Defective formyl peptide receptor 2/3 and annexin A1 expressions associated with M2a polarization of blood immune cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists in previous studies on macrophage M1/M2 polarization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesized that formyl peptide receptor (FPR), a marker of efferocytosis and mediator of M1/M2 polarization, may be involved in the development of COPD. METHODS: We examined FPR 1/2/3 expressions of blood M1/M2a monocyte, neutrophil, natural killer (NK) cell, NK T cell, T helper (Th) cell, and T cytotoxic (Tc) cell by flowcytometry method in 40 patients with cigarette smoking-related COPD and 16 healthy non-smokers. Serum levels of five FPR ligands were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS: The COPD patients had lower M2a percentage and higher percentages of NK, NK T, Th, and Tc cells than the healthy non-smokers. FPR2 expressions on Th/Tc cells, FPR3 expressions of M1, M2a, NK, NK T, Th, and Tc cells, and serum annexin A1 (an endogenous FPR2 ligand) levels were all decreased in the COPD patients as compared with that in the healthy non-smokers. FPR1 expression on neutrophil was increased in the COPD patient with a high MMRC dyspnea scale, while FPR2 expression on neutrophil and annexin A1 were both decreased in the COPD patients with a history of frequent moderate exacerbation (≥ 2 events in the past 1 year). In 10 COPD patients whose blood samples were collected again after 1-year treatment, M2a percentage, FPR3 expressions of M1/NK/Th cells, FPR2 expression on Th cell, and FPR1 expression on neutrophil were all reversed to normal, in parallel with partial improvement in small airway dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence for defective FPR2/3 and annexin A1 expressions that, associated with decreased M2a polarization, might be involved in the development of cigarette smoking induced persistent airflow limitation in COPD.

Epigenome-wide association study on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap reveals aberrant DNA methylations related to clinical phenotypes.

We hypothesized that epigenetics is a link between smoking/allergen exposures and the development of Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ACO). A total of 75 of 228 COPD patients were identified as ACO, which was independently associated with increased exacerbations. Microarray analysis identified 404 differentially methylated loci (DML) in ACO patients, and 6575 DML in those with rapid lung function decline in a discovery cohort. In the validation cohort, ACO patients had hypermethylated PDE9A (+ 30,088)/ZNF323 (- 296), and hypomethylated SEPT8 (- 47) genes as compared with either pure COPD patients or healthy non-smokers. Hypermethylated TIGIT (- 173) gene and hypomethylated CYSLTR1 (+ 348)/CCDC88C (+ 125,722)/ADORA2B (+ 1339) were associated with severe airflow limitation, while hypomethylated IFRD1 (- 515) gene with frequent exacerbation in all the COPD patients. Hypermethylated ZNF323 (- 296) / MPV17L (+ 194) and hypomethylated PTPRN2 (+ 10,000) genes were associated with rapid lung function decline. In vitro cigarette smoke extract and ovalbumin concurrent exposure resulted in specific DNA methylation changes of the MPV17L / ZNF323 genes, while 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment reversed promoter hypermethylation-mediated MPV17L under-expression accompanied with reduced apoptosis and decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Aberrant DNA methylations may constitute a determinant for ACO, and provide a biomarker of airflow limitation, exacerbation, and lung function decline.

Toll-like receptor 2 gene polymorphisms, pulmonary tuberculosis, and natural killer cell counts.

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether the toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms could influence susceptibility to pulmonary TB, its phenotypes, and blood lymphocyte subsets. METHODS: A total of 368 subjects, including 184 patients with pulmonary TB and 184 healthy controls, were examined for TLR2 polymorphisms over locus -100 (microsatellite guanine-thymine repeats), -16934 (T>A), -15607 (A>G), -196 to -174 (insertion>deletion), and 1350 (T>C). Eighty-six TB patients were examined to determine the peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations. RESULTS: We newly identified an association between the haplotype [A-G-(insertion)-T] and susceptibility to pulmonary TB (p = 0.006, false discovery rate q = 0.072). TB patients with systemic symptoms had a lower -196 to -174 deletion/deletion genotype frequency than those without systemic symptoms (5.7% vs. 17.7%; p = 0.01). TB patients with the deletion/deletion genotype had higher blood NK cell counts than those carrying the insertion allele (526 vs. 243.5 cells/microl, p = 0.009). TB patients with pleuritis had a higher 1350 CC genotype frequency than those without pleuritis (12.5% vs. 2.1%; p = 0.004). TB patients with the 1350 CC genotype had higher blood NK cell counts than those carrying the T allele (641 vs. 250 cells/microl, p = 0.004). TB patients carrying homozygous short alleles for GT repeats had higher blood NK cell counts than those carrying one or no short allele (641 vs. 250 cells/microl, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: TLR2 genetic polymorphisms influence susceptibility to pulmonary TB. TLR2 variants play a role in the development of TB phenotypes, probably by controlling the expansion of NK cells.

Prognostic values of serum IP-10 and IL-17 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify patients at high risk of relapse after anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy or with poor long-term outcomes. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with pulmonary TB: 7 were classified as high association with both cavitations on initial chest radiography and positive sputum smear/cultures after two months of anti-TB treatment (HA group); 19 medium association (MA, one risk alone); and 25 low association (LA, neither risk). Serum interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and C-reactive protein levels were investigated. RESULTS: There was a trend towards higher serum IP-10 levels (p=0.042) for HA patients throughout the 6-month treatment period. Month-2 IP-10 levels were higher in the HA than in the MA/LA group (656.2 ± 234.4 vs. 307.6 ± 258.5 pg/ml, adjusted p =0.005). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the risk of relapse was well-captured by month-2 IP-10 levels at a cut-off value of 431 pg/ml (AUC=0.857, 95% CI 0.75-0.97, p =0.003). Month-2 serum IL-17 levels were lower in non-survivors than survivors (15.7 ± 2.9 pg/ml vs. 24.6 ± 8.2 pg/ml, p=0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a month-2 serum IL-17 level of ⩽ 17 pg/ml (p =0.026) was independently associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Serum IP-10 and IL-17 levels after 2 months of anti-TB treatment may be biomarkers for estimating risk of both cavitation and delayed sputum conversion, and for predicting long-term mortality, respectively.