for the exclusion of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy. This is a 5-year follow-up study of 122 patients entered onto the pathway with negative initial upper and lower GI investigations. The study was conducted at Hereford County Hospital NHS Trust (a district general hospital serving 220,00 people). Clinical outcomes of patients at 5 years and service efficiency at detecting relevant pathology were observed. A total of 272 patients were investigated through the pathway, and in 150 patients a GI cause for IDA was found. We established the outcome in 97% of the 122 patients with normal GI investigation at 5 years after their initial investigation. Of the 118 patients followed up, 92 patients were alive and well and 26 had died or developed malignancy. With the exception of diabetes (odds ratio 0.24; 95% confidence interval [0.1, 0.8]; p = .02), no features were found to be a significant risk factor for poor prognosis, including age, gender, hemoglobin level, anemia at 3 months, or other comorbidities. Three patients developed colonic malignancy; two patients had diverticular disease at barium enema and presented 4 years later with colorectal cancer. One patient declined lower GI investigation and presented with metastatic colon cancer on computed tomography scan at 1 year. No other GI cancers were diagnosed. Our nurse-delivered, protocol-driven pathway is a highly effective and safe system for the exclusion of GI cancer within 5 years of follow-up.

A Difference-Education Intervention Equips First-Generation College Students to Thrive in the Face of Stressful College Situations.

A growing social psychological literature reveals that brief interventions can benefit disadvantaged students. We tested a key component of the theoretical assumption that interventions exert long-term effects because they initiate recursive processes. Focusing on how interventions alter students' responses to specific situations over time, we conducted a follow-up lab study with students who had participated in a difference-education intervention 2 years earlier. In the intervention, students learned how their social-class backgrounds mattered in college. The follow-up study assessed participants' behavioral and hormonal responses to stressful college situations. We found that difference-education participants discussed their backgrounds in a speech more frequently than control participants did, an indication that they retained the understanding of how their backgrounds mattered. Moreover, among first-generation students (i.e., students whose parents did not have 4-year degrees), those in the difference-education condition showed greater physiological thriving (i.e., anabolic-balance reactivity) than those in the control condition, which suggests that they experienced their working-class backgrounds as a strength.

PATHOS: a phase II/III trial of risk-stratified, reduced intensity adjuvant treatment in patients undergoing transoral surgery for Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive oropharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is increasing in incidence worldwide. Current treatments are associated with high survival rates but often result in significant long-term toxicities. In particular, long-term dysphagia has a negative impact on patient quality of life and health. The aim of PATHOS is to determine whether reducing the intensity of adjuvant treatment after minimally invasive transoral surgery in this favourable prognosis disease will result in better long-term swallowing function whilst maintaining excellent disease-specific survival outcomes. METHODS/DESIGN: The study is a multicentre phase II/III randomised controlled trial for patients with biopsy-proven Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer staged T1-T3 N0-N2b with a primary tumour that is resectable via a transoral approach. Following transoral surgery and neck dissection, patients are allocated into three groups based on pathological risk factors for recurrence. Patients in the low-risk pathology group will receive no adjuvant treatment, as in standard practice. Patients in the intermediate-risk pathology group will be randomised to receive either standard dose post-operative radiotherapy (control) or reduced dose radiotherapy. Patients in the high-risk pathology group will be randomised to receive either post-operative chemoradiotherapy (control) or radiotherapy alone. The primary outcome of the phase II study is patient reported swallowing function measured using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory score at 12 months post-treatment. If the phase II study is successful, PATHOS will proceed to a phase III non-inferiority trial with overall survival as the primary endpoint. DISCUSSION: PATHOS is a prospective, randomised trial for Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer, which represents a different disease entity compared with other head and neck cancers. The trial aims to demonstrate that long-term dysphagia can be lessened by reducing the intensity of adjuvant treatment without having a negative impact on clinical outcome. The study will standardise transoral surgery and post-operative intensity-modulated radiotherapy protocols in the UK and develop a gold-standard swallowing assessment panel. An associated planned translational research programme, underpinned by tumour specimens and sequential blood collected as part of PATHOS, will facilitate further empirical understanding of this new disease and its response to treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02215265 .

Interdependent behavior only benefits employees from working-class backgrounds when it is both enacted and valued.

Social class disparities are pervasive in American society. In higher education, one critical driver of these disparities is the cultural mismatch between the interdependent norms of people from working-class backgrounds and the independent norms that pervade higher education. However, after graduating from college and entering white-collar workplaces, people from working-class backgrounds have frequent opportunities to collaborate in teams-that is, to enact interdependent behavior. Do these opportunities reduce cultural mismatch for people from working-class backgrounds? Across two survey studies and two experiments with college-educated U.S. employees (total N = 2,566), we find that they do not. We theorize and document that this is because there is often a decoupling between enacting interdependent behavior and whether such behavior is valued as part of being a "good" employee. We find that employees from working-class backgrounds only experience a cultural match and its benefits (e.g., sense of fit, high retention intentions) when interdependent behaviors are both enacted and valued. In contrast, when interdependent behaviors are enacted but not valued, employees from working-class backgrounds experience a cultural mismatch. Furthermore, we find that this pattern is unique to employees from working-class backgrounds: Employees from middle-class backgrounds report similar fit and retention regardless of whether there is a coupling of enacted and valued interdependent behavior. Taken together, our results suggest that it is critical to examine multiple elements of culture simultaneously (e.g., both enacted and valued behavior) to fully understand and predict the consequences of cultural (mis)match. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The benefits of difference-education interventions in lower-resourced institutions.

Difference-education is an intervention that addresses psychological barriers that can undermine the academic performance of first-generation college students (i.e., those who have parents without 4-year degrees). Difference-education interventions improve first-generation students' performance by empowering them to navigate higher education environments more effectively. They also improve students' comfort with social group difference. However, these benefits have only been documented in higher-resourced institutions. The present research asks two questions about whether these benefits also extend to lower-resourced institutions-that is, schools with fewer resources to invest in students than the universities where prior difference-education interventions were delivered. First, is difference-education effective in improving first-generation students' academic performance in lower-resourced institutions, and does it do so by increasing empowerment? Second, does difference-education improve comfort with social group difference in lower-resourced institutions, and is it unique in its ability to do so? With students from four lower-resourced institutions, we examined these questions by comparing the results of a difference-education intervention to a control condition and social-belonging intervention. We found that while some benefits of difference-education interventions extend to lower-resourced institutions, others do not. First, like prior interventions, difference-education improves first-generation students' academic performance and comfort with social group difference. Unlike prior interventions, these effects did not persist beyond the first term and students' academic performance benefits were not explained by empowerment. We also found partial evidence that the benefits for comfort with social group difference were unique compared to a social-belonging intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Use of Preoperative 3D Virtual Planning and 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Guides to Facilitate a Single-Stage Cranial Closing Wedge Ostectomy and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Procedure to Address Proximal Tibial Deformity, an Excessive Tibial Plateau Angle, and Cranial Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency in a Dog.

A 9-month-old mixed-breed dog was presented for bilateral proximal tibial deformity resulting in an excessive tibial plateau angle and cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. Initial surgical management of the right pelvic limb was done by performing a cranial closing wedge ostectomy. Inadequate leveling of the plateau resulted in a postliminal meniscal tear which was addressed during a revision tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. The left pelvic limb was managed in a single-session surgery using three-dimensional (3D) virtual surgical planning and custom 3D-printed surgical guides to perform a combined cranial closing wedge ostectomy and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Postoperative 3D analysis of the left tibia revealed the accuracy of the surgical result within 2° of the virtual surgical plan. The dog developed a transient grade II/IV left medial patellar luxation following surgery but ultimately attained a full functional recovery and was actively engaged in competitive agility work 46 months following surgery on the left pelvic limb.

Discrimination and the stress response: psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to demonstrate that individuals who anticipate interacting with a prejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner show an exacerbated stress response, as measured through both self-report and hemodynamic and vascular responses, compared with individuals anticipating interacting with a nonprejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner. METHODS: Through a questionnaire exchange with a White interaction partner (a confederate) Latina participants learned that their partner had racial/ethnic biased or egalitarian attitudes. Latina participants reported their cognitive and emotional states, and cardiovascular responses were measured while participants prepared and delivered a speech to the White confederate. RESULTS: Participants who believed that their interaction partner held prejudiced attitudes reported greater concern and more threat emotions before the interaction, and more stress after the interaction, and showed greater cardiovascular response than did participants who believed that their partner had egalitarian attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that merely anticipating prejudice leads to both psychological and cardiovascular stress responses. These results are consistent with the conceptualization of anticipated discrimination as a stressor and suggest that vigilance for prejudice may be a contributing factor to racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States.