Clinimetric study and review of the Reaction Level Scale.

OBJECTIVES: Although the Reaction Level Scale (RLS) is still used for the assessment of the level of consciousness in distinct centers, its clinical characteristics and significance have been incompletely researched. In the current study, the clinimetric properties, the prognostic value, and the impact of the raters' background on the application of the RLS, in comparison with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), are investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review on the available clinical evidence for the RLS was first carried out. Next, the RLS was translated into Greek, and patients with neurosurgical pathologies in need of consciousness monitoring were independently assessed with both RLS and GCS, by four raters (two consultants, one resident, and one nurse) within one hour. Interrater reliability, construct validity, and predictive value (mortality and poor outcome, at discharge and at 6 months) were evaluated. RESULTS: Literature review retrieved 9 clinimetric studies related to the RLS, most of low quality, indicating that the scale has not been thoroughly studied. Both versions of the RLS (original and modified) showed high interrater reliability (κw >0.80 for all pairs of raters), construct validity (Spearman's p > .90 for all raters), and prognostic value (areas under the curve >0.85 for all raters and outcomes). However, except for broader patients' coverage, it failed to show any advantage over the GCS. CONCLUSIONS: The RLS has not succeeded in showing any advantage over the GCS in terms of reliability and validity. Available evidence cannot justify its use in clinical practice as a substitute to the widely applied GCS.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Greek Version of the "Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score": A Prospective Observational Clinimetric Study in Neurosurgical Patients.

BACKGROUND: The Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) score is a clinical instrument for the assessment of consciousness which is gradually gaining ground in clinical practice, as it incorporates more complete neurological information than the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The main objectives of the current study were the following: (1) translate and cross-culturally adapt the FOUR score into Greek; (2) evaluate its clinimetric properties, including interrater reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity; and (3) evaluate the reliability of assessments among health care professionals with different levels of experience and training. METHODS: The FOUR score was initially translated into Greek. Next, patients with neurosurgical pathologies in need of consciousness monitoring were independently assessed with the GCS and FOUR score within one hour by four raters who had different levels of experience and training (two board-certified neurosurgeons, a neurosurgery resident, and a registered nurse). Interrater reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity were evaluated for the scales using weighted Cohen's κ (κw) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Cronbach's α and Spearman's ρ values, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 408 assessments were performed for 99 patients. The interrater reliability was excellent for both the FOUR score (ICC = 0.941) and GCS (ICC = 0.936). The values of κw exceeded 0.90 for all pairs, suggesting that the FOUR score can be reliably applied by raters with varying experience. Among the scales' components, FOUR score's brainstem and respiratory items showed the lowest, yet high enough (κw > 0.60), level of agreement. The interrater reliability remained excellent (κw > 0.85, ICC > 0.90) for all diagnosis and age groups, with a trend toward higher FOUR score values in the most severe cases (ICC = 0.813 vs. 0.723). Both the FOUR score and GCS showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.70 for all occasions). The FOUR score correlated strongly with GCS (Spearman's ρ > 0.90 for all raters), suggesting high construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: The Greek version of the FOUR score is a valid and reliable tool for the clinical assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness. It can be applied successfully by nurses, residents, and specialized physicians. Therefore, its use by medical practitioners with different levels of experience and training is strongly encouraged.

Infantile Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor of the Spine Presenting with Acute Hydrocephalus.

INTRODUCTION: Central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) are aggressive lesions usually presenting during the first 3 years of life. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with most patients dying within 1 year from presentation. Primary spinal location in infants is very rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 4-month-old boy who presented with a history of hypotonia, poor head control, and gradually reduced level of consciousness, over the past week. Computed tomography (CT) showed acute hydrocephalus with no underlying intracranial pathology. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted acutely. Postoperatively, ventilator weaning was unsuccessful. MRI of the brain and whole spine revealed an intraspinal extradural contrast-enhancing heterogenous mass in the subaxial cervical spine extending to the thoracic cavity. A biopsy was taken through a transthoracic approach, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of ATRT. Several cycles of radiation therapy and chemotherapy were given but the tumor progressed both locally and intracranially. Eventually, pupils became dilated and fixed. Brain CT scan showed widespread ischemic lesions and an extensive intracranial tumor extension with massive bleeding. The child eventually died 110 days after admission. CONCLUSIONS: In infants presenting with acute hydrocephalus where an obvious intracranial cause is not detected, the whole neuraxis should be screened. However, despite aggressive measures and advances in multimodality treatment, prognosis of ATRT remains dismal.

Congenital Glioblastoma Multiforme: An Unusual and Challenging Tumor.

Congenital glioblastoma multiforme is a rare tumor of the central nervous system with unique features. The existing evidence on its pathogenesis, genetic and molecular profile, special characteristics, treatment, and prognosis is reviewed. An increased number of antenatal diagnoses and prolonged survival for those individuals who can tolerate combined surgical resection and chemotherapy has been noted. The overall prognosis, however, remains poor. A better understanding of this unusual entity is important. Further research is needed to discern tumor's pathogenesis and natural history. This will likely lead to the development and implementation of treatment strategies that may decrease mortality and morbidity in these patients.

Comparison of the prognostic value of coma scales among health-care professionals: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive value of the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), investigating whether they are comparable in predicting short- and long-term functional outcome and if their predictive ability remains unaffected by the raters' background and experience. METHODS: Patients treated in the Neurosurgery Department and the Intensive Care Unit in need for consciousness monitoring were assessed between October 1st, 2018, and December 31st, 2020, by four raters (two consultants, a resident and a nurse) using the two scales on admission and at discharge. Outcome was recorded at discharge and at 6 months. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were calculated for the prediction of mortality and poor outcome, and the identification of coma. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included. AUCs values were > 0.860 for all outcomes and raters. No significant differences were noted between the two scales. Raters' experience did not affect the scales' predictive value. Both scales showed excellent accuracy in identifying comatose patients (AUCs > 0.950). The difference between admission and discharge values was not a reliable predictor. CONCLUSION: Both the FOUR Score and GCS are reliable predictors of short- and long-term outcome, with no clear superiority among them. The application of the FOUR Score by inexperienced raters is equally reliable, without influencing negatively the predictive value.

Clinical outcome following decompression and short or long instrumented fusion in lumbar degenerative spinal stenosis. A prospective case-control analysis.

OBJECTIVES: There is limited data on the direct clinical comparison between short and long fusion following surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. The hypothesis that regardless their baseline characteristics and morbidity, clinical outcome is similar in patients with lumbar stenosis treated with decompression plus posterior instrumented fusion in one or two versus three to five levels was tested. METHODS: Subjects were divided into Group A and Group B corresponding to stenotic pathology and instrumented fusion in one or two levels and three to five levels, respectively. Primary outcome measures at one year were the change in SF-36 physical component (PCS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Secondary outcome measures included the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the mental component (MCS) of SF-36 scale and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. RESULTS: Seventy seven (77) patients were included (Group A, n = 42; Group B, n = 35). Patients in Group B were older, surgery lasted longer and intraoperative blood loss was greater than patients in Group A (p < 0.05). A significant clinical improvement was noted in both Groups on all scales (p < 0.01). Clinical outcome at one year was equally favorable in both Groups (p > 0.05). The evaluation of depression for Group A showed a significant improvement at one year (p = 0.02) compared to the preoperative status. CONCLUSIONS: Older individuals are more likely to have multilevel stenosis and more co-morbidities and they were associated with longer instrumentation. However, complications are similar and clinical outcome is equally favorable compared to short instrumented fusion for fewer levels of disease.

The current significance of the FOUR score: A systematic review and critical analysis of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The Full Outline of Un-Responsiveness Score (FOURs) is a scale for clinical assessment of consciousness that was introduced to overcome disadvantages of the widely accepted Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). OBJECTIVE: To carry out a systematic review and critical analysis of the available literature on the clinical application of FOURs and perform a comparison to GCS, in terms of reliability and predictive value. METHODS: Initial search retrieved a total of 147 papers. After applying strict inclusion criteria and further article selection to overcome data heterogeneity, a statistical comparison of inter-rater reliability, in-hospital mortality and long-term outcome prediction between the two scales in the adult and pediatric population was done. RESULTS: Even though FOURs is more complicated than GCS, its application remains quite simple. Its reliability, validity and predictive value have been supported by an increasing number of studies, especially in critical care. A statistically significant difference (p = .034) in predicting in-hospital mortality in adults, in favor of FOURs when compared to GCS, was found. However, whether it poses a clinically significant advantage in detecting patients' deterioration and outcome prediction, compared to other scaling systems, remains unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to discern the FOURs' clinical usefulness, especially in patients in non-critical condition, with milder disorders of consciousness.