Sequential inverse dysregulation of the RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y facilitates MYC-driven lymphomagenesis.

DDX3X is a ubiquitously expressed RNA helicase involved in multiple stages of RNA biogenesis. DDX3X is frequently mutated in Burkitt lymphoma, but the functional basis for this is unknown. Here, we show that loss-of-function DDX3X mutations are also enriched in MYC-translocated diffuse large B cell lymphoma and reveal functional cooperation between mutant DDX3X and MYC. DDX3X promotes the translation of mRNA encoding components of the core translational machinery, thereby driving global protein synthesis. Loss-of-function DDX3X mutations moderate MYC-driven global protein synthesis, thereby buffering MYC-induced proteotoxic stress during early lymphomagenesis. Established lymphoma cells restore full protein synthetic capacity by aberrant expression of DDX3Y, a Y chromosome homolog, the expression of which is normally restricted to the testis. These findings show that DDX3X loss of function can buffer MYC-driven proteotoxic stress and highlight the capacity of male B cell lymphomas to then compensate for this loss by ectopic DDX3Y expression.

Tyrosine phosphatases regulate resistance to ALK inhibitors in ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) frequently carry oncogenic fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Targeting ALK using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a therapeutic option in cases relapsed after chemotherapy, but TKI resistance may develop. By applying genomic loss-of-function screens, we identified PTPN1 and PTPN2 phosphatases as consistent top hits driving resistance to ALK TKIs in ALK+ ALCL. Loss of either PTPN1 or PTPN2 induced resistance to ALK TKIs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PTPN1 and PTPN2 are phosphatases that bind to and regulate ALK phosphorylation and activity. In turn, oncogenic ALK and STAT3 repress PTPN1 transcription. We found that PTPN1 is also a phosphatase for SHP2, a key mediator of oncogenic ALK signaling. Downstream signaling analysis showed that deletion of PTPN1 or PTPN2 induces resistance to crizotinib by hyperactivating SHP2, the MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways. RNA sequencing of patient samples that developed resistance to ALK TKIs showed downregulation of PTPN1 and PTPN2 associated with upregulation of SHP2 expression. Combination of crizotinib with a SHP2 inhibitor synergistically inhibited the growth of wild-type or PTPN1/PTPN2 knock-out ALCL, where it reverted TKI resistance. Thus, we identified PTPN1 and PTPN2 as ALK phosphatases that control sensitivity to ALK TKIs in ALCL and demonstrated that a combined blockade of SHP2 potentiates the efficacy of ALK inhibition in TKI-sensitive and -resistant ALK+ ALCL.

STAT3/LKB1 controls metastatic prostate cancer by regulating mTORC1/CREB pathway.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common and fatal type of cancer in men. Metastatic PCa (mPCa) is a major factor contributing to its lethality, although the mechanisms remain poorly understood. PTEN is one of the most frequently deleted genes in mPCa. Here we show a frequent genomic co-deletion of PTEN and STAT3 in liquid biopsies of patients with mPCa. Loss of Stat3 in a Pten-null mouse prostate model leads to a reduction of LKB1/pAMPK with simultaneous activation of mTOR/CREB, resulting in metastatic disease. However, constitutive activation of Stat3 led to high LKB1/pAMPK levels and suppressed mTORC1/CREB pathway, preventing mPCa development. Metformin, one of the most widely prescribed therapeutics against type 2 diabetes, inhibits mTORC1 in liver and requires LKB1 to mediate glucose homeostasis. We find that metformin treatment of STAT3/AR-expressing PCa xenografts resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth accompanied by diminished mTORC1/CREB, AR and PSA levels. PCa xenografts with deletion of STAT3/AR nearly completely abrogated mTORC1/CREB inhibition mediated by metformin. Moreover, metformin treatment of PCa patients with high Gleason grade and type 2 diabetes resulted in undetectable mTORC1 levels and upregulated STAT3 expression. Furthermore, PCa patients with high CREB expression have worse clinical outcomes and a significantly increased risk of PCa relapse and metastatic recurrence. In summary, we have shown that STAT3 controls mPCa via LKB1/pAMPK/mTORC1/CREB signaling, which we have identified as a promising novel downstream target for the treatment of lethal mPCa.

Patient-derived xenograft models of ALK+ ALCL reveal preclinical promise for therapy with brigatinib.

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell malignancy predominantly driven by the oncogenic anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), accounting for approximately 15% of all paediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients with central nervous system (CNS) relapse are particularly difficult to treat with a 3-year overall survival of 49% and a median survival of 23.5 months. The second-generation ALK inhibitor brigatinib shows superior penetration of the blood-brain barrier unlike the first-generation drug crizotinib and has shown promising results in ALK+ non-small-cell lung cancer. However, the benefits of brigatinib in treating aggressive paediatric ALK+ ALCL are largely unknown. We established a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) resource from ALK+ ALCL patients at or before CNS relapse serving as models to facilitate the development of future therapies. We show in vivo that brigatinib is effective in inducing the remission of PDX models of crizotinib-resistant (ALK C1156Y, TP53 loss) ALCL and furthermore that it is superior to crizotinib as a second-line approach to the treatment of a standard chemotherapy relapsed/refractory ALCL PDX pointing to brigatinib as a future therapeutic option.

Induction of Transcriptional Inhibitor HES1 and the Related Repression of Tumor-Suppressor TXNIP Are Important Components of Cell-Transformation Program Imposed by Oncogenic Kinase NPM-ALK.

This study reports that hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1 (HES1), known to repress gene transcription in progenitor cells of several cell lineages, was strongly expressed in cells and tissues of T-cell lymphoma expressing the oncogenic chimeric tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase [ALK; ALK+ T-cell lymphoma (TCL)]. The structural analysis of the Orange domain of HES1 indicated that HES1 formed a highly stable homodimer. Of note, repression of HES1 expression led to inhibition of ALK+ TCL cell growth in vivo. The expression of the HES1 gene was induced by NPM-ALK through activation of STAT3, which bound to the gene's promoter and induced the gene's transcription. NPM-ALK also directly phosphorylated HES1 protein. In turn, HES1 up-regulated and down-regulated in ALK+ TCL cells, the expression of numerous genes, protein products of which are involved in key cell functions, such as cell proliferation and viability. Among the genes inhibited by HES1 was thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), encoding a protein implicated in promotion of cell death in various types of cells. Accordingly, ALK+ TCL cells and tissues lacked expression of TXNIP, and its transcription was co-inhibited by HES1 and STAT3 in an NPM-ALK-dependent manner. Finally, the induced expression of TXNIP induced massive apoptotic cell death of ALK+ TCL cells. The results reveal a novel NPM-ALK-controlled pro-oncogenic regulatory network and document an important role of HES and TXNIP in the NPM-ALK-driven oncogenesis, with the former protein displaying oncogenic and the latter tumor suppressor properties.

Directive clinique no 443b : Opioïdes aux différentes étapes de la vie des femmes : Grossesse et allaitement.

OBJECTIF: Présenter aux professionnels de la santé les données probantes concernant l'utilisation des opioïdes et la santé des femmes. Les domaines d'intérêt sont la grossesse et les soins post-partum. POPULATION CIBLE: Toutes les femmes qui utilisent des opioïdes. RéSULTATS: Un dialogue ouvert et éclairé sur l'utilisation des opioïdes améliorera les soins aux patientes. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: L'exploration de l'utilisation d'opioïdes par une approche tenant compte des traumatismes antérieurs donne au professionnel de la santé et à la patiente l'occasion de bâtir une alliance solide, collaborative et thérapeutique. Cette alliance permet aux femmes de faire des choix éclairés. Elle favorise le diagnostic et le traitement possible du trouble lié à l'utilisation d'opioïdes. L'utilisation ne doit pas être stigmatisée, puisque la stigmatisation affaiblit le partenariat (le partenariat entre patiente et professionnel de la santé). Les professionnels de la santé ceus-ci doivent comprendre l'effet potentiel des opioïdes sur la santé les femmes enceintes et les aider à prendre des décisions éclairées sur leur santé. DONNéES PROBANTES: Une recherche a été conçue puis effectuée dans les bases de données PubMed et Cochrane Library pour la période d'août 2018 à mars 2023 des termes MeSH et mots clés suivants (et variantes) : opioids, opioid agonist therapy, illicit drugs, fertility, pregnancy, fetal development, neonatal abstinence syndrome et breastfeeding. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Voir l'annexe A en ligne (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et conditionnelles [faibles]). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Tous les professionnels de la santé qui prodiguent des soins aux femmes et aux nouveaux-nés. RéSUMé POUR TWITTER: La consommation d'opioïdes pendant la grossesse coïncide souvent avec des problèmes de santé mentale et est associée à des conséquences néfastes pour la mère, le fœtus et le nouveau-né ; le traitement des troubles liés à la consommation d'opioïdes par agonistes peut être sûr pendant la grossesse lorsque les risques sont plus nombreux que les avantages. DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

Guideline No. 443a: Opioid Use Throughout Women's Lifespan: Fertility, Contraception, Chronic Pain, and Menopause.

OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers with the best evidence on opioid use and women's health. Areas of focus include general patterns of opioid use and safety of use; care of women who use opioids; stigma, screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment; hormonal regulation; reproductive health, including contraception and fertility; sexual function; perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms; and chronic pelvic pain syndromes. TARGET POPULATION: The target population includes all women currently using or contemplating using opioids. OUTCOMES: Open, evidence-informed dialogue about opioid use will lead to improvements in patient care and overall health. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Exploring opioid use through a trauma-informed approach offers the health care provider and patient with an opportunity to build a strong, collaborative, and therapeutic alliance. This alliance empowers women to make informed choices about their own care. It also allows for the diagnosis and possible treatment of opioid use disorders. Use should not be stigmatized, as stigma leads to poor "partnered care" (i.e., the partnership between the patient and care provider). Therefore, health care providers and patients must understand the potential role of opioids in women's health (both positive and negative) to ensure informed decision-making. EVIDENCE: A literature search was designed and carried out in PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases from August 2018 until March 2023 using following MeSH terms and keywords (and variants): opioids, illicit drugs, fertility, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and aging. VALIDATION METHODS: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: All health care providers who care for women. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Opioid use can affect female reproductive function; health care providers and patients must understand the potential role of opioids in women's health to ensure informed decision-making. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

Guideline No. 443b: Opioid Use Throughout Women's Lifespan: Opioid Use in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers the best evidence on opioid use and women's health. Areas of focus include pregnancy and postpartum care. TARGET POPULATION: The target population includes all women currently using or contemplating using opioids. OUTCOMES: Open, evidence-informed dialogue about opioid use will improve patient care. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Exploring opioid use through a trauma-informed approach provides the health care provider and patient with an opportunity to build a strong, collaborative, and therapeutic alliance. This alliance empowers women to make informed choices about their own care. It also allows for the diagnosis and possible treatment of opioid use disorders. Opioid use should not be stigmatized, as stigma leads to poor "partnered care" (i.e., the partnership between the patient and care provider). Health care providers need to understand the effect opioids can have on pregnant women and support them to make knowledgeable decisions about their health. EVIDENCE: A literature search was designed and carried out in PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases from August 2018 until March 2023 using following MeSH terms and keywords (and variants): opioids, opioid agonist therapy, illicit drugs, fertility, pregnancy, fetal development, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and breastfeeding. VALIDATION METHODS: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and conditional [weak] recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: All health care providers who care for pregnant and/or post-partum women and their newborns. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Opioid use during pregnancy often co-occurs with mental health issues and is associated with adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes; treatment of opioid use disorder with agonist therapy for pregnant women can be safe during pregnancy where the risks outnumber the benefits. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

Ultrasmall silica nanoparticles directly ligate the T cell receptor complex.

The impact of ultrasmall nanoparticles (<10-nm diameter) on the immune system is poorly understood. Recently, ultrasmall silica nanoparticles (USSN), which have gained increasing attention for therapeutic applications, were shown to stimulate T lymphocytes directly and at relatively low-exposure doses. Delineating underlying mechanisms and associated cell signaling will hasten therapeutic translation and is reported herein. Using competitive binding assays and molecular modeling, we established that the T cell receptor (TCR):CD3 complex is required for USSN-induced T cell activation, and that direct receptor complex-particle interactions are permitted both sterically and electrostatically. Activation is not limited to αß TCR-bearing T cells since those with γδ TCR showed similar responses, implying that USSN mediate their effect by binding to extracellular domains of the flanking CD3 regions of the TCR complex. We confirmed that USSN initiated the signaling pathway immediately downstream of the TCR with rapid phosphorylation of both ζ-chain-associated protein 70 and linker for activation of T cells protein. However, T cell proliferation or IL-2 secretion were only triggered by USSN when costimulatory anti-CD28 or phorbate esters were present, demonstrating that the specific impact of USSN is in initiation of the primary, nuclear factor of activated T cells-pathway signaling from the TCR complex. Hence, we have established that USSN are partial agonists for the TCR complex because of induction of the primary T cell activation signal. Their ability to bind the TCR complex rapidly, and then to dissolve into benign orthosilicic acid, makes them an appealing option for therapies targeted at transient TCR:CD3 receptor binding.

Evaluating the baseline survival outcomes of the "six Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer index cancers" in Africa.

Limited survival data for the six Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) priority cancers are available in Africa. Management of pediatric malignancies in Africa is challenging due to lack of resources, setting-specific comorbidities, high rates of late presentation and treatment abandonment. Reporting of outcome data is problematic due to the lack of registries. With the aim of evaluating the feasibility of baseline outcomes for the six index cancers, we present a descriptive analysis of respective survival rates in Africa. The survival rates were between 18% (lower middle-income countries) to 82.3% (upper middle-income countries) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, between 26.9% (low-income countries) to 77.9% (upper middle-income countries) for nephroblastoma, between 23% (low-income countries) to 100% (upper middle-income countries), for retinoblastoma, 45% (low-income countries) to 95% (upper middle-income countries) for Hodgkin lymphoma and 28% (low-income countries) to 76% (upper middle-income countries) for Burkitt lymphoma. Solutions to improve survival rates and reported outcomes include establishing and funding sustainable registries, training and to actively include all countries in consortia from different African regions.HighlightsContinental differences in childhood cancer management such lack of resources, setting-specific comorbidities, high rates of late presentation and treatment abandonment, present challenges to the achievement of Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer goals.The available data registries do not adequately inform on the true incidences and outcomes of childhood cancers in Africa.The pathophysiology of some childhood cancers in Africa are associated with high-risk prognostic factors.Outcomes can be improved by greater regional collaboration to manage childhood cancer based on local resources and tumor characteristics.Some individual countries have reached the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer goals for single cancers and it should be possible for more African countries to follow suit.

KMT2C methyltransferase domain regulated INK4A expression suppresses prostate cancer metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Frequent truncation mutations of the histone lysine N-methyltransferase KMT2C have been detected by whole exome sequencing studies in various cancers, including malignancies of the prostate. However, the biological consequences of these alterations in prostate cancer have not yet been elucidated. METHODS: To investigate the functional effects of these mutations, we deleted the C-terminal catalytic core motif of Kmt2c specifically in mouse prostate epithelium. We analysed the effect of Kmt2c SET domain deletion in a Pten-deficient PCa mouse model in vivo and of truncation mutations of KMT2C in a large number of prostate cancer patients. RESULTS: We show here for the first time that impaired KMT2C methyltransferase activity drives proliferation and PIN formation and, when combined with loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN, triggers loss of senescence, metastatic dissemination and dramatically reduces life expectancy. In Kmt2c-mutated tumours we show enrichment of proliferative MYC gene signatures and loss of expression of the cell cycle repressor p16INK4A. In addition, we observe a striking reduction in disease-free survival of patients with KMT2C-mutated prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We identified truncating events of KMT2C as drivers of proliferation and PIN formation. Loss of PTEN and KMT2C in prostate cancer results in loss of senescence, metastatic dissemination and reduced life expectancy. Our data demonstrate the prognostic significance of KMT2C mutation status in prostate cancer patients. Inhibition of the MYC signalling axis may be a viable treatment option for patients with KMT2C truncations and therefore poor prognosis.

IL10RA modulates crizotinib sensitivity in NPM1-ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell malignancy predominantly driven by a hyperactive anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein. ALK inhibitors, such as crizotinib, provide alternatives to standard chemotherapy with reduced toxicity and side effects. Children with lymphomas driven by nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)-ALK fusion proteins achieved an objective response rate to ALK inhibition therapy of 54% to 90% in clinical trials; however, a subset of patients progressed within the first 3 months of treatment. The mechanism for the development of ALK inhibitor resistance is unknown. Through genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) activation and knockout screens in ALCL cell lines, combined with RNA sequencing data derived from ALK inhibitor-relapsed patient tumors, we show that resistance to ALK inhibition by crizotinib in ALCL can be driven by aberrant upregulation of interleukin 10 receptor subunit alpha (IL10RA). Elevated IL10RA expression rewires the STAT3 signaling pathway, bypassing otherwise critical phosphorylation by NPM1-ALK. IL-10RA expression does not correlate with response to standard chemotherapy in pediatric patients, suggesting that a combination of crizotinib and chemotherapy could prevent ALK inhibitor resistance-specific relapse.

Guideline No. 425a: Cannabis Use Throughout Women's Lifespans - Part 1: Fertility, Contraception, Menopause, and Pelvic Pain.

OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers with the best evidence on cannabis use with respect to women's health. Areas of focus include general patterns of cannabis use as well as safety of use; care for women who use cannabis; stigma; screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment; impact on hormonal regulation; reproductive health, including contraception and fertility; sexual function; effects on perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms; and use in chronic pelvic pain syndromes. TARGET POPULATION: The target population includes all women currently using or contemplating using cannabis. OUTCOMES: Open, evidence-informed dialogue about cannabis use, which will lead to improvement in patient care. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Exploring cannabis use through a trauma-informed approach provides the health care provider and patient with an opportunity to build a strong, collaborative, therapeutic alliance. This alliance empowers women to make informed choices about their own care. It also allows for the diagnosis and possible treatment of cannabis use disorders. Use should not be stigmatized, as stigma leads to poor "partnered care" (i.e., the partnership between the patient and care provider). Multiple side effects of cannabis use may be mistaken for other disorders. Currently, use of cannabis to treat women's health issues is not covered by public funding; as a result, individual users must pay the direct cost. The indirect costs of cannabis use are unknown. Thus, health care providers and patients must understand the role of cannabis in women's health issues, so that women can make knowledgeable decisions. EVIDENCE: PubMed, EMBASE, and grey literature were searched to identify studies of "cannabis use and effect on infertility, contraception, perimenopause and menopausal symptoms, and pelvic pain" published between January 1, 2018 and February 18, 2021. All clinical trials, observational studies, reviews (including systematic reviews and meta-analyses), guidelines, and conference consensus statements were included. Publications were screened for relevance. The search terms were developed using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords (and variants), including cannabis, cannabinoids, marijuana, dexanabinol, dronabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol; the specific terms to capture women's health were estrogen, estradiol, medroxyprogesterone acetate, vaginal contraception, oral contraceptives, fertilization, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, vulvodynia, and menopause. VALIDATION METHODS: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: All heath care providers who care for women. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

Directive clinique no 425a : Le cannabis aux différentes périodes de la vie des femmes - Partie 1 : Fertilité, contraception, ménopause et douleur pelvienne.

OBJECTIF: Fournir aux fournisseurs de soins de santé les meilleures données probantes sur l'utilisation de cannabis et la santé des femmes. Les domaines d'intérêt sont : les profils généraux d'utilisation du cannabis ainsi que la sécurité de la consommation; les soins aux femmes qui utilisent le cannabis; la stigmatisation; le dépistage, l'intervention brève et l'orientation vers le traitement; les effets sur la régulation hormonale; la santé reproductive, y compris la contraception et la fertilité; la fonction sexuelle; les effets sur les symptômes périménopausiques et postménopausiques; et l'utilisation dans le traitement des syndromes de douleur pelvienne chronique. POPULATION CIBLE: La population cible comprend toutes les femmes qui consomment ou utilisent du cannabis ou qui envisagent de le faire. RéSULTATS: Un dialogue ouvert et fondé sur des données probantes relativement à l'utilisation et la consommation de cannabis, dialogue qui mènera à l'amélioration des soins aux patientes. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: L'exploration de l'utilisation et de la consommation de cannabis par une approche basée sur la connaissance des traumatismes donne l'occasion au fournisseur de soins et à la patiente de créer une solide alliance thérapeutique collaborative. Cette alliance permet aux femmes de faire des choix éclairés sur leurs propres soins. Elle facilite également le diagnostic et le traitement possible des troubles de l'usage du cannabis. Il ne faut pas stigmatiser la consommation, car la stigmatisation nuit à l'alliance thérapeutique (c'est-à-dire le partenariat entre la patiente et le fournisseur de soins). Plusieurs effets indésirables de la consommation de cannabis peuvent être confondus avec d'autres problèmes de santé. À l'heure actuelle, l'utilisation du cannabis pour traiter les problèmes de santé féminine n'est pas financée par le secteur public; par conséquent, les utilisatrices doivent assumer les coûts directs. Les coûts indirects de l'utilisation de cannabis sont inconnus. Ainsi, les fournisseurs de soins et les patientes doivent comprendre le rôle du cannabis dans les problèmes de santé féminine de sorte que les femmes puissent prendre des décisions éclairées. DONNéES PROBANTES: Des recherches ont été effectuées dans PubMed, Embase et la littérature grise pour recenser des études publiées entre le 1er janvier 2018 et le 18 février 2021 concernant l'utilisation du cannabis et ses effets sur l'infertilité, la contraception, les symptômes périménopausiques et postménopausiques et la douleur pelvienne. Toutes les publications des types suivants ont été incluses : essais cliniques, études observationnelles, revues (y compris les revues systématiques et les méta-analyses), directives cliniques et déclarations de conférences de consensus. Un survol des publications a été effectué pour en confirmer la pertinence. Les termes de recherche ont été définis à l'aide des termes MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) et mots clés (et variantes) suivants : cannabis, cannabinoids, marijuana, dexanabinol, dronabinol et tetrahydrocannabinol. À ces termes ont été combinés les termes suivants afin de cerner la santé des femmes : estrogen, estradiol, medroxyprogesterone acetate, vaginal contraception, oral contraceptives, fertilization, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, vulvodynia et menopause. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant l'approche d'évaluation, de développement et d'évaluation (GRADE). Voir l'annexe A en ligne (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et faibles). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Tous les fournisseurs de soins de santé qui prodiguent des soins aux femmes. DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

Guideline No. 425b: Cannabis Use Throughout Women's Lifespans - Part 2: Pregnancy, the Postnatal Period, and Breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers with the best evidence on cannabis use and women's health. Areas of focus include screening, dependence, and withdrawal; communication and documentation; pregnancy (including maternal and fetal outcomes); maternal pain control; postpartum care (including second-hand smoking and parenting); and breastfeeding. TARGET POPULATION: The target population includes women who are planning a pregnancy, pregnant, or breastfeeding. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Discussing cannabis use with women who are planning a pregnancy, pregnant, or breastfeeding allows them to make informed choices about their cannabis use. Based on the limited evidence, cannabis use in pregnancy or while breastfeeding should be avoided, or reduced as much as possible if abstaining is not feasible, given the absence of safety and long-term follow up data on cannabis-exposed pregnancies and infants. EVIDENCE: PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles relevant to cannabis use during pregnancy and breastfeeding published between January 1, 2018, and February 5, 2021. The search terms were developed using the MeSH terms and keywords and their variants, including cannabis, cannabinoids, cannabidiol, CBD, THC, marijuana, edible, pregnancy, pregnant, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, breastfeed, breastfed, lactation, nursing, fetus, fetal, neonatal, newborn, and child. In terms of publication type, all clinical trials, observational studies, reviews (including systematic reviews and meta-analyses), guidelines, and conference consensus statements were included. The main inclusion criteria were pregnant and breastfeeding women as the target population, and exposure to cannabis as the intervention of interest. VALIDATION METHODS: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: All health care providers who care for women of reproductive age. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

Directive clinique no 425b : Le cannabis aux différentes périodes de la vie des femmes - Partie 2 : Grossesse, période postnatale et allaitement.

OBJECTIF: Fournir aux fournisseurs de soins les meilleures données probantes sur l'utilisation de cannabis et la santé des femmes. Les domaines d'intérêt sont le dépistage, la dépendance et le sevrage; la communication et la tenue de dossier; la grossesse (y compris les issues fœtales et maternelles); la gestion de la douleur maternelle; les soins postnataux (y compris la fumée secondaire et la parentalité); et l'allaitement. POPULATION CIBLE: Femmes enceintes, allaitantes ou qui planifient une grossesse. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: Discuter de l'utilisation de cannabis avec les femmes enceintes, allaitantes ou qui planifient une grossesse les aide à faire des choix éclairés. D'après des données probantes limitées, il faut éviter l'utilisation de cannabis pendant la grossesse ou l'allaitement, ou réduire la consommation au maximum si l'abstention n'est pas un objectif atteignable, étant donné l'absence de données sur l'innocuité et le suivi à long terme des grossesses et nourrissons exposés au cannabis. DONNéES PROBANTES: Les auteurs ont interrogé les bases de données PubMed et Cochrane Library pour extraire des articles sur l'utilisation de cannabis pendant la grossesse et l'allaitement publiés entre le 1er janvier 2018 et le 5 février 2021. Les termes de recherche ont été déterminés à partir de termes de recherche MeSH, de mots clés et de leurs variantes : cannabis, cannabinoids, cannabidiol, CBD, THC, marijuana, edible, pregnancy, pregnant, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, breastfeed, breastfed, lactation, nursing, fetus, fetal, neonatal, newborn et child. Les auteurs ont inclus toutes les publications des types suivants : essais cliniques, études observationnelles, revues (y compris les revues systématiques et les méta-analyses), directives cliniques et déclarations de conférences de consensus. Les principaux critères d'inclusion étaient les femmes enceintes et allaitantes, comme population cible, et l'exposition au cannabis, comme intervention d'intérêt. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique d'évaluation, de développement et d'évaluation (GRADE). Voir l'annexe A en ligne (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et faibles). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Tous les fournisseurs de soins de santé qui prodiguent des soins aux femmes en âge de procréer. DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

The impact of an integrated safer use space and safer supply program on non-fatal overdose among emergency shelter residents during a COVID-19 outbreak: a case study.

BACKGROUND: Opioid-related harms, including fatal and non-fatal overdoses, rose dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic and presented unique challenges during outbreaks in congregate settings such as shelters. People who are deprived of permanent housing have a high prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders, and need nimble, rapid, and portable harm reduction interventions to address the harms of criminalized substance use in an evidence-based manner. CASE STUDY: In February 2021, a COVID-19 outbreak was declared at an emergency men's shelter in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Building on pre-existing relationships, community and hospital-based addictions medicine providers and a local harm reduction group collaborated to establish a shelter-based opioid agonist treatment and safer supply program, and a volunteer run safer drug use space that also distributed harm reduction supplies. In the 4 weeks preceding the program, the rate of non-fatal overdoses was 0.93 per 100 nights of shelter bed occupancy. During the 26 days of program operation, there were no overdoses in the safer use space and the rate of non-fatal overdoses in the shelter was 0.17 per 100 nights of shelter bed occupancy. The odds ratio of non-fatal overdose pre-intervention to during intervention was 5.5 (95% CI 1.63-18.55, p = 0.0059). We were not able to evaluate the impact of providing harm reduction supplies and did not evaluate the impact of the program on facilitating adherence to public health isolation and quarantine orders. The program ended as the outbreak waned, as per the direction from the shelter operator. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant reduction in the non-fatal overdose rate after the safer drug use and safer supply harm reduction program was introduced. Pre-existing relationships between shelter providers, harm reduction groups, and healthcare providers were critical to implementing the program. This is a promising approach to reducing harms from the criminalization of substance use in congregate settings, particularly in populations with a higher prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders.

2022 Practice Recommendation Updates From the World Consensus Conference on BIA-ALCL.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory and clinical research on breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is rapidly evolving. Changes in standard of care and insights into best practice were recently presented at the 3rd World Consensus Conference on BIA-ALCL. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to provide practice recommendations from a consensus of experts, supplemented with a literature review regarding epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, socio-psychological aspects, and international authority guidance. METHODS: A literature search of all manuscripts between 1997 and August 2021 for the above areas of BIA-ALCL was conducted with the PubMed database. Manuscripts in different languages, on non-human subjects, and/or discussing conditions separate from BIA-ALCL were excluded. The study was conducted employing the Delphi process, gathering 18 experts panelists and utilizing email-based questionnaires to record the level of agreement with each statement by applying a 5-point Likert Scale. Median response, interquartile range, and comments were employed to accept, reject, or revise each statement. RESULTS: The literature search initially yielded 764 manuscripts, of which 405 were discarded. From the remaining 359, only 218 were included in the review and utilized to prepare 36 statements subdivided into 5 sections. After 1 round, panelists agreed on all criteria. CONCLUSIONS: BIA-ALCL is uncommon and still largely underreported. Mandatory implant registries and actions by regulatory authorities are needed to better understand disease epidemiology and address initial lymphomagenesis and progression. Deviation from current diagnosis and treatment protocols can lead to disease recurrence, and research on breast implant risk factors provide insight to etiology.

Thyroid and androgen receptor signaling are antagonized by µ-Crystallin in prostate cancer.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a key approach in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). However, PCa inevitably relapses and becomes ADT resistant. Besides androgens, there is evidence that thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and its active form 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) are involved in the progression of PCa. Epidemiologic evidences show a higher incidence of PCa in men with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The thyroid hormone binding protein µ-Crystallin (CRYM) mediates intracellular thyroid hormone action by sequestering T3 and blocks its binding to cognate receptors (TRα/TRß) in target tissues. We show in our study that low CRYM expression levels in PCa patients are associated with early biochemical recurrence and poor prognosis. Moreover, we found a disease stage-specific expression of CRYM in PCa. CRYM counteracted thyroid and androgen signaling and blocked intracellular choline uptake. CRYM inversely correlated with [18F]fluoromethylcholine (FMC) levels in positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of PCa patients. Our data suggest CRYM as a novel antagonist of T3- and androgen-mediated signaling in PCa. The role of CRYM could therefore be an essential control mechanism for the prevention of aggressive PCa growth.

UK Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma on behalf of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Expert Advisory Group.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon T-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) associated with breast implants. Raising awareness of the possibility of BIA-ALCL in anyone with breast implants and new breast symptoms is crucial to early diagnosis. The tumour begins on the inner aspect of the peri-implant capsule causing an effusion, or less commonly a tissue mass to form within the capsule, which may spread locally or to more distant sites in the body. Diagnosis is usually made by cytological, immunohistochemical and immunophenotypic evaluation of the aspirated peri-implant fluid: pleomorphic lymphocytes are characteristically anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative and strongly positive for CD30. BIA-ALCL is indolent in most patients but can progress rapidly. Surgical removal of the implant with the intact surrounding capsule (total en-bloc capsulectomy) is usually curative. Late diagnosis may require more radical surgery and systemic therapies and although these are usually successful, poor outcomes and deaths have been reported. By adopting a structured approach, as suggested in these guidelines, early diagnosis and successful treatment will minimise the need for systemic treatments, reduce morbidity and the risk of poor outcomes.