Somatic Changes Perceived by Patients With Heart Failure During Acute Exacerbation: A Qualitative Study Using Text Mining.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure (HF) often inadequately perceive their symptoms. This may be because the medical terms do not match the somatic changes experienced by patients. To improve symptom perception, healthcare professionals must understand the somatic changes as perceived by patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze patients' narratives about somatic changes in patients with HF by text mining and to clarify the overall description of somatic changes using patients' expressions. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted on 21 patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of HF. Qualitative data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by content analysis through text mining. RESULTS: Among the 21 patients, 76.2% were men. The mean (SD) age was 71.3 (13.7) years. The most frequently used terms were "breath," "distressed," "feet," and " ha-ha (gasping sound)" (46, 40, 29, and 28 times, respectively). The somatic changes noticed by patients could be categorized into medical jargon such as "dyspnea on exertion," "exercise intolerance," "fatigue," "paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea," "frequent urination," "increased sputum," "weight gain," "feet and face edema," "abdominal edema," and "ankle edema." However, the expressions of somatic changes used by the patients were diverse. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of patient-specific expressions of symptoms suggest that there is a need to assess symptoms not only using medical jargon but also by focusing on patient-specific expressions.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure From the Large-Scale Japanese Registry Of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (JROADHF).

BACKGROUND: With aging population, the prevalence and incidence of heart failure (HF) have been increasing worldwide. However, the characteristics and outcomes of patients with HF in an era of aging are not well established in Japan.Methods and Results:The Japanese Registry Of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (JROADHF), a retrospective, multicenter, nationwide registry, was designed to study the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with HF throughout Japan in 2013. One hundred and twenty-eight hospitals were selected by cluster random sampling and 13,238 hospitalized patients with HF were identified by medical record review. Demographics, medical history, severity, treatment, and in-hospital and long-term outcome data were collected from the Diagnostic Procedure Combination and medical charts. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression or Cox regression analysis. The mean age of registered patients was 78.0±12.5 years and 52.8% were male. Elderly patients (age >75 years) accounted for 68.9%, and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounted for 45.1%. Median length of hospital stay was 18 days and in-hospital mortality was 7.7%. The median follow-up period was 4.3 years, and the incidence rates for cardiovascular death and rehospitalization for HF were 7.1 and 21.1 per 100 person-years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A contemporary nationwide registry demonstrated that hospitalized HF patients were very elderly, HFpEF was common, and their prognosis was still poor in Japan.

Nationwide Survey of Multidisciplinary Care and Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients With Heart Failure in Japan　- An Analysis of the AMED-CHF Study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to clarify the implementation rate of multidisciplinary heart failure (HF) care and cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in Japan, as well as the relationship between implementation rates and characteristics of the facility.Methods and Results:Survey participants were cardiologists who are members of the Japan Heart Failure Society and belonged to 1 of 845 medical institutions that are members of the Japan Heart Failure Society, as of April 2016. A total of 288 institutions (34.1%) returned the questionnaire. The percentages of hospitals implementing multidisciplinary HF care were 78.5% for inpatients and 32.6% for outpatients with HF. Inpatient and outpatient CR for HF had implementation rates of 80.4% and 56.5%, respectively. In addition, very few HF patients (7.3%, 3,741/51,323 patients) received outpatient CR. Both the presence of nurses certified in chronic HF care and registered CR instructors on staff were consistently associated with implementation of multidisciplinary HF care, and Japanese Circulation Society training hospitals, lower number of hospital beds, and presence of registered CR instructors on staff were consistently associated with implementation of CR. CONCLUSIONS: This first nationwide survey demonstrated that the implementation rates of multidisciplinary care and CR for HF, especially for outpatients, are low in Japan. Skilled healthcare professionals are expected to play important roles in the widespread implementation of this type of HF care in Japan.

Simple Risk Score to Predict Survival in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure　- A2B Score.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis after acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is poor. An appropriate risk score that would allow for improved care and treatment of ADHF patients after discharge, however, is lacking. Methods and Results: We used 2 HF cohorts, the NARA-HF study and JCARE-CARD, as derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The primary endpoint was all-cause death during the 2-year follow-up, excluding in-hospital death. Age, hemoglobin (Hb), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) at discharge were identified as independent risk factors. We determined 3 categorizations on the basis of these parameters, termed A2B score: age (<65 years, 0; 65-74 years, 1; ≥75 years, 2), anemia (Hb <10 g/dL, 2; 10-11.9 g/dL, 1; ≥12 g/dL, 0) and BNP (<200 pg/mL, 0; 200-499 pg/mL, 1; ≥500 pg/mL, 2). We divided patients into 4 groups according to A2B score (extremely low, 0; low, 1-2; medium, 3-4; high, 5-6). For the extremely low-risk group, the 2-year survival rate was 97.8%, compared with 84.5%, 66.1%, and 45.2% for the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, respectively. Using the JCARE-CARD as a validation model, for the extremely low-risk group, the 2-year survival was 95.4%, compared with 90.2%, 75.0%, and 55.6% for the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The user-friendly A2B score is useful for estimating survival rate in ADHF patients at discharge.

Symptom Perception, Evaluation, Response to Symptom, and Delayed Care Seeking in Patients With Acute Heart Failure: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Exacerbation of heart failure (HF) requires early intervention to prevent hospital admission and to reduce mortality. Early care seeking requires that patients perceive symptoms, accurately evaluate perceived symptoms, and respond appropriately. How perception, evaluation, and response to symptoms are associated with delay in seeking care for worsening symptoms has rarely been studied. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate the associations of perception of symptoms, evaluation of symptoms, and response to symptoms with delayed care seeking in patients with HF and to identify factors associated with delayed care seeking. METHODS: Patients admitted for acute exacerbation of HF were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. We used structured interviews, questionnaires, and medical record review to collect data. Factors related to delayed care seeking were identified using nonlinear regression. RESULTS: Analysis was performed in 109 patients with HF. The median delay time was 124 hours. Delayed care seeking was associated with younger age and perception of fatigue, whereas evaluation of and response to symptoms were not associated with delay. CONCLUSIONS: Few characteristics of the symptom experience are associated with delayed care seeking among patients with HF who experience an exacerbation of symptoms. Further research is needed to determine why early care seeking is difficult among patients with HF.

Development and Validation of a Heart Failure-Specific Health Literacy Scale.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy (HL) is an important concept for patient education and disease management with heart failure (HF). However, research on HL has predominantly focused on functional HL (ability to read and write). The World Health Organization advocates evaluating comprehensive HL, including the ability to access information (communicative HL) and critically evaluate that information (critical HL). OBJECTIVE: We developed an instrument for measuring functional, communicative, and critical levels of HL in patients with HF. METHODS: We evaluated the reliability and validity of those 3 HL scales in a sample of 191 outpatients with HF (mean [SD] age, 66.9 [13.9] years; 64.9% males). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, knowledge of HF, a well as motivation to obtain health information were assessed for each patient through a self-administered questionnaire and review of electronic medical records. RESULTS: We constructed scale items to reflect directly the comprehensive World Health Organization definition of HL. We identified 3 interpretable factors by exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was marginally acceptable for total HL (Cronbach α = 0.71), functional HL (α = 0.73), communicative HL (α = 0.68), and critical HL (α = 0.69); the interclass correlation coefficients of the functional, communicative, and critical HL subscales were 0.882, 0.898, and 0.882, respectively. Low functional, communicative, and critical HL was characteristic of older patients, those with lower socioeconomic status, patients living alone, those without a high school education, and patients lacking HF knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Our new HL scale was demonstrated to be a reliable, valid instrument for measuring functional, communicative, and critical HL in patients with HF. Exploring a patient's HL level, including the ability to access, understand, and use health information as well as the ability to read and write, may provide better understanding of patients' potential barriers to self-care.

Weekend versus weekday hospital admission and outcomes during hospitalization for patients due to worsening heart failure: a report from Japanese Cardiac Registry of Heart Failure in Cardiology (JCARE-CARD).

The day of the week of admission may influence the length of stay and in-hospital death. However, the association between the admission day of the week and in-hospital outcomes has been inconsistent in heart failure (HF) patients among studies reported from Western countries. We thus analyzed this association in HF patients encountered in routine clinical practice in Japan. We studied the characteristics and in-hospital treatment in 1620 patients hospitalized with worsening HF by using the database of the Japanese Cardiac Registry of Heart Failure in Cardiology (JCARE-CARD). Patients were divided into two groups according to weekday (n = 1355; 83.6%) or weekend admission (n = 265; 16.4%). The mean age was 70.7 years and 59.4% were male. Etiology was ischemic in 34.0%, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 42.5%. Patients admitted on the weekend were significantly older and had more comorbidities, and more severe symptoms and signs of HF on admission. Length of stay was comparable between weekend and weekday admission (35.2 ± 47.0 days vs 33.6 ± 32.0 days, P = 0.591). Crude in-hospital mortality did not differ between patients admitted on the weekend and weekdays (7.5% vs 5.2%, P = 0.136). Even after adjustment for covariates in multivariable modeling with patients admitted on weekday as the reference, in-hospital death was comparable between patients admitted on the weekend and weekdays (adjusted odds ratio 1.125, 95% confidence interval 0.631-2.004, P = 0.691). Among patients hospitalized for worsening HF, admission day of the week did not affect in-hospital death and length of stay.

Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index version 7.2.

AIMS: It is more important for patients with heart failure (HF) to objectively identify their self-care status. The Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) version 7.2 is a reliable and valid instrument comprising three scales: self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management. We aimed to translate the SCHFI v.7.2 into Japanese and test its validity and reliability. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a cross-sectional study. Two translators performed forward and backward translations between English and Japanese. To assess structural validity, confirmatory factor analyses were performed using the structure of the original version. To assess convergent validity, the associations between each scale and self-care self-efficacy were evaluated. To assess internal consistency, model-based internal consistency coefficients were calculated. Participants were 314 Japanese outpatients with HF (mean age: 72.8 ± 12.8 years). Regarding structural validity, all scales showed adequate model fit indices, supporting a two-factor structure with items similar to those in the original version. However, to improve the model fit indices, it was necessary to add error correlations for the self-care maintenance and symptom perception scales. Regarding convergent validity, all scales showed significant associations with self-care self-efficacy. Regarding internal consistency, the model-based internal consistency coefficients were sufficient for all scales (0.739, 0.908, and 0.783 for the self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management scales, respectively). CONCLUSION: The Japanese version of the SCHFI v.7.2 had adequate validity and reliability. This instrument is useful for assessing self-care in Japanese HF patients. However, factors influencing self-care should be considered when interpreting results.

Home-based disease management program to improve psychological status in patients with heart failure in Japan.

BACKGROUND: A disease management program can reduce mortality and rehospitalization of patients with heart failure (HF), but little is known about whether it can improve psychological status. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of home-based disease management on the psychological status of patients with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly assigned patients hospitalized for HF to undergo either home-based disease management (n=79) or usual care (n=82). The mean age of the study patients was 76 years, 30% were female, and 93% were in NYHA class I or II. Home-based disease management was delivered by nurses via home visit and telephone follow-up to monitor symptoms and body weight and to educate patients. The primary endpoint was psychological status, including depression and anxiety assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale during follow-up of 1 year. Secondary endpoints included quality of life, all-cause death and hospitalization for HF. The intervention group had significantly lower depression (P=0.043) and anxiety (P=0.029) scores than the usual-care group. There were no significant differences in all-cause death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-2.61, P=0.967]. However, hospitalization for HF was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the usual-care group (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.27-0.96, P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Home-based disease management improved psychological status and also reduced rehospitalization for HF in patients with HF.

Gender disparities in quality of life and psychological disturbance in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has improved prognosis in fatal arrhythmia and the number of ICD implantations has increased. ICD-related psychological problems and impaired quality of life (QOL), however, have been observed. This study examined whether gender differences exist in QOL and psychological disturbances in ICD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive outpatients (n=179; mean age, 60.5±15.9 years; 81% male) with ICD implantations completed questionnaires consisting of the Short Form-8 (SF-8), Beck Depression Inventory, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Worries about ICD. One-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed women to have impaired QOL on the role physical functioning (F15,157=4.57, P<0.05) and bodily pain (F15,157=5.26, P<0.05) subscales of the SF-8. More women reported depression (F15,157=5.37, P<0.05) and worry about ICD than men (F15,157=6.62, P<0.05). Moreover, women also had higher IES-R scores indicating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than men (F15,157=5.87, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Women reported poorer QOL on 2 subscales: role physical functioning and bodily pain. There was a significant relationship between gender and depression, worry about ICD, and PTSD, but not for anxiety. Female patients need more psychological interventions following ICD implantation.

Associations of multidimensional fatigue with the physical, psychological, and situational factors in outpatients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study.

AIMS: Fatigue, a distressing symptom in patients with heart failure (HF), is associated with progress and health outcomes. Fatigue has been identified as having multidimensions, but a few studies have used a multidimensional fatigue scale. Many factors related to HF, including physical, psychological, and situational factors, may impact fatigue. However, there is limited knowledge about how these HF-related factors are associated with multidimensional fatigue in outpatients with HF in Japan. The aim of this study was to identify HF-related factors [physical; clinical characteristics, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and physical function, psychological; depressive symptoms and anxiety, situational; health literacy and perceived control] associated with the five dimensions of fatigue in outpatients with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Outpatients with HF (N = 165, mean age = 69.5 years, 78.8% male) completed the survey and physical assessment of gait speed. Fatigue was assessed using five dimensions of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted for each dimension of fatigue. General fatigue was predicted by age, NYHA, and perceived control. Physical fatigue was predicted by NYHA, depressive symptoms, and perceived control. Reduced activity was predicted by NYHA, gait speed, depressive symptoms, communicative health literacy, and critical health literacy. The reduced motivation was predicted by depressive symptoms and perceived control. Mental fatigue was predicted by depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Different factors were significantly associated with each fatigue dimension. Further research is needed to alleviate fatigue in patients with HF.

Current state of knowledge and information sharing among home healthcare professionals involved in heart failure management.

BACKGROUND: The current state of knowledge related to disease management of heart failure (HF) and information coordination practices provided by non-physician healthcare professionals such as nurses and therapists working at home-visit nursing stations in Japan are not well known. METHODS: A questionnaire survey of healthcare professionals working at home-visit nursing stations was conducted in Kochi Prefecture. Data collected from 151 nurses and therapists were analyzed. RESULTS: Regarding the basic characteristics of the respondents, the majority were in their 30s and 40s, and approximately 75 % were nurses. In terms of HF knowledge, 53.7 % of respondents said that they "knew" about the New York Heart Association classification. A total of 40.0 % of respondents said that they were "aware of the existence of the HF handbook", and only 29.3 % of respondents said that they "knew" the classification of HF stages. When they were asked about their level of satisfaction related to all medical information provided by the hospital and hospital wards, no one was "very satisfied", and the most common response (66.2 %) was "not very satisfied". In the essential medical information that respondents wanted to obtain from hospitals and hospitals wards for managing HF patients at home, "medication at discharge", "current medical history", "fluid intake and restrictions", "symptoms, signs, and response to exacerbation", and "ideal body weight" were the top five contents. CONCLUSION: In the cross-sectional study targeted healthcare professionals working at home-visit nursing stations in Kochi Prefecture, the current state of knowledge related to HF and information coordination practices among healthcare professionals were not fully satisfactory in HF management. It is necessary to increase educational opportunities regarding HF for them and further promote information sharing.

The AppCare-HF randomized clinical trial: a feasibility study of a novel self-care support mobile app for individuals with chronic heart failure.

Aims: We evaluated a self-care intervention with a novel mobile application (app) in chronic heart failure (HF) patients. To facilitate patient-centred care in HF management, we developed a self-care support mobile app to boost HF patients' optimal self-care. Methods and results: We conducted a multicentre, randomized, controlled study evaluating the feasibility of the self-care support mobile app designed for use by HF patients. The app consists of a self-monitoring assistant, education, and automated alerts of possible worsening HF. The intervention group received a tablet personal computer (PC) with the self-care support app installed, and the control group received a HF diary. All patients performed self-monitoring at home for 2 months. Their self-care behaviours were evaluated by the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale. We enrolled 24 outpatients with chronic HF (ages 31-78 years; 6 women, 18 men) who had a history of HF hospitalization. During the 2 month study period, the intervention group (n = 13) showed excellent adherence to the self-monitoring of each vital sign, with a median [interquartile range (IQR)] ratio of self-monitoring adherence for blood pressure, body weight, and body temperature at 100% (92-100%) and for oxygen saturation at 100% (91-100%). At 2 months, the intervention group's self-care behaviour score was significantly improved compared with the control group (n = 11) [median (IQR): 16 (16-22) vs. 28 (20-36), P = 0.02], but the HF Knowledge Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Short Form-8 Health Survey scores did not differ between the groups. Conclusion: The novel mobile app for HF is feasible.

Loop diuretic use at discharge is associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with heart failure: a report from the Japanese cardiac registry of heart failure in cardiology (JCARE-CARD).

BACKGROUND: Loop diuretics are commonly used in patients with heart failure (HF) to remove retained fluid and improve symptoms. However, they may potentially worsen outcomes in HF. It remains unknown whether the use of loop diuretics is associated with adverse HF outcomes in routine clinical practice. We thus determined the effects of loop diuretic use at discharge on long-term mortality and rehospitalization among patients hospitalized with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Japanese Cardiac Registry of Heart Failure in Cardiology (JCARE-CARD) prospectively studied the characteristics and treatments of a broad sample of patients hospitalized with worsening HF and followed for 2.1 years. Among a total of 2,549 HF patients, loop diuretics were used by 2,015 patients (79%), but not 534 patients (21%). The mean age was 70.7 years and 60% were male. Etiology was ischemic in 32% and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 42%. After adjustment for covariates, discharge use of loop diuretics was associated with significant adverse risks of cardiac death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.348, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.246-4.423, P=0.008) and rehospitalization (adjusted HR 1.427, 95% CI 1.040-1.959, P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients hospitalized with worsening HF, loop diuretic use at discharge was associated with long-term adverse outcomes, which suggests that routine chronic use of loop diuretics may be harmful for patients with HF.

Mode of death in patients with heart failure and reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction: report from the registry of hospitalized heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: The mode of death has not been investigated in the registry data of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) vs. preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF). The aim of the present study was therefore to carry out this comparison. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Japanese Cardiac Registry of Heart Failure in Cardiology (JCARE-CARD) prospectively studied the characteristics and treatments in a broad sample of 2,675 patients hospitalized with worsening HF, and followed them for an average of 2.1 years. This study included 323 patients in whom information on both the mode of death and left ventricular EF on echocardiography could be obtained. The mode of death was cardiovascular (CV) in 63% (including 17% sudden, 36% HF, 3% myocardial infarction, and 3% stroke), non-CV in 23%, and unknown in 14%. The prevalence of CV death including sudden death was high in patients with HFREF compared to HFPEF (68% vs. 58%, P=0.020). HF death, the most common mode of death, was similar between groups (37% vs. 35%, P=0.694). In contrast, non-CV mortality was significantly higher in HFPEF than those with HFREF (28% vs. 18%, P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In 60-70% of deaths the mode was CV, and HF death was the most common mode of death in either HFREF or HFPEF. The prevalence of sudden death was lower, and that of non-CV death higher, in HFPEF compared with HFREF.

Impact of citrus fruit intake on the mental health of patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The full impact of the intake of citrus fruits on the risk of depression in individuals with chronic heart failure (HF) is unknown. Here, we examined the associations between the estimated habitual intakes of citrus fruits and depressive symptoms in patients with chronic HF. METHODS: We enrolled 150 stable outpatients with chronic HF who had a history of worsening HF. To assess the patients' daily dietary patterns, we used a brief self-administered diet-history questionnaire to calculate the daily consumption of foods and nutrients. To assess the patients' mental state, we used a nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). RESULTS: Twelve patients (8%) were identified as having moderate-to-severe depression (PHQ-9 score ≥10). The patients with PHQ-9 ≥10 had lower daily intakes of citrus fruits compared to those with no or mild depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 <10). The daily intakes of various antioxidants, including vitamin C, ß-carotene, and ß-cryptoxanthin, all of which are abundant in citrus fruits, were reduced in the patients with PHQ-9 ≥10, accompanied by higher serum levels of 8-isoprostane (an oxidative stress marker). A multivariate logistic regression analysis using forward selection showed that a lowered daily intake of citrus fruits was an independent predictor of the comorbidity of moderate-to-severe depression in patients with chronic HF, after adjustment for age, gender, and the hemoglobin value. CONCLUSIONS: A lower daily consumption of citrus fruits was associated with higher prevalence of depression in patients with chronic HF. Our findings support the hypothesis that a daily consumption of citrus fruits has a beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of depression in chronic HF patients.

Diagnostic performance of nutritional indicators in patients with heart failure.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of the nutritional indicators, the mini nutritional assessment-short form (MNA-SF), the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), and the controlling nutritional status (CONUT), in heart failure (HF) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nutritional status was prospectively assessed by the aforementioned three nutritional indicators in 150 outpatients with HF who were then followed for 1 year. The prevalence of patients with the nutritional risk as assessed by the MNA-SF, GNRI, and CONUT scores was 50.0%, 13.3%, and 54.0%, respectively. There was slight agreement of nutritional risk assessment between the MNA-SF and GNRI scores (κ coefficient = 0.16), as well as the GNRI and CONUT scores (κ = 0.11), but poor agreement between the MNA-SF and CONUT scores (κ = -0.09). The CONUT score had the lowest area under the curve (AUC) for the identification of low body weight, low muscle mass, and low physical function among the three indicators (all P < 0.05). Compared with the MNA-SF score, both the GNRI and CONUT scores had lower AUCs for the identification of reduced dietary intake and weight loss (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in predicting all-cause mortality or HF rehospitalization among the three indicators. The prescription of statins reduced the diagnostic performance of the CONUT score, as the CONUT score includes cholesterol level assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Of the three indicators, the diagnostic ability of the MNA-SF score was the highest, and that of the CONUT score was the lowest, for the assessment of HF patient nutritional status. The CONUT score may misrepresent nutritional status, particularly in patients receiving statins.