Understanding Molecular Interactions in Rafoxanide-Povidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions from Ultrafast Magic Angle Spinning NMR.

In solid dosage formulations, probing intermolecular interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and polymeric excipients, which have a mechanistic impact on physical stability as well as bioavailability, remains a challenge. In recent years, solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool to provide structural details with an atomic resolution of therapeutic organic compounds and formulation products. However, conventional 13C-detected techniques often suffer from poor resolution and low sensitivity due to the disordered structure of certain materials such as amorphous pharmaceuticals and 13C natural abundance, hindering in-depth investigations. In this study, we utilize the magic angle spinning (MAS) technique with ultrafast speeds (UF-MAS: νR = 60 and 110 kHz) and demonstrate the enabled methods with 1H detection to study the amorphous molecular complex of rafoxanide and povidone in the solid state. The downfield shift of the RAF amide proton, resolved under UF-MAS, and its correlations with aliphatic protons of PVP, serve as strong evidence of the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Two-dimensional (2D) 1H-detected 1H{13C} and 1H-1H correlation experiments, interestingly, exhibit distinct API-polymer interactions in the spray-dried amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), utilizing aqueous and organic cosolvents and organic solvents mixtures. The rich intermolecular interactions in the aqueously prepared ASDs presumably contribute to the physical stability, and the interactions are retained in the solution state to maintain supersaturation for an enhanced dissolution profile. This study presents the first application of UF-MAS NMR characterization of therapeutic solid dosages at a spinning frequency of 110 kHz and uncovers the molecular mechanisms of solvent-mediated pharmaceutical dispersions.

Molecular packing of pharmaceuticals analyzed with paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and ultrafast magic angle pinning NMR.

Understanding the relationship between the structure and the physicochemical attributes of crystalline pharmaceuticals requires high-resolution molecular details. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy is an indispensable tool for analyzing molecular structures, but often experiences challenges of low spectral resolution and sensitivity, particularly in the characterization of unlabeled pharmaceutical materials. Besides, the relatively long spin-lattice relaxation times in pharmaceutical crystals result in time-consuming data collections. In this study, we utilize ultrafast magic angle spinning (UF-MAS) of the sample at 60 and 110 kHz to enable proton and fluorine spectroscopies for probing the structural details of crystalline posaconazole. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE), obtained by doping Cu(ii) ions into the crystalline lattice and coating on particle surface, is implemented to shorten the spin-lattice relaxation time for speeding up the ssNMR acquisition. Our results demonstrate a remarkably improved 1H and 19F resolution and sensitivity, which enables multi-dimensional 1H-1H and heteronuclear 1H-19F correlations. In combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of chemical shifts, molecular details of posaconazole are established in terms of 1H and 19F networks for identifying "head-to-tail" and "head-to-head" intermolecular packings, with presumably critical contacts that stabilize the crystalline structure. The PRE and UF-MAS techniques enable the high-resolution structure characterization of fluorinated drug molecules in pharmaceutical formulations at natural abundance.

Accelerating high-resolution NMR of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in solids: SPAM-MQMAS and SPAM-STMAS.

In solid-state NMR, multiple-quantum MAS (MQMAS) and satellite-transition MAS (STMAS) experiments are well-established techniques to obtain high-resolution spectra of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei. In 2004 and 2005, a soft-pulse-added-mixing (SPAM) concept was introduced by Gan and Amoureux to enhance the S/N ratio of MQMAS and STMAS experiments. Despite their robustness and simplicity, SPAM approaches have not yet been widely applied. Here, we further exploit SPAM concepts for sensitivity enhancement upon acquisition of two-dimensional MQMAS and STMAS spectra and also establish a general procedure upon implementation of SPAM-MQMAS and SPAM-STMAS NMR. Its effectiveness and ease in experimental setup are demonstrated using simulations and experiments performed on I â€‹= â€‹3/2 (23Na, 87Rb), 5/2 (27Al, 85Rb) and 9/2 (93Nb) nuclei with a variety of quadrupolar coupling constants (CQ). Compared to the conventional z-filter methods, sensitivity enhancements in between 2 and 4 are achievable with SPAM. We recommend to use SPAM with a ratio of 4:1 for the number of echoes and antiechoes to safely maximize the sensitivity and resolution simultaneously. In addition, a comparison of the experimental approaches is made in the context of SPAM-MQMAS and SPAM-STMAS NMR with respect to repetition delay and spinning frequency, aiming to discuss the precautions upon making a judicious choice of high-resolution NMR methods of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei.

Improved NMR transfer of magnetization from protons to half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei at moderate and high magic-angle spinning frequencies.

Half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei are the only magnetic isotopes for the majority of the chemical elements. Therefore, the transfer of polarization from protons to these isotopes under magic-angle spinning (MAS) can provide precious insights into the interatomic proximities in hydrogen-containing solids, including organic, hybrid, nanostructured and biological solids. This transfer has recently been combined with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in order to enhance the NMR signal of half-integer quadrupolar isotopes. However, the cross-polarization transfer lacks robustness in the case of quadrupolar nuclei, and we have recently introduced as an alternative technique a D-RINEPT (through-space refocused insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer) scheme combining a heteronuclear dipolar recoupling built from adiabatic pulses and a continuous-wave decoupling. This technique has been demonstrated at 9.4 T with moderate MAS frequencies, νR≈10-15 kHz, in order to transfer the DNP-enhanced 1H polarization to quadrupolar nuclei. Nevertheless, polarization transfers from protons to quadrupolar nuclei are also required at higher MAS frequencies in order to improve the 1H resolution. We investigate here how this transfer can be achieved at νR≈20 and 60 kHz. We demonstrate that the D-RINEPT sequence using adiabatic pulses still produces efficient and robust transfers but requires large radio-frequency (rf) fields, which may not be compatible with the specifications of most MAS probes. As an alternative, we introduce robust and efficient variants of the D-RINEPT and PRESTO (phase-shifted recoupling effects a smooth transfer of order) sequences using symmetry-based recoupling schemes built from single and composite π pulses. Their performances are compared using the average Hamiltonian theory and experiments at B0=18.8 T on γ-alumina and isopropylamine-templated microporous aluminophosphate (AlPO4-14), featuring low and significant 1H-1H dipolar interactions, respectively. These experiments demonstrate that the 1H magnetization can be efficiently transferred to 27Al nuclei using D-RINEPT with SR412(270090180) recoupling and using PRESTO with R2227(1800) or R1676(270090180) schemes at νR=20 or 62.5 kHz, respectively. The D-RINEPT and PRESTO recoupling schemes complement each other since the latter is affected by dipolar truncation, whereas the former is not. We also analyze the losses during these recoupling schemes, and we show how these magnetization transfers can be used at νR=62.5 kHz to acquire in 72 min 2D HETCOR (heteronuclear correlation) spectra between 1H and quadrupolar nuclei, with a non-uniform sampling (NUS).

Fragment Assembly Approach Based on Graph/Network Theory with Quantum Chemistry Verifications for Assigning Multidimensional NMR Signals in Metabolite Mixtures.

The abundant observation of chemical fragment information for molecular complexities is a major advantage of biological NMR analysis. Thus, the development of a novel technique for NMR signal assignment and metabolite identification may offer new possibilities for exploring molecular complexities. We propose a new signal assignment approach for metabolite mixtures by assembling H-H, H-C, C-C, and Q-C fragmental information obtained by multidimensional NMR, followed by the application of graph and network theory. High-speed experiments and complete automatic signal assignments were achieved for 12 combined mixtures of (13)C-labeled standards. Application to a (13)C-labeled seaweed extract showed 66 H-C, 60 H-H, 326 C-C, and 28 Q-C correlations, which were successfully assembled to 18 metabolites by the automatic assignment. The validity of automatic assignment was supported by quantum chemical calculations. This new approach can predict entire metabolite structures from peak networks of biological extracts.

Application of ultra-high magnetic field for saccharide molecules: 1H NMR spectra of 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose and -cyclomaltohexaose.

1H NMR spectra of G1-alpha-CD and G1-beta-CD were recorded using a spectrometer equipped with a 21.6 T magnet. An ultra-high magnetic field was effective for detecting 1H NMR signals with a small difference in chemical shifts. Introducing a glucosyl group onto CDs as a branch caused deformation of equilibrated 1H signals of cyclodextrin. Particularly, 1H signals in branched glucose were shifted greatly.

MAGIC SHIMMING: gradient shimming with magic angle sample spinning.

A simple method to automatically shim NMR samples spinning at the magic angle is introduced based on the gradient shimming approach. The field inhomogeneity along the spinning axis is measured and automatically corrected. The combination of a normal magic angle spinning (MAS) probe, a conventional homospoil gradient, and a set of properly chosen standard room-temperature shims are used to perform the gradient shimming of samples spinning at the magic angle. The resulting (13)C NMR adamantane linewidth is less than 1 Hz (0.0078 ppm at 11.7 T).