Multiphysics analysis of chip and resonator designs for increased damage threshold of external cavity high-power laser diodes.

We present a detailed analysis of multiphysics simulation results to evaluate the threshold for catastrophic optical damage (COD) of high-power laser diodes under misaligned external optical feedback. Three different chip designs are investigated: the non-injecting mirror concept, the non-absorbing mirror concept and the introduction of an additional energy barrier within the waveguide near the front facet. Furthermore, a modification of the external resonator that promises a lower sensitivity towards misalignments is considered. The dependence of the COD threshold on the additional design parameters (bandgap change, modification length, focal length) and the impact of the different approaches on electro-optical efficiency as well as beam quality are analyzed. Compared to the initial design, the different chip design concepts promise an increase of the achievable output power by 8%, 27% and 27% respectively, whereas the modified resonator fully prevents feedback-induced failure.

GPU-accelerated wave-optical model for external-cavity diode lasers.

The spatial distribution of the optical feedback field in an external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) is an important parameter influencing its lifetime and filamentation. From a modeling point of view, the evaluation of the full diffraction integral is required to calculate the propagation of light through thick lenses such as fast axis collimation lenses or beam transformation systems used for high-power diode lasers. In this Letter, we illustrate an algorithm for the accelerated computation of the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral on a graphics processing unit. We further show a validation of the results by measurements on an ECDL.

Diode-pumped cw Alexandrite laser with temporally stable 6.5 W in TEM00 operation with prospect of power scaling.

We present the design of a longitudinally diode-pumped Alexandrite laser in continuous-wave operation and resulting performance data. A laser power of 6.5 W in fundamental mode operation was measured, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest laser power in fundamental mode operation yet reported. The laser crystal was pumped by two diode modules emitting at 637 nm. The pump radiation was polarization-combined and spatially symmetrized. The laser operates at an output power of 6.5 W with an optical-to-optical efficiency of 26%, temporally stable output with stability of 8% on ms timescale, a beam quality of M2 = 1.1 in both spatial directions and emission of an output wavelength of 752 nm. Measurements of the thermal dioptric power at pumping intensities up to 9.5 kW/cm2 support the appropriate approach of the design. Based on our results, we estimate the potential and show our concept for future scaling of the output power.

Diode-pumped Q-switched Alexandrite laser in single longitudinal mode operation with Watt-level output power.

We present significantly improved performance data of a diode-pumped Q-switched Alexandrite laser in single longitudinal mode operation developed as a beam source for resonance lidar systems. The average output power of the laser-operating at the potassium resonance at 770 nm with a linewidth below 10 MHz-could be increased by a factor of five to the Watt-level by means of an optimized resonator design and pump scheme. The pulse energy is 1.7 mJ with a beam quality of M2≤1.1 in both spatial directions at a repetition rate of 500 Hz.

Simultaneous frequency stabilization, wavelength multiplexing and improvement of beam quality using a self-optimizing external cavity diode laser.

The combination of a dense wavelength division multiplexer based on volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) and a subsequent feedback mirror forms an efficient single-stage frequency stabilization and multiplexing system. The laser emission of the connected diode laser sources is automatically forced to amplify the wavelengths with the maximum feedback and the minimum losses, respectively. Therefore, different transversal modes of a single emitter may be linked to different wavelength regions that fulfill the Bragg conditions of the VBGs with high efficiency. We demonstrate a multiplexing system with a channel spacing of 1.5 nm and an optical efficiency of 86%, up to 90% being feasible with modifications. The emission bandwidth of the diode laser single emitters is reduced to <300 pm. Due to transversal mode selection, the lateral beam quality factor M2 of the single emitters decreases by a factor of 1.4 on average, compared to the free running sources.

Suppression of cross coupling in an external resonator for a diode laser bar with 19 single emitters.

We present an external cavity in a quasi-Littrow configuration for a diode laser bar with 19 single emitters and the individual spectral stabilization, ranging from wavelengths between 970 and 980 nm corresponding to each emitter. The imaging of the vertical waveguide mode onto a blazed grating acting as a diffractive optical element is realized with a beam transformation system that swaps the vertical and lateral axes. Along with a feedback intensity of <10%, the reduction of the divergence due to a beam expander results in high losses for cross coupling modes. We demonstrate the possibility to suppress cross coupling and that even a process-related small smile error has a positive effect on the quality of the spectral stabilization in a quasi-Littrow configuration.

Simulation of spectral stabilization of high-power broad-area edge emitting semiconductor lasers.

The simulation of spectral stabilization of broad-area edge-emitting semiconductor diode lasers is presented in this paper. In the reported model light-, temperature- and charge carrier-distributions are solved iteratively in frequency domain for transverse slices along the semiconductor heterostructure using wide-angle finite-difference beam propagation. Depending on the operating current the laser characteristics are evaluated numerically, including near- and far-field patterns of the astigmatic laser beam, optical output power and the emission spectra, with central wavelength and spectral width. The focus of the model lies on the prediction of influences on the spectrum and power characteristics by frequency selective feedback from external optical resonators. Results for the free running and the spectrally stabilized diode are presented.

High-power dense wavelength division multiplexing of multimode diode laser radiation based on volume Bragg gratings.

We present a dense wavelength division multiplexer based on volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) with a channel spacing of Δλ = 1.5 nm. Multiplexing efficiencies of ηSM = 97% have been demonstrated with single-mode, frequency-stabilized diode laser radiation. By use of VBGs in an external-cavity laser we constrict the spectral bandwidth of passively cooled multimode diode laser bars with 19 broad-area emitters to δλ95% = 120 pm. When the multimode high-power diode laser radiation with a beam propagation factor of M(2) ≈ 45 is overlaid, the multiplexing efficiency decreases to ηMM = 85%. Temperature control of the VBGs expands the high-efficiency operation range.

Apodized holographic beam combiners for dense wavelength multiplexing based on Gaussian-beam interference.

The brightness of high-power diode-laser systems can be significantly increased by using dense wavelength-multiplexing technologies. Among these technologies, state-of-the-art volume holographic gratings (VHGs) are suitable wavelength-selective filters for scaling the power of frequency-stabilized high-power lasers. The frequency spacing is limited due to the sidelobes of the spectral filter characteristic. In this Letter, we present the simulation results of novel apodized VHGs produced by Gaussian-beam interference. Apodized VHGs offer increased sidelobe suppression of up to 22 dB with conventional grating dimensions and, moreover, will improve the spectral brightness of dense wavelength-multiplexing systems by a factor of approximately six.