Dignity, Resilience, and Quality of Life in Patients With Cardiac Disease: A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important indicator of patient's satisfaction about their disease course. Many factors are influential to life quality, such as dignity and resilience. Dignity is mostly explored in populations with cancer, but the understanding of dignity and its relationship with resilience and HRQoL is limited. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between dignity, resilience, and HRQoL among patients with cardiac disease. METHODS: A purposive sample of patients with cardiac disease with a cross-sectional design was used for this study. Four structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Dignity was measured by the Patient Dignity Inventory-Mandarin version; resilience was measured by the Chinese version of the Resilience Scale; HRQoL was measured by EuroQol 5 Dimensions. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was applied to test the hypothesized structural model. Reporting was consistent with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. RESULTS: The mean age of all 101 participants was 72.2 years, 88.1% had coronary artery disease, and the prevalence of heart failure was 43.0%. In patients with cardiac disease, their sense of dignity was significantly associated with HRQoL, and resilience was associated with both dignity and quality of life. Notably, resilience had a mediating effect between dignity and HRQoL; dignity and resilience explained 73.0% of the variance of HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: Dignity is a new concern in cardiac disease research, which is influential to patients' perception of disease and their HRQoL. Patients with cardiac disease with higher resilience tend to have a better HRQoL.

Cold application for pain and anxiety reduction following chest tube removal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of cold application on pain and anxiety reduction after chest tube removal (CTR). BACKGROUND: The act of removing the chest tube often causes pain among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Most guidelines regarding CTR do not mention pain management. The effects of cold application on reducing pain and anxiety after CTR are inconsistent. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched six databases, including Embase, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, the Index to Taiwan Periodical Literature System and Airiti Library, to identify relevant articles up to the end of February 2021. We limited the language to English and Chinese and the design to randomised controlled trials (RCTs). All studies were reviewed by two independent investigators. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias, Review Manager 5.4 was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used for assessing certainty of evidence (CoE). RESULTS: Ten RCTs with 683 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The use of cold application could effectively reduce pain and anxiety after CTR. The subgroup showed that a skin temperature drops to 13°C of cold application was significantly more effective for the immediate reduction in pain intensity after CTR compared with control group. The GRADE methodology demonstrated that CoE was very low level. CONCLUSION: Cold application is a safe and easy-to-administer nonpharmacological method with immediate and persistent effects on pain and anxiety relief after CTR. Skin temperature drops to 13°C or lasts 20 min of cold application were more effective for immediate reduction of pain intensity following CTR. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: In addition to pharmacological strategy, cold application could be used as evidence for reducing pain intensity and anxiety level after CTR.

Association between lifestyle-related, psychosocial factors and obesity among female adolescents in Taiwan.

PURPOSE: To examine a wide range of potential contributors to the risk of obesity in female adolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data for this study were collected using a cross-sectional design. A group of 175 female adolescents were recruited, and information on their demographic characteristics, lifestyle-related behaviors, and psychosocial factors was collected using a self-administered questionnaire during September 2018 to January 2019. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. RESULTS: An overestimation of body weight was negatively correlated with overweight in the female adolescents. Age at menarche was negatively correlated with the arisk of overweight. Adolescents who slept for >7 h on weekend nights were less likely to be overweight. Eating more cheese, fish, seafood, and organ meats was negatively correlated with obesity risk. The female adolescents were more likely to become overweight if they ate dinners prepared by family and experienced more disturbances from parents and other family members. CONCLUSIONS: Female adolescents are a unique population affected by obesity. Although incorporating both lifestyle-related behavioral and psychosocial factors in future investigations and developing multicomponent interventions for obesity prevention are crucial, female adolescents should receive the utmost attention from researchers to alleviate the health burden of obesity. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The intertwined nature of obesity-related factors warrants future investigations to elaborate their roles interplaying with the risk of obesity. Multicomponent interventions should be developed, and nurses and health-care providers should target their efforts on obesity prevention for this specific population.

Determining factors affecting job strain for nurse practitioners in acute care practice.

PURPOSE: To investigate nurse practitioners' (NPs) experience of job strain in acute care settings, and to examine the factors that may affect job strain in that context. DESIGN: Descriptive design using a national survey was employed. METHODS: A total of 1396 NPs completed online surveys that recorded demographic characteristics and included a Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), a Condition for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire (CWEQ), and the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale (DPBS). Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to explore the factors associated with job strain types. FINDINGS: NPs were classified into job strain categories of passive (24.4%), active (31.4%), low (19.2%), or high (24.9%). The passive job strain type was associated with overtime hours, organizational empowerment, and autonomy. The active job type was associated with higher organizational empowerment and autonomy. The high-strain and low-strain job types were both associated with overtime hours and autonomy. CONCLUSION: Nearly 25% of acute care NPs are in a high job strain type. Organizational empowerment and autonomy were two major factors associated with the passive and active job strain types. Overtime hours and autonomy were both associated with the high-strain and low-strain job types. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Supportive hospital/nursing leadership should acknowledge the impact of NP practice as they can contribute to the operational efficacy of their organization. Hospital administrators should provide a supportive practice environment by empowering NPs, enhancing autonomy, and addressing working conditions for NPs to decrease the odds of having a passive or high-strain job type in practice.

Demoralization syndrome among cardiac transplant recipients.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the characteristics and prevalence of demoralisation syndrome among heart transplantation patients in Taiwan. BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage heart failure who have undergone cardiac transplantation are at risk of demoralisation syndrome. Demoralisation syndrome has been studied in cancer populations, but our understanding of the syndrome among heart transplant recipients is limited. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study adopted a cross-sectional design and analysed the baseline data from a longitudinal study with cardiac transplant patients at a heart centre in northern Taiwan. A structured questionnaire, namely the Demoralization Scale-Mandarin Version (DS-MV), was used to assess demoralisation syndrome. Hierarchical regression was applied to determine the predictors of demoralisation. Reporting was consistent with the STROBE checklist. RESULTS: There were a total of 84 participants with an average age of 51.9 years and a time since heart transplantation of around 4.1 years. Among them, the prevalence of demoralisation syndrome was 35.8%, and 57.1% coped well with stress. In addition, on the DS-MV, participants tended to choose sentences with positive rather than negative wording. Our data showed that cardiac transplant recipients with stress have higher possibility suffering from demoralisation syndrome; poor renal function and those who cannot relive from stress are predictors for loss of meaning. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese individuals tend to hide their weaknesses; nevertheless, demoralisation syndrome among cardiac transplant recipients, as related to stress status and kidney function, is still remarkable. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Since demoralisation is preventable, further research on this phenomenon in the cardiac transplant population is warranted and needs to be developed.

The impact of organisational commitment and leadership style on job satisfaction of nurse practitioners in acute care practices.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the main factors that affect nurse practitioners' (NPs) job satisfaction, especially the relationship between organisational commitment and leadership styles in acute care practices. BACKGROUND: There is little known about the influence of organisational commitment and leadership on NPs' job satisfaction within acute care hospitals. METHODS: A cross-sectional design with a national online survey enrolled 1205 NPs from the Taiwan Association of Nurse Practitioners. A multiple regression model was applied to identify potential variables that associated with job satisfaction. RESULTS: Organisational commitment (mean = 59.47), job satisfaction (mean = 173.47) and leadership style (mean ranged from 13.29 to 28) were at a moderate level. Organisational commitment, leadership style, patient load and NP advancement levels explained 63% of the variance in NPs' job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Organisational commitment and leadership styles, such as idealized influence and individual consideration, are major factors that impact NPs' job satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Health care organisations should develop policies targeting organisational commitment and managers' leadership styles to improve NPs' job satisfaction.

[The Mediating Role of Novice Nurse Practitioner Professional Commitment on Workplace Stress and Teaching Behaviors].

BACKGROUND: Teaching is a vital competency for nurse practitioners (NP). Correlations among teaching behaviors, workplace stress, and professional commitment in novice NPs have been identified in previous research. However, the mediating effect of professional commitment on workplace stress and teaching behaviors is an issue that has been investigated in only a few studies. PURPOSE: To explore the relationships among workplace stress, teaching behaviors, and professional commitment in novice NPs and to identify the predictors and mediators of teaching behaviors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a sample of 79 novice NPs. The research instruments used were the Nurse Workplace Stress Scale, Nurse Professional Commitment Questionnaire, and Clinical Teaching Behavior Inventory. RESULTS: Negative correlations were found between workplace stress and professional commitment (r = -.37, p < .01) and between workplace stress and teaching behavior (r = -.27, p < .05). A positive correlation was found between professional commitment and teaching behaviors (r = .61, p < .001). Professional commitment was identified as a predictor of teaching behaviors (ß = .59, R² = .38, p < .001) and as a mediator of workplace stress and teaching behaviors (Z = -3.11, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings verified professional commitment in novice NPs to be a moderator of workplace stress and teaching behaviors. The results of this study may be used to facilitate growth in professional commitment in healthcare practice settings.

The Gaps of Healthcare Service Quality in Nurse Practitioner Practice and Its Associated Factors From the Patients' Perspective.

PURPOSE: This study investigates the expectations, perceptions, and gaps of the healthcare service quality (HSQ) from the patients' perspective, and explores the significant demographic and clinical factors associated with the HSQ in nurse practitioner practice (NPP). DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was carried out, with convenience sampling performed under the NPP in Taiwan, from June to November 2016. METHODS: The Nurse Practitioner Healthcare Service Quality Scale was used to assess the expectations, perceptions, and gaps of the HSQ. The demographics, clinical characteristics, and symptom severity of patients were collected, and the Importance-Performance Analysis was applied to identify the priority of ranking items for the improvement of nurse practitioners (NPs). The Generalized Estimating Equation was used to explore the factors associated with the HSQ in NPP. FINDINGS: A total of 200 patients completed the questionnaires. The results revealed that the patients had overall high expectations (M = 6.35, SD = 0.46), moderate perceptions (M = 4.21, SD = 0.95), and a mild HSQ gap (M = -2.14, SD = 0.69), with statistically significant differences (p < .001). In NPP, the largest gap in the HSQ dimensions was reliable responsiveness, followed by empathy, assurance, and tangibility. Patients with greater symptom severity and a longer in-hospital stay were associated with larger HSQ gaps; however, patients who were transferred from the emergency department had smaller gaps than those in the outpatient department. CONCLUSIONS: The patients' expectations were not fully satisfied in the NPP, especially for the dimensions of reliable responsiveness and empathy. The patients' symptom severity was a significant factor related to the gaps in the HSQ. The awareness of unmet needs, from the patients' perspective, could guide the convergence of a rational policy to promote healthcare delivery in the NPP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The managers of NPP need to pay attention to increasing NPs' reliable responsiveness and empathy, by setting the appropriate scope of practice, regulating the NP-to-patient ratio, applying for certification programs in prescribing training, and cultivating patient-centered care with shared decision making. In addition, building up the knowledge and competency of symptom management is also suggested for NP training.

Malnutrition, Family Support, and Possible Sarcopenia in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

BACKGROUND: Possible sarcopenia, aortic valve stenosis, and malnutrition are important issues that afflict older adults. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to compare the differences in nutritional status and family support in older adults with possible sarcopenia and those without sarcopenia after undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and to identify the predictors of malnutrition and demonstrate changes in heart function over time after undergoing TAVI. METHODS: A case-control design was conducted. Possible sarcopenia was identified by measuring calf circumference, grip strength, and gait speed. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form and numerical family support rating scale were used to collect data. Left ventricular ejection fraction and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class were assessed at 5 time points to evaluate heart function. RESULTS: Eighty-one participants were categorized into those without sarcopenia (34) and those with possible sarcopenia (47). Logistic linear regression showed albumin and possible sarcopenia to be predictors of malnutrition (odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-30.19). Family support was associated with nutrition status (P = .019). For patient heart function, the results of NYHA functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction improved over time after TAVI. The improvement in NYHA functional class at T2 was significantly different between the 2 groups compared with that at T0. CONCLUSIONS: The nutrition level was higher among participants without sarcopenia than those with possible sarcopenia. Approximately 90% of the participants indicated that they had high family support. Demographic factors and albumin levels could be used to evaluate risk of malnutrition. Patients without possible sarcopenia showed greater improvement in NYHA class.

Relationships between health literacy and quality of life among survivors with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: During the survival period of breast cancer patients, an understanding of and ability to implement health knowledge may be important for survivors' physical and mental quality of life (QOL). This study aims to investigate the health literacy and predictors of QOL for survivors of breast cancer. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was used, and convenience sampling was performed. Eighty-six survivors with breast cancer were recruited from a general hospital in northern Taiwan from February to August 2017. Taiwan's health literacy scale and SF-12 questionnaire were used for data collection. RESULTS: The average health literacy score was 3.28. Education level and breast cancer stage were significant factors for the health literacy of survivors with breast cancer. Age, body mass index and health literacy were predictors of physical health-related QOL. Health literacy also was a predictor of mental health-related QOL. CONCLUSION: The results provide the factors associated health literacy as well as health-related QOL. Nurses should understand the health literacy among survivors with breast cancer and improve health literacy to optimize their quality of life.

[Embracing Renovation and Innovation During the Pandemic: Application of Virtual Simulation Technology in Nurse Practitioner Education].

During pandemics, physical interactivity in the delivery of teaching content are reduced and opportunities to gain clinical experience in healthcare settings are limited. Thus, pandemics may be viewed as tipping points in terms of willingness to embrace renovation and innovation, as using technology properly has the potential to assist educators and students to achieve learning goals and sustain teaching quality. Nursing education integrates knowledge and skills. Nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses who need more-advanced interactive and clinical experience to cultivate the high levels of professionalism necessary to make health care decisions and manage health conditions appropriately. This article begins by introducing nurse practitioners (NPs) and current nurse practitioner education, and then describes the contents of simulation-based education and virtual simulation technology. In addition, steps and applications of simulation-based education in nurse practitioners are illustrated. Lastly, examples of virtual simulation technology applications in NP education are reported. The author hopes this article will encourage all nurses, including nursing students, first line registered nurses, nurse practitioners, nursing administrators, nursing faculty, and nurse officers, to work as a mutually supportive team and use integrated teaching-examine-application aligned with innovative technology to infuse new vitality into nursing education.

Predictors for self-management in older adults with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors related to self-management and predictors of self-management in older adult patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients suffer many comorbidities during their lifetime, and the process of self-management is complex. Self-management and an integrated care experience are extremely important for older adults with diabetic nephropathy. DESIGN: A cross-sectional correlation design was adopted. METHODS: A total of 123 older patients were enrolled in the study from June 2016 to November 2017. Data collection involved a demographic questionnaire, the Patients' Experience of Integrated Care Questionnaire and the Partners in Health Scale to measure the integrated care experience and self-management. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, independent t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple linear regression. The methods are consistent with the STROBE criteria (Data S1). RESULTS: The results showed that the majority of the sample was female (56.9%). The average age was 77 years old. Stepwise regression analysis showed that re-admission during the past year (p < .001), physical function (p < .001) and integrated care experience (p < .001) are predictors of self-management in older adult patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and explained 42.8% of the variation in self-management behaviour. CONCLUSION: The results can be used to enhance the awareness of clinicians of the importance of an integrated care experience and self-management among older patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Clinicians also should pay attention to physical function and the integrated care experience to promote self-management. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Studies on the integrated care experience and self-management of diabetic neuropathy in older adults are limited in Taiwan. The results of this study provide valuable information to support the importance of integrated care among this specific population.

Disability, emotional distress and well-being among patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To explore the disability, emotional distress and well-being of patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis. BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the correlations between disability, emotional distress and well-being of patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis. DESIGN: This study used a cross-sectional research design. METHODS: Participants were 133 patients aged over 50 years who were experiencing lumbar spondylolisthesis. The research instruments included a demographic information questionnaire; the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS); the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI); the Chinese versions of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) and Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression (CES-D); and the Psychological Well-being (PWB) Scale. Emotional distress was measured by the STAI-S and CES-D. Pearson's correlations coefficient, multiple linear regression and a mediating effect model were introduced to explore correlations between the variables and predictors of psychological well-being, and details of the methods are reported in coherence to STROBE criteria. RESULTS: Eighty-six participants (64.6%) had moderate and severe anxiety, and 42 (31.6%) experienced depression. Participants reported medium to high levels of well-being; "satisfaction with interpersonal relationships" was rated the highest and "physical and mental health" the lowest. Disability, depression and anxiety had significant negative correlations with well-being. Depression and anxiety mediated the relationship between disability and well-being. Moreover, depression, family support, educational background and anxiety were predictors of well-being, accounting for 39.1% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Disability and emotional distress among patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis had a negative impact on well-being. Anxiety and depression were closely correlated with and substantially influenced well-being. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Health professionals will enhance the understanding of important factors influencing well-being among patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis. This study suggests the conduct of depression and anxiety evaluations at outpatient clinics and prior to surgery, so that clinicians will be aware of the emotional distress status of patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis and, therefore, enhance their well-being.

[Development and Psychometric Testing of the Nurse Practitioner Healthcare Service Quality Scale].

BACKGROUND: Many hospitals in Taiwan currently use the nurse practitioner (NP) care model to ameliorate the chronic shortage of resident physicians. However, no healthcare service quality scale is presently available that allows the evaluation of the healthcare quality provided by NPs from the perspective of patients. A scale of this type is necessary in order to effectively monitor and improve care outcomes. PURPOSE: This project was designed to develop the Nurse Practitioner Healthcare Service Quality Scale (NPHSQS) and then to test its validity and reliability. METHODS: A cross-sectional design combined with Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry's Service Quality Model was adopted to construct the NPHSQS. After expert evaluation and confirmation of the model's content validity, 200 valid questionnaires were collected from a convenience sample of patients from medical center wards in northern Taiwan that regularly used the NP care model. The data were analyzed by group using item analysis, construct validity, internal consistency, and discriminant validity. RESULTS: The 25-item NPHSQS developed in this study earned a CVI (content validity index) of .91 and a good CR (critical ratio). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that four factors extracted in the expectation level, including reliable responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibility, explained 62.47% of the total variance. Furthermore, three factors extracted in the perception level, including reliable responsiveness, trust, and tangibility, explained 67.71% of the total variance. The NPHSQS has a good overall internal consistency coefficient and may also significantly distinguish differences in patient satisfaction between good and bad healthcare service quality groups (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The developed NPHSQS has good reliability and validity and is a reliable instrument for assessing the quality of NP-provided healthcare services from the perspective of healthcare recipients.

Conflict when making decisions about dialysis modality.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore decisional conflict and its influencing factors on choosing dialysis modality in patients with end-stage renal diseases. The influencing factors investigated include demographics, predialysis education, dialysis knowledge, decision self-efficacy and social support. BACKGROUND: Making dialysis modality decisions can be challenging for patients with end-stage renal diseases; there are pros and cons to both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Patients are often uncertain as to which one will be the best alternative for them. This decisional conflict increases the likelihood of making a decision that is not based on the patient's values or preferences and may result in undesirable postdecisional consequences. Addressing factors predisposing patients to decisional conflict helps to facilitate informed decision-making and then to improve healthcare quality. DESIGN: A predictive correlational cross-sectional study design was used. METHODS: Seventy patients were recruited from the outpatient dialysis clinics of two general hospitals in Taiwan. Data were collected with study questionnaires, including questions on demographics, dialysis modality and predialysis education, the Dialysis Knowledge Scale, the Decision Self-Efficacy scale, the Social Support Scale, and the Decisional Conflict Scale. RESULTS: The mean score on the Decisional Conflict Scale was 29.26 (SD = 22.18). Decision self-efficacy, dialysis modality, predialysis education, professional support and dialysis knowledge together explained 76.4% of the variance in decisional conflict. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who had lower decision self-efficacy, did not receive predialysis education on both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, had lower dialysis knowledge and perceived lower professional support reported higher decisional conflict on choosing dialysis modality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: When providing decisional support to predialysis stage patients, practitioners need to increase patients' decision self-efficacy, provide both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis predialysis education, increase dialysis knowledge and provide professional support.

Depression and young age impact on hip fracture subsequent to stroke: A population-based cohort study.

AIMS: The purpose of this study is to identify whether depression and other associated factors in stroke are related to subsequent hip fracture. BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that focus on depression and demographic impact on subsequent hip fracture after a stroke. DESIGN: This a retrospective cohort study design. METHODS: The Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database between 1997 and 2010 was used. Two stroke patient cohorts were analysed: (1) depression within 1 year after newly diagnosed strokes; (2) without depression within 1 year after newly diagnosed strokes. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and hip fracture were compared using the Fine and Gray regression model for subdistribution hazard ratios. RESULTS/FINDINGS: Patients with depression showed a higher risk of hip fracture (95% CI, 0.99-1.66). Depression was associated with increased risk of hip fracture for patients below 50 years old (95% CI, 1.45-7.34). Comorbidities and gender showed no significant correlation with hip fracture risk in the depressed or nondepressed groups. CONCLUSION: Poststroke depression was a significant contributor to hip fracture in patients who suffered strokes and had more negative impact on the younger population, regardless of the gender and presence of comorbidities.

Physical activity: A primary health quality determinant among community-dwelling geriatric women in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between frailty, physical activity and depression in community-dwelling geriatric women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional research design. SETTING: Community geriatric women in Illan County, Taiwan. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Of note 216 participants, 65 years and older with full mobility, independent and able to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese Hokkien. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An average weekly physical activity score International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Taiwan Geriatric Depression Scale. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to perform decision analysis. RESULTS: The average IPAQ-SF score for the 216 participants was 9109.52. When an IPAQ-SF score of 4452 or below was obtained by participants, 38% of them encountered depression-like syndromes, regardless of their frailty status. Diabetes, high risk of metabolic syndrome and lower education were the risk factors found to cause depression among participants with low physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS: As women have a longer life expectancy and experience twice the rates of depression of men particularly after menopause, healthcare providers should emphasize exercise and lifestyle changes in order to improve the quality of health in geriatric women.

Perceived stigma and depression in initially diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the status of tuberculosis stigma and depression among tuberculosis patients, to examine the relationship between demographics and tuberculosis stigma and depression among tuberculosis patients, and to identify the predictors of depression among tuberculosis patients. BACKGROUND: After the diagnosis of tuberculosis, patients suffer from disease symptoms and disease-related stigma. Depression is also a major concern in tuberculosis patients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used in this study. METHODS: A total of 84 subjects, obtained through convenience sampling, enrolled in this study, which was conducted from 1 March 2013-30 December 2014. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with a demographic component, the Tuberculosis-related Stigma Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Data were analysed, using spss Version 20. Independent t tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and analyses of variance were used for analysis of patient demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, and the correlation between stigma and depression. Multiple linear regression was used for determining the predictors of depression. RESULTS: The results showed that not disclosing one's illness to others was associated with tuberculosis stigma and depression. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that patient-perceived tuberculosis stigma and body mass index accounted for 34% of the variation in depression. CONCLUSIONS: These results can serve as a reference for clinical healthcare providers to understand perceived stigma and depression in initially diagnosed tuberculosis patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: An intervention to reduce patient tuberculosis stigma, such as improving community healthcare education or offering mental health outreach, has great potential to lower the level of depression among patients with tuberculosis.