Impact of age and anterior fibromuscular stroma preservation on post-enucleation voided volume.

PURPOSE: This study is centered on the critical role of anterior fibromuscular stroma (AFS) preservation in prostate enucleation, an emerging strategy aimed at minimizing postoperative urinary incontinence-a common concern in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) surgeries. By focusing on postoperative voiding volumes (VV), our research investigates the efficacy of AFS preservation. This approach, distinct in its methodology, is hypothesized to improve urinary function post-surgery, thereby offering a potentially significant advancement in BPH surgical treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted, comparing patients who underwent prostate enucleation in 2017 without intentional AFS preservation to those in 2019 with this technique. We examined variables including age, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and preoperative VV to assess their effect on post-catheter removal VV. The study's methodology includes a thorough review of the primary statistical analysis methods employed. RESULTS: Our analysis indicates that while the 2017 and 2019 cohorts were similar in most preoperative parameters, the 2019 group that underwent AFS-preserved surgery showed a significant improvement in postoperative VVs. This was less pronounced in the patient group aged over 70, underscoring the importance of this demographic in our study. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that intentional preservation of AFS during prostate enucleation positively impacts early postoperative VVs, with limited improvement in older patients. These findings highlight the potential of AFS preservation not only in enhancing urinary outcomes post-surgery but also in shaping future BPH surgical procedures and research directions.

Analysis of urinary retention after endoscopic prostate enucleation and its subsequent impact on surgical outcomes.

PURPOSE: Postoperative urinary retention (PUR) is a common complication after prostate enucleation, which leads to an increased length of hospital stay and decreased postoperative satisfaction. This study determined the predictive factors of postoperative urine retention within 1 month after prostate enucleation and investigated whether PUR influences surgical outcomes at the 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up time points. METHODS: Data were collected from the electronic medical records of 191 patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) during October 2018 to September 2021. Of them, 180 patients who underwent thulium laser or plasma kinetic enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP, PKEP) were separated into the PUR group (n = 24) and the non-PUR (NPUR) group (n = 156). Uroflowmetry and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire were followed up at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The PUR group had a significantly higher percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) than the NPUR group. Postoperatively, compared with the NPUR group, the PUR group had significantly less improvement in changes in the IPSS Quality of Life scores at 2 weeks, the total IPSS(International Prostate Symptom Score) at all follow-up times, the IPSS-S(IPSS storage subscores) at 2 weeks and 3 months, and the IPSS-V(IPSS voiding subscores) at all follow-up times. Predictive factors for PUR include lower preoperative maximum urinary flow (Qmax), lower preoperative total IPSS, and higher operation time. CONCLUSION: Lower preoperative Qmax, lower IPSS scores, and longer operation time were risk factors for PUR. Furthermore, PUR could be a prognostic factor for prostatic enucleation surgical outcomes.

Age-related impairment in testosterone elevation after anterior fibromuscular stroma preserved enucleation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the impact of anterior fibromuscular stroma preserved enucleation (AFSPE) of the prostate on serum testosterone levels in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and to explore age-related differences in postoperative testosterone elevation. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, 304 patients from a pool of 560 who underwent AFSPE at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between January 2018 and December 2021 were evaluated. Patients were stratified based on preoperative testosterone levels into low (<3.5 ng/mL) and normal (≥3.5 ng/mL) groups. Serum testosterone levels were measured preoperatively, at 1.5 and 3-6 months postoperatively. Age and other demographic data were analyzed as potential factors influencing testosterone changes. RESULTS: The low-testosterone group (n = 90) showed significant testosterone increases, from an average of 2.61 ng/mL preoperatively to 3.3 ng/mL at 1.5 months and 3.59 ng/mL at 3-6 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The normal-testosterone group (n = 214) maintained stable testosterone levels at 1.5 months but exhibited a significant rise to 6.06 ng/mL by 3-6 months (p = 0.0079). Older age was inversely associated with postoperative testosterone elevation in both groups. Improvements in nocturia were notable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: AFSPE of the prostate significantly elevates serum testosterone levels in men with BPO, particularly benefiting those initially with low levels. Age is a crucial factor influencing postoperative testosterone changes, indicating that younger patients may benefit more from this intervention. AFSPE offers a promising approach for improving hormonal health in BPO patients, alongside alleviating urinary symptoms.

Anterior fibromuscular stroma-preserved endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: a precision anatomical approach.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostate obstruction (BOO) is becoming increasingly important in this aging society. Some urge/stress urinary incontinence (UUI/SUI) still occurs after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP). It remains unclear how post-EEP incontinence can be avoided. Currently, early apical release to ameliorate the traction of the external sphincter is the best technique for incontinence prevention. OBJECTIVE: To describe our surgical technique of anterior fibromuscular stroma (AFS)-preserved EEP for BOO. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The medical records of 60 consecutive patients who underwent AFS-preserved EEP for BOO in our center from September 2019 to December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: AFS-preserved EEP starts at the 12 o'clock position of the urethra, and the junction between the AFS and transitional zone (T-zone) was identified. The AFS and T-zone were separated first to protect the AFS in the initial operative procedure. Then, following the usual enucleation procedure, AFS-preserved EEP could be achieved. MEASUREMENTS: Postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA), testosterone, urethral stricture, and voiding status, such as incontinence, uroflow, and postvoiding residual urine were assessed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The data show that AFS-preserved EEP could achieve similar surgical outcomes as other early apical release approaches. CONCLUSIONS: The preserved AFS provides a nice landmark at the 12 o'clock position during EEP.

Comparison of clinical outcomes between aggressive and non-aggressive intravenous hydration for acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Current practice guidelines for optimal infusion rates during early intravenous hydration in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) remain inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare treatment outcomes between aggressive and non-aggressive intravenous hydration in severe and non-severe AP. METHODS: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on November 23, 2022, and hand-searched the reference lists of included RCTs, relevant review articles and clinical guidelines. We included RCTs that compared clinical outcomes from aggressive and non-aggressive intravenous hydration in AP. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model for participants with severe AP and non-severe AP. Our primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and several secondary outcomes included fluid-related complications, clinical improvement and APACHE II scores within 48 h. RESULTS: We included a total of 9 RCTs with 953 participants. The meta-analysis indicated that, compared to non-aggressive intravenous hydration, aggressive intravenous hydration significantly increased mortality risk in severe AP (pooled RR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.37, 4.40), while the result in non-severe AP was inconclusive (pooled RR: 2.26, 95% CI: 0.54, 9.44). However, aggressive intravenous hydration significantly increased fluid-related complication risk in both severe (pooled RR: 2.22, 95% CI 1.36, 3.63) and non-severe AP (pooled RR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.53, 6.93). The meta-analysis indicated worse APACHE II scores (pooled mean difference: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.79, 4.84) in severe AP, and no increased likelihood of clinical improvement (pooled RR:1.20, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.29) in non-severe AP. Sensitivity analyses including only RCTs with goal-directed fluid therapy after initial fluid resuscitation therapy yielded consistent results. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive intravenous hydration increased the mortality risk in severe AP, and fluid-related complication risk in both severe and non-severe AP. More conservative intravenous fluid resuscitation protocols for AP are suggested.

Comparative Analysis of Surgical Outcomes of Flexible Ureteroscopy and Da Vinci Robotic Surgery in Community Patients with Renal Pelvic Stones Larger than 2 cm.

Background and Objectives: This study evaluated and compared the surgical outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) lithotripsy versus robot-assisted laparoscopic pyelolithotomy (RAPL) in community patients with renal pelvic stones larger than 2 cm. Materials and Methods: A total of 77 patients who underwent RIRS (RIRS group, n = 50) or RAPL (RAPL group, n = 27) at our institution between December 2016 and July 2022 were recruited. A single surgeon performed all surgical operations. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative data were recorded. The study evaluated various clinical outcomes, namely, urinary tract infections, analgesic use, emergency room readmissions, stone clearance rates, surgical complications, and medical expenditures associated with the treatment courses, and compared them between the groups. Results: The RAPL group had a larger mean stone diameter and higher degree of hydronephrosis than the RIRS group did. The RIRS group had superior outcomes regarding operative time, length of postoperative hospital stay, surgical wound pain, and medical expenditures. Regarding postoperative outcomes, comparable rates of postoperative urinary tract infection, prolonged analgesic use, and emergency room readmissions were observed between the groups. However, the RAPL group had a higher stone clearance rate than the RIRS group did (81.5% vs. 52.0%, p = 0.014). Conclusions: For the surgical treatment of renal pelvis stones larger than 2 cm, RAPL has a superior stone clearance rate than RIRS; however, RIRS achieves superior outcomes in terms of medical expenditures, length of hospital stay, and surgical wound pain. Both procedures were equally safe.

Functional connections between bird eggshell stiffness and nest characteristics through risk of egg collision in nests.

Eggs and nests are two critical traits for the ecological success of birds. Their functional interactions, however, remain unclear. Here, we examined the functional connections between egg stiffness and nest attachment, site and structure for 1350 avian species. We revealed high eggshell stiffness for eggs in nests with a pensile attachment, located on non-tree vegetation or having a domed shape, suggesting that birds produce stiffer eggs in response to higher egg-collision risk in unstable or enclosed nests. Interdependence models suggested that the evolution of eggshell stiffness was more likely to be driven by than drive that of nest characters. Our results implied a trade-off between investment in competing for established nesting niches and producing stiff eggs to explore novel niches with high collision risk, possibly mediated by predation or thermoregulation. This study highlights an overlooked connection between nests and eggshells that may have broadened the ecological niches of birds.

The role of prostatic urethral angle and intravesical prostatic protrusion on surgical capsule calculi formation in the prostate: A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between prostatic urethral angle (PUA) and the development of surgical capsule calculi (SCC) within the prostate, and to examine the presence and impact of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 90 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, with preoperative assessments using both transrectal ultrasound of the prostate (TRUS) and magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were divided into groups with and without SCC and further categorized into type 1 and type 2 stones based on the location and severity of the calculi. Statistical analysis included chi-square and independent sample t-tests, with p<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Of the patients, 82.2% were diagnosed with SCC. No significant difference in PUA was found between patients with and without SCC. However, a notable disparity in IPP presence was observed, suggesting an inverse correlation with SCC development. Additionally, no significant differences were identified when comparing the two types of SCC based on PUA and IPP measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of IPP exhibited an inverse relationship with SCC, suggesting diminished urine flow pressure over the prostatic urethra may reduce the likelihood of SCC formation. However, no direct association between PUA and the presence or severity of SCC was identified. These findings highlight the complexity of factors contributing to prostatic calculi development and the potential role of IPP in this context.

Surgical outcomes of endoscopic enucleation of the prostate in community aging males with or without preoperative urinary retention.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the surgical outcomes of endoscopic enucleation of the prostate in older males with or without preoperative urinary retention (UR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a study on selected patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent either thulium:YAG laser (vela XL) prostate enucleation (ThuLEP) or bipolar plasma enucleation of the prostate (B-TUEP) at the geriatric urology department of our institution. The studied patients were categorized into two groups, namely the UR group and the non-UR group, on the basis of whether they experienced UR in the 1 month preceding their surgery. Their clinical outcomes following prostate endoscopic surgery were evaluated and analyzed. RESULTS: Our results revealed comparable outcomes for operation time, length of hospital stay, percentage of tissue removed, re-catheterization rate, and urinary tract infection rate within the 1 month between the B-TUEP and ThuLEP surgery groups, regardless of UR history. However, the non-UR B-TUEP group experienced more blood loss relative to the non-UR ThuLEP group (P = .004). Notably, patients with UR exhibited significantly greater changes in IPSS total, IPSS voiding, and prostate-specific antigen values relative to those without UR. CONCLUSIONS: Both ThuLEP and B-TUEP were effective in treating BPH-related bladder outlet obstruction. Our study identified more pronounced changes in IPSS total, IPSS voiding, and prostate-specific antigens within the UR group. Moreover, the rate of postoperative UR in this group was not higher than that observed in the non-UR group. Our study also revealed that the presumed benefits of laser surgery in reducing blood loss were less pronounced for patients with UR.

Trends in Palliative Care Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To demonstrate the trends and variety of research on palliative care during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic search of the Web of Science database. Since the outbroke of the COVID-19 pandemic, the adjustment of palliative care systems is warranted to maintain a high quality of care. The COVID-19 -related palliative care studies account for approximately 4% of all publications on palliative care. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the nature of these studies. A total of 293 studies were included. Of the included studies, those related to system improvement were the most common (181/293, 61.8%), followed by those related to patient care (79/293, 27.0%), bereavement support for patients or family members (19/293, 6.5%), and the mental health of frontline practitioners (14/293, 4.8%). From these studies, 82, 137, and 74 studies were published in 2020, 2021, and 2022 (until August 1), respectively. The research trends of palliative care demonstrate the flexibility and rapid response of the global palliative care system to the COVID-19 pandemic and show how the palliative care system is evolving. While most studies are interested in system improvement, patient care, and bereavement support, the mental health of frontline practitioners has received less attention. Our findings provide palliative care practitioners with current valuable information and highlight possible future trends.

Simple and Convenient Method for Assessing the Severity of Bleeding during Endoscopic Prostate Surgery and the Relationships between Its Corresponding Surgical Outcomes.

Bleeding during endoscopic prostate surgery is often overlooked, and appropriate measurement techniques are rarely applied. We proposed a simple and convenient method for assessing the severity of bleeding during endoscopic prostate surgery. We determined the factors affecting bleeding severity and whether they affected the surgical results and functional outcomes. Records from March 2019 to April 2022 were obtained for selected patients who underwent endoscopic prostate enucleation through either 120-W Vela XL Thulium:YAG laser or bipolar plasma enucleation of the prostate. The bleeding index was measured using the following equation: irrigant hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (g/dL) × irrigation fluid volume (mL)/preoperative blood Hb concentration (g/dL) × enucleated tissue (g). Our research revealed that patients who underwent surgery employing the thulium laser, those aged over 80 years, and those with a preoperative maximal flow rate (Qmax) of more than 10 cc/s experienced less surgical bleeding. The patients' treatment outcomes differed depending on the severity of the bleeding. Enucleating prostate tissue was easier in the patients with less severe bleeding, who also had a lower risk of developing urinary tract infections and an improved Qmax.

A Comparative Study on the Microstructures, Mineral Content, and Mechanical Properties of Non-Avian Reptilian Eggshells.

We analyze 214 freshly laid eggs belonging to 16 species across three orders of Class Reptilia. Using mechanical compression tests, we measure each egg's absolute stiffness (K, unit: N m-1) and relative stiffness (C number). The effective Young's modulus, E, was obtained by combining experimental and numerical methods. The mineral (CaCO3) content was measured by acid-base titration, the microstructures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the crystallography by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). We find that the C number of reptilian eggs is, on average, higher than that of bird eggs, indicating that reptilian eggs are stiffer with respect to the egg mass than birds. However, Young's moduli of the reptilian eggshells (32.85 ± 3.48 GPa) are similar to those of avian eggshells (32.07 ± 5.95 GPa), even though those eggshells have different crystal forms, microstructures, and crystallography. Titration measurement shows that the reptilian eggshells are highly mineralized (>89% for nine Testudines species and 96% for Caiman crocodilus). Comparing the species with aragonite and calcite crystals, we find that calcite shells, including those of the Kwangsi gecko (inner part) and spectacled caiman (outer part), generally have larger grains than the aragonite ones. However, the grain size is not correlated to the effective Young's modulus. Also, as measured by the C number, the aragonite shells are, on average, stiffer than the calcite ones (except for the Kwangsi gecko), primarily due to their thicker shells.

A global database of bird nest traits.

The reproductive success of birds is closely tied to the characteristics of their nests. It is crucial to understand the distribution of nest traits across phylogenetic and geographic dimensions to gain insight into bird evolution and adaptation. Despite the extensive historical documentation on breeding behavior, a structured dataset describing bird nest characteristics has been lacking. To address this gap, we have compiled a comprehensive dataset that characterizes three ecologically and evolutionarily significant nest traits-site, structure, and attachment-for 9,248 bird species, representing all 36 orders and 241 out of the 244 families. By defining seven sites, seven structures, and four attachment types, we have systematically classified the nests of each species using information from text descriptions, photos, and videos sourced from online databases and literature. This nest traits dataset serves as a valuable addition to the existing body of morphological and ecological trait data for bird species, providing a useful resource for a wide range of avian macroecological and macroevolutionary research.

Endoscopic Enucleation of Prostate Could Increase Testosterone Levels in Hypotestosteronemic Patients with Bladder Outlet Obstruction.

Background: We evaluated the impact of endoscopic enucleation of the prostate on testosterone levels in hypotestosteronemic patients with bladder outlet obstruction. Methods: We enrolled 294 men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) who received surgery between January 2019 and December 2020 in simple tertiary centre. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being a male patient aged 45−95 years and having recurrent urinary tract infection, having previously failed medical treatment for LUTS or urine retention, and undergoing bipolar or thulium laser enucleation of the prostate. The preoperative and postoperative data were retrospectively reviewed. Results: This study included 112 men with a mean age of 69.4 years. The mean preoperative and postoperative testosterone levels were 4.8 and 4.98, respectively. Of the patients, 88 (78.6%) received ThuLEP and 24 received BipolEP. We divided the patients into two groups according to preoperative serum testosterone levels: normal-testosterone (≥3 ng/mL) and low-testosterone (<3 ng/mL) groups. A significant change in testosterone levels (p = 0.025) was observed in the low-testosterone group. In contrast, no significant difference in testosterone levels was noted in the normal-testosterone group (p = 0.698). Conclusions: Endoscopic enucleation surgery of the prostate could improve postoperative testosterone levels in hypotestosteronemic patients with bladder outlet obstruction.

Surgery for Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: A Comparison of Midline Transperitoneal and Flank Retroperitoneal Laparotomy Approaches to Nephrectomy.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare inflammatory disease often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whether the midline transperitoneal or the flank retroperitoneal approach is superior remains unknown. We searched through pathology databases and reviewed 86 patients with an XGP diagnosis from 2000 to 2021 at our institution. After the patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded, 35 patients who had undergone nephrectomy through the midline transperitoneal or the flank retroperitoneal laparotomy approach were recruited. Nine (25.71%) of the thirty-five patients underwent nephrectomy through a midline approach, whereas twenty-six (74.29%) received a flank approach. Patients in the midline approach group had a longer surgical time (p = 0.03) than those in the flank approach group. In addition, patients in the flank approach group took less time after surgery to resume oral intake than those in the midline approach group (p = 0.01). No significant differences in the rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications such as peritonitis or intraabdominal infection were observed between the groups. For the patients with XGP who are good candidates for surgery, nephrectomy is a relatively safe surgical treatment method. Both surgical methods produced favorable surgical outcomes, and the patients who received these methods had similar complication rates.

Krukenberg tumor with concomitant ipsilateral hydronephrosis and spermatic cord metastasis in a man: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Tumors of the spermatic cord are rare, and approximately 25% are malignant neoplasms. Metastatic spermatic cord tumors are even rarer. Several studies have revealed that the most frequent primary tumors metastasizing to the spermatic cord and peritesticular tissues are neoplasms of the stomach and prostate. Furthermore, metastasis to the spermatic cord or epididymis may occur via retrograde lymphatic and hematic routes. We present the case of a man with gastric cancer that metastasized to the spermatic cord and epididymis, with concomitant ipsilateral hydronephrosis after surgical resection and chemotherapy for his primary tumor. CASE SUMMARY: A 71-year-old man underwent total gastrectomy for pT4aN2 poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma in December 2016. Two months after surgery, he received adjuvant chemotherapy with TS-1 from February 2017 to February 2018. Surveillance computed tomography (CT) was performed in June 2018, which did not reveal any sign of tumor recurrence. In November 2019, he presented with left lower quadrant abdominal pain and a palpable left inguinal-scrotal mass. CT revealed left mild hydronephrosis and a left scrotal mass measuring 4.0 cm × 1.7 cm. Tumor biomarkers, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ßHCG), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) were all normal. Renal and testicular echography showed left hydronephrosis and a left peritesticular soft tissue lesion with blood flow. Diagnostic ureteroscopy showed left lower ureter narrowing without an intraluminal lesion. A biopsy was obtained for the indurated spermatic cord and epididymis, which showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the tumor was diffusely and strongly positive for homeobox protein CDX2. The features were consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma of a primary gastric tumor. CONCLUSION: In patients with a history of primary cancer, an inguinal mass of unknown cause with accompanying ipsilateral hydronephrosis may be a sign of distant metastasis from a primary tumor, especially of gastrointestinal origin.

Risk Factors of Emergency Room Visits for Bleeding Complications Following Transurethral Procedures in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Transurethral procedures, including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and laser prostatectomy, are often linked to emergency room (ER) visits for postoperative bleeding. Although some studies have been conducted, the risk factors associated with these ER visits are not completely understood. This retrospective cohort study identified potential risk factors associated with ER visits for postoperative bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Preoperative assessment data and operational and postoperational parameters recorded at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan between December 2015 and January 2017 for patients who underwent elective transurethral procedures were analyzed to identify potential risk factors. The primary endpoint was ER visits for gross hematuria within three months following operation, and the secondary endpoint was ER visits for blood clot-induced urinary retention (clot retention) within three months following operation. RESULTS: A total of 665 patients who underwent elective transurethral procedures were enrolled. The transurethral procedures included monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (M-TURP), bipolar TURP (B-TURP), greenlight photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP), thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) and thulium laser transurethral vaporesection of the prostate (ThuVARP). Regarding ER visits for clot retention within three months, multivariable logistic regression revealed significantly lower rates of clot retention in patients who received B-TURP than in those who underwent ThuVARP (AOR, 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04-0.82, p = 0.027). Moreover, significantly higher clot retention was observed in patients who underwent two or more rounds of manual irrigation (AOR, 9.51; 95% CI, 1.66-54.43, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Multiple manual irrigations shortly after operation can be considered a novel predictor of postoperative clot retention-related ER visits. Among the transurethral procedures, ThuVARP was associated with a higher risk of clot retention-related ER visits than was B-TURP.

Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell.

We analyze 700 freshly-laid eggs from 58 species (22 families and 13 orders) across three orders of magnitude in egg mass. We study the elastic moduli using three metrics: (i) effective Young's modulus, EFEM, by a combined experimental and numerical method; (ii) elastic modulus, Enano, by nanoindentation, and (iii) theoretical Young's modulus, Etheory. We measure the mineral content by acid-base titration, and crystallographic characteristics by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), on representative species. We find that the mineral content ranges between 83.1% (Zebra finch) and 96.5% (ostrich) and is positively correlated with EFEM-23.28 GPa (Zebra finch) and 47.76 GPa (ostrich). The EBSD shows that eggshell is anisotropic and non-homogeneous, and different species have different degrees of crystal orientation and texture. Ostrich eggshell exhibits strong texture in the thickness direction, whereas chicken eggshell has little. Such anisotropy and inhomogeneity are consistent with the nanoindentation tests. However, the crystal characteristics do not appear to correlate with EFEM, as EFEM represents an overall "average" elasticity of the entire shell. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical prediction of linear elasticity. Our comprehensive investigation into the elastic moduli of avian eggshell over broad taxonomic scales provides a useful dataset for those who work on avian reproduction.