Pretreatment resistance mutations and treatment outcomes in adults living with HIV-1: a cohort study in urban Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) among antiretroviral drug-naïve people living with HIV (PLHIV) represents an important indicator for the risk of treatment failure and the spread of drug resistant HIV variants. We assessed the prevalence of PDR and treatment outcomes among adults living with HIV-1 in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS: We selected 200 participants at random from the Lighthouse Tenofovir Cohort Study (LighTen). Serum samples were drawn prior to treatment initiation in 2014 and 2015, frozen, and later analyzed for the presence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations. Amplicons were sequenced and interpreted by Stanford HIVdb interpretation algorithm 8.4. We assessed treatment outcomes by evaluating clinical outcome and viral suppression at the end of the follow-up period in October 2019. RESULTS: PDR testing was successful in 197 of 200 samples. The overall NNRTI- PDR prevalence was 13.7% (27/197). The prevalence of intermediate or high level NNRTI- PDR was 11.2% (22/197). The most common mutation was K103N (5.6%, 11/197), followed by Y181C (3.6%, 7/197). In one case, we detected an NRTI resistance mutation (M184V), in combination with multiple NNRTI resistance mutations. All HIV-1 isolates analyzed were of subtype C. Of the 27 patients with NNRTI- PDR, 9 were still alive, on ART, and virally suppressed at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of NNRTI- PDR was above the critical level of 10% suggested by the Global Action Plan on HIV Drug Resistance. The distribution of drug resistance mutations was similar to that seen in previous studies from the region, and further supports the introduction of integrase inhibitors in first-line treatment in Malawi. Furthermore, our findings underline the need for continued PDR surveillance and pharmacovigilance in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Characteristics of adults and children diagnosed with tuberculosis in Lilongwe, Malawi: findings from an integrated HIV/TB clinic.

OBJECTIVES: To describe initial registration characteristics of adult and paediatric TB patients at a large, public, integrated TB and HIV clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi, between January 2008 and December 2010. METHODS: Routine data on patient with TB category and TB type, stratified by HIV and ART status, were used to explore differences in proportions among TB only, TB/HIV co-infected patients not on ART and TB/HIV co-infected patients on ART using chi-square tests. Trends over time illustrate strengths and weaknesses of integrated service provision. RESULTS: Among 10 143 adults, HIV ascertainment and ART uptake were high and increased over time. The proportion of relapse was highest among those on ART (5%). The proportion of smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) was highest among HIV-negative patients with TB (34.9%); extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) was lowest among TB only (16.2%). Among 338 children <15 years, EPTB and smear-positive PTB were more common among TB-only patients. Time trends showed significant increases in the proportion of adults with smear-positive PTB and the proportion of adults already on ART before starting TB treatment. However, some co-infected patients still delay ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS: HIV ascertainment and ART uptake among co-infected patients are successful and improving over time. However, delays in ART initiation indicate some weakness linking TB/HIV patients into ART during TB follow-up care. Improved TB diagnostics and screening efforts, especially for paediatric patients, may help improve quality care for co-infected patients. These results may aid efforts to prioritise TB and HIV prevention, education and treatment campaigns for specific populations.

Integrated tuberculosis and HIV care in a resource-limited setting: experience from the Martin Preuss centre, Malawi.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the development and operation of integrated tuberculosis (TB) and HIV care at the Martin Preuss Centre, a multipartner organization bringing together governmental and non-governmental providers of HIV and TB services in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS: We used a case study approach to describe the integrated TB/HIV service and to illustrate successes and challenges faced by service providers. We quantified effective TB and HIV integration using indicators defined by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The custom-designed building facilitates patient flow and infection control, and other important elements include coordinated leadership; joint staff training and meetings; and data systems prompting coordinated care. Some integrated services have worked well from the outset, such as promoting HIV testing among patients with TB (96% of patients with TB had documented HIV status in 2009). Other aspects of integrated care have been more challenging, for example achieving high uptake of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive TB patients and combining data from paper and electronic systems. Good TB treatment outcomes (>85% cure or completion) have been achieved among both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS: High-quality integrated services for TB and HIV care can be provided in a resource-limited setting. Lessons learned may be valuable for service providers in other settings of high HIV and TB prevalence.

Retention and sustained viral suppression in HIV patients transferred to community refill centres in Kinshasa, DRC.

SETTING: In 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières set up decentralised community antiretroviral therapy (ART) refill centres ("poste de distribution communautaire", PODI) for the follow-up of stable human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess retention in care and sustained viral suppression after transfer to three main PODI in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (PODI Barumbu/Central, PODI Binza Ozone/West and PODI Masina I/East). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using routine programme data for adult HIV patients transferred from Kabinda Hospital to PODIs between January 2015 and June 2017. RESULTS: A total of 337 patients were transferred to PODIs: 306 (91%) were on ART for at least 12 months; 118 (39%) had a routine "12-month" viral load (VL) done, 93% (n = 110) of whom had a suppressed VL <1000 copies/ml. Median time from enrolment into PODI to 12-month routine VL was 14.6 months (IQR 12.2-20.8). Kaplan-Meier estimates of retention in care at 6, 12 and 18 months after enrolment into PODIs were respectively 96%, 92% and 88%. CONCLUSION: Retention in care and viral suppression among patients in PODI with VL results were better than patients in clinic care and national outcomes.

Effects of real-time electronic data entry on HIV programme data quality in Lusaka, Zambia.

SETTING: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics in five hospitals and five health centres in Lusaka, Zambia, which transitioned from daily entry of paper-based data records to an electronic medical record (EMR) system by dedicated data staff (Electronic-Last) to direct real-time data entry into the EMR by frontline health workers (Electronic-First). OBJECTIVE: To compare completeness and accuracy of key HIV-related variables before and after transition of data entry from Electronic-Last to Electronic-First. DESIGN: Comparative cross-sectional study using existing secondary data. RESULTS: Registration data (e.g., date of birth) was 100% complete and pharmacy data (e.g., antiretroviral therapy regimen) was <90% complete under both approaches. Completeness of anthropometric and vital sign data was <75% across all facilities under Electronic-Last, and this worsened after Electronic-First. Completeness of TB screening and World Health Organization clinical staging data was also <75%, but improved with Electronic-First. Data entry errors for registration and clinical consultations decreased under Electronic-First, but errors increased for all anthropometric and vital sign variables. Patterns were similar in hospitals and health centres. CONCLUSION: With the notable exception of clinical consultation data, data completeness and accuracy did not improve after transitioning from Electronic-Last to Electronic-First. For anthropometric and vital sign variables, completeness and accuracy decreased. Quality improvement interventions are needed to improve Electronic-First implementation.

Hepatitis B infection in people living with HIV who initiate antiretroviral therapy in Zimbabwe.

SETTING: There is little information about the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Zimbabwe despite recommendations that tenofovir (TDF) + lamivudine (3TC) is the most effective nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in those with dual infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine 1) numbers screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); 2) numbers diagnosed HBsAg-positive along with baseline characteristics; and 3) NRTI backbones used among PLHIV initiating first-line ART at Mpilo Opportunistic Infections Clinic, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, between October 2017 and April 2019. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study using routinely collected data. RESULTS: Of the 422 PLHIV initiating first-line ART (median age 34 years, IQR 25-43), 361 (85%) were screened for HBV, with 10% being HBsAg-positive. HBsAg positivity was significantly associated with anaemia (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.7) and elevated ala-nine transaminase levels (aPR 2.9, 95%CI 1.5-5.8). Of 38 PLHIV who were diagnosed HBsAg-positive, 30 (79%) were started on ART based on tenofovir (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC), seven were given abacavir (ABC) + 3TC-based ART and one was given zido vudine (ZDV) + 3TC-based ART. CONCLUSION: In PLHIV, HBV screening worked well, the prevalence of HIV-HBV co-infection was high and most patients received appropriate treatment for both conditions. Recommendations to improve screening, diagnosis and treatment of HIV-HBV co-infection are discussed.

Mobile targeted screening for tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: diagnosis, linkage to care and treatment outcomes.

SETTING: Targeted active screening for tuberculosis (Tas4TB) using mobile trucks in the community was implemented in 15 high TB burden districts in Zimbabwe. At-risk populations were screened for TB based on symptoms and chest radiography (CXR) results. Those with any positive symptom and/or an abnormal CXR had sputum collected for investigation and diagnosis and were linked to care and treatment if found to have TB. OBJECTIVE: To determine 1) the proportion and characteristics of those screened and diagnosed with TB; 2) the relationship between TB symptoms, CXR and diagnostic yields; and 3) the relationship between initiation of anti-TB treatment and treatment outcomes. DESIGN: Cohort study using routinely collected data. RESULTS: A total of 39 065 persons were screened, of whom 663 (1.7%) were diagnosed with TB; 126/663 (19.0%) were bacteriologically confirmed. The highest TB diagnostic yields were in symptomatic persons with CXRs suggestive of TB (19.4%), asymptomatic persons with CXRs suggestive of TB (8.4%) and persons at high-risk of TB (3.2%). For all diagnosed TB patients, pre-treatment loss to follow-up was 18.9% and treatment success was 59.9%. CONCLUSION: Tas4TB resulted in high diagnostic yields; however, linkage of diagnosis to care was poor. Reasons for loss to follow-up need to be better understood and rectified.

Changing distribution and abundance of the malaria vector Anopheles merus in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.

Background: The malaria vector Anopheles merus occurs in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. As its contribution to malaria transmission in South Africa has yet to be ascertained, an intensification of surveillance is necessary to provide baseline information on this species. The aim of this study was therefore to map An. merus breeding sites in the Ehlanzeni District of Mpumalanga Province and to assess qualitative trends in the distribution and relative abundance of this species over a 9-year period. Methods: The study was carried out during the period 2005-2014 in the four high-risk municipalities of Ehlanzeni District. Fifty-two breeding sites were chosen from all water bodies that produced anopheline mosquitoes. The study data were extracted from historical entomological records that are captured monthly. Results: Of the 15 058 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 64% were An. merus. The abundance and distribution of An. merus increased throughout the four municipalities in Ehlanzeni District during the study period. Conclusion: The expanded distribution and increased abundance of An. merus in the Ehlanzeni District may contribute significantly to locally acquired malaria in Mpumalanga Province, likely necessitating the incorporation of additional vector control methods specifically directed against populations of this species.

Contexte : Le vecteur du paludisme, Anopheles merus, sévit dans la province de Mpumalanga en Afrique du Sud. Comme sa contribution à la transmission du paludisme en Afrique du Sud reste à vérifier, une intensification de la surveillance est nécessaire afin de fournir des informations de départ sur cette espèce. Le but de cette étude a donc été de cartographier les sites de reproduction de An. merus dans le district d'Ehlanzeni de la province de Mpumalanga et d'évaluer les tendances qualitatives de la distribution et de l'abondance relative de cette espèce sur une période de 9 ans.Méthodes : Cette étude a été réalisée pendant la période de 2005 à 2014 dans les quatre municipalités à risque élevé du district d'Ehlanzeni. Cinquante-deux sites de reproduction ont été choisis dans tous les plans d'eau qui ont produit des moustiques de l'espèce anophèle. Les données de l'étude ont été extraites de registres entomologiques historiques qui sont saisis chaque mois.Résultats : Sur les 15 058 moustiques Anopheles recueillis, 64% ont été An. merus. L'abondance et la distribution d'An. merus ont augmenté dans les quatre municipalités du district d'Ehlanzeni pendant la période d'étude.Conclusion: La distribution en expansion et l'abondance accrue d'An. merus dans le district d'Ehlanzeni peut contribuer significativement au paludisme acquis localement dans la province de Mpumalanga et nécessite l'incorporation de méthodes de lutte vectorielle supplémentaires spécifiquement dirigées contre les populations de cette espèce.

Marco de referencia: Anopheles merus, vector del paludismo, está presente en la provincia de Mpumalanga de Suráfrica. Puesto que no se ha determinado su contribución a la transmisión del paludismo en el país, es necesario intensificar la vigilancia, con el fin de aportar información de referencia sobre esta especie. El objetivo del estudio fue cartografiar los criaderos de An. merus en el distrito de Ehlanzeni de la provincia de Mpumalanga y evaluar la evolución cuantitativa de la distribución y la abundancia relativa de esta especie durante un período de 9 años.Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo del 2005 al 2014 en cuatro municipios de alto riesgo de transmisión del distrito de Ehlanzeni. Se escogieron 52 criaderos de todas las masas de agua productoras de mosquitos anófeles. Los datos del estudio se extrajeron de los registros entomológicos históricos que se captan cada mes.Resultados: De los 15 058 mosquitos anófeles recogidos, el 64% correspondía a An. merus; su abundancia y distribución aumentó en los cuatro municipios del distrito de Ehlanzeni durante el período del estudio.Conclusión: La ampliación de la distribución y el aumento de la presencia de An. merus en el distrito de Ehlanzeni pueden contribuir de manera significativa a los casos de paludismo adquiridos localmente en la provincia de Mpumalanga, y es probable que sera necesario incorporar otros métodos de control de vectores dirigidos específicamente contra las poblaciones de esta especie.

Did the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Liberia affect HIV testing, linkage to care and ART initiation?

Setting: Health facilities providing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, care and treatment in Liberia. Objective: To evaluate individuals aged ⩾15 years who were tested, diagnosed and enrolled into HIV care before (2013), during (2014) and after the Ebola outbreak (2015). Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: A median of 6930 individuals aged ⩾15 years per county were tested for HIV before the Ebola outbreak; this number declined by 35% (2444/6930) during the outbreak. HIV positivity remained similar before (7028/207 314, 3.4%) and during the outbreak (4146/121 592, 3.5%). During Ebola, HIV testing declined more in highly affected counties (68 035/127 468, 47%) than in counties that were less affected (16 444/23 955, 31%, P < 0.001). Compared to the pre-Ebola period, HIV testing in less-affected counties recovered more quickly during the post-outbreak period, with a 19% increase in testing, while medium and highly affected counties remained at respectively 38% and 48% below pre-outbreak levels. Enrolment for HIV care increased during and after the outbreak compared to the pre-Ebola period. Conclusion: HIV testing and diagnosis were significantly limited during the Ebola outbreak, with the most severe effects occurring in highly affected counties. However, enrolment for HIV care and treatment were resilient throughout the outbreak. Pro-active measures are needed to sustain HIV testing rates in future epidemics.

Contexte : Structures de santé offrant des tests et une prise en charge de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) au Liberia.Objectif : Evaluer les personnes âgées de ⩾15 ans qui sont testées, diagnostiquées et enrôlées dans la prise en charge du VIH avant (2013), pendant (2014) et après la flambée d'Ebola (2015).Schéma : Étude descriptive transversale.Résultats : Une médiane de 6930 personnes âgées de ⩾15 ans par comté ont eu un test VIH avant la flambée d' Ebola ; ce nombre a décliné de 35% (2444/6930) pendant la flambée. La positivité du VIH est restée similaire avant (7028/207 314 ; 3,4%) et pendant la flambée d'Ebola (4146/121 592 ; 3,5%). Pendant Ebola, les tests VIH ont diminué davantage dans les comtés les plus affectés (68 035/127 468 ; 47%) comparés aux comtés moins affectés (16 444/23 955 ; 31% ; P < 0,001). Comparés à la période pré Ebola, les tests VIH dans les comtés les moins affectés ont récupéré plus rapidement pendant la période post flambée, avec une augmentation de 19% des tests, tandis que les comtés moyennement ou très affectés sont restés à 38% et à 48%, respectivement, sous les niveaux d'avant la flambée. L'enrôlement dans la prise en charge du VIH a augmenté pendant et après la flambée par rapport à la période pré Ebola.Conclusion : Le test et le diagnostic du VIH ont été significativement limités pendant la flambée d'Ebola, avec l'impact le plus grave dans les comtés les plus affectés. L'enrôlement dans la prise en charge du VIH a toutefois été résilient tout au long de la flambée. Des mesures proactives sont requises pour maintenir le taux des tests VIH lors de futures épidémies.

Marco de referencia: Los establecimientos de salud que prestan servicios de diagnóstico, atención y tratamiento de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en Liberia.Objetivo: Evaluar el número de personas de edad de ⩾15 años en quienes se practicó la prueba del VIH, se estableció el diagnóstico de infección por el virus y se inscribieron en el servicio de atención antes la epidemia de fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola (2013), durante el brote (2014) y después del mismo (2015).Método: Fue este un estudio transversal descriptivo.Resultados: La mediana del número de personas de edad de ⩾15 años en quienes se practicó la prueba del VIH antes del brote del Ébola por condado fue 6930; esta cifra disminuyó un 35% (2444/6930) durante el brote. La proporción de resultados positivos de la prueba permaneció estable antes del brote epidémico (7028/207 314 ; 3,4%) y durante el mismo (4146/121 592 ; 3,5%). Durante la epidemia del Ébola, la práctica de la prueba del VIH disminuyó más en los condados más afectados (68 035/127 468; −47%) que en los condados con una epidemia de menor nivel (16 444/23 955; −31%; P < 0,001). En comparación con el período pre-Ébola, la recuperación de la práctica de la prueba del VIH después de la epidemia en los condados menos afectados fue más rápida, con un aumento del 19%, pero en los condados donde la epidemia alcanzó un nivel intermedio o alto, las cifras permanecieron un 38% y un 48% inferiores al período pre-Ébola, respectivamente. La inscripción al programa de atención de la infección por el VIH aumentó durante el brote y después del mismo, en comparación con el período pre-Ébola.Conclusión: Los resultados del presente estudio revelan que las pruebas y el diagnóstico de la infección por el VIH se redujeron de manera notable durante el brote epidémico del Ébola y los efectos fueron más acentuados en los condados donde la epidemia alcanzó un alto nivel. Sin embargo, la inscripción al programa de atención y tratamiento resistió durante toda la epidemia. Se precisan medidas anticipatorias que favorezcan la estabilidad de la práctica de la prueba diagnóstica del VIH durante las epidemias futuras.

Did the Ebola outbreak disrupt immunisation services? A case study from Liberia.

Setting: All health facilities providing routine immunisation services in Liberia. Objective: To compare the number of routine facility-based and outreach immunisations and measles cases before, during and after the Ebola outbreak. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Results: Immunisation coverage for fully immunised children before the Ebola outbreak was 73%. Immunisation coverage for all antigens declined by half compared to baseline during the outbreak. These findings were similar in facility-based and outreach immunisations. During the outbreak, the proportion of fully immunised children dropped by respectively 58%, 33% and 39% in the most, moderately and least Ebola-affected counties. Immunisation rate of recovery in the post-Ebola period was respectively 82%, 21% and 9% in the most, moderately and least affected counties compared to the Ebola-outbreak period. Outreach immunisation recovered slowly compared to facility-based immunisation. The mean number of measles cases reported per month was 12 pre-Ebola, 16 Ebola and 60 post-Ebola. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the possible impact of an Ebola outbreak on countrywide immunisation. The outbreak weakened a struggling national immunisation programme, and post-outbreak recovery took significant time, which likely contributed to the measles epidemic. Recommendations for the improvement of immunisation services that could limit further preventable epidemics in Liberia and similar contexts at risk for Ebola are provided.

Contexte : Toutes les structures de santé offrant des services de vaccination de routine au Liberia.Objectif : Comparer le nombre de vaccinations de routine dans des structures de santé et en stratégies avancées et le nombre de cas de rougeole avant, pendant et après l'épidémie d'Ebola.Schéma : Étude descriptive transversale.Résultats : La couverture vaccinale des enfants complètement immunisés avant l'épidémie d'Ebola était de 73%. La couverture vaccinale pour tous les antigènes a décliné de moitié pendant la flambée comparée à la période précédente. Ces résultats ont été similaires pour les vaccinations dans les structures de santé et les vaccinations périphériques. Pendant la flambée, la proportion d'enfants complètement immunisés a chuté de 58%, 33% et 39%, respectivement, dans les contés gravement, moyennement et faiblement affectés par Ebola. Le taux de vaccination de récupération dans la période post Ebola a été de 82%, 21% et 9%, respectivement, dans les comtés gravement, moyennement et faiblement affectés par Ebola comparés à la période de la flambée d'Ebola. Les vaccinations dans la communauté ont récupéré plus lentement que les vaccinations en structures de santé. Le nombre moyen mensuel de cas de rougeole rapporté a été de 12 avant Ebola, 16 Ebola et 60 après Ebola.Conclusion : Cette étude permet de mieux comprendre l'impact possible d'une épidémie d'Ebola sur le programme de vaccination dans le pays. La flambée a affaibli un programme national de vaccination déjà en difficulté et après la flambée la récupération a pris du temps, ce qui a sans doute contribué à l'épidémie de rougeole. Des recommandations pour une amélioration des services de vaccination qui pourraient limiter les épidémies évitables à l'avenir au Liberia et dans des contextes similaires à risque d'Ebola sont proposées.

Marco de referencia: Todos los establecimientos de salud que prestan servicios corrientes de vacunación en Liberia.Objetivo: Comparar el número de vacunaciones corrientes institucionales y extrainstitucionales practicadas y de casos de sarampión antes de la epidemia de fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola, durante el brote y después del mismo.Método: Fue este un estudio transversal descriptivo.Resultados: La cobertura de los niños con un esquema completo de vacunación antes de la epidemia del Ébola era 73%. La cobertura con todos los antígenos disminuyó un 50% durante el brote epidémico en comparación con los datos preepidémicos. Esta proporción fue equivalente en la vacunación institucional y periférica. Durante el brote, la proporción de niños con un esquema completo de vacunación disminuyó según la intensidad alta, moderada o baja de la epidemia en un 58%, un 33% y un 39%, respectivamente. La tasa correspondiente de recuperación de la vacunación después del período epidémico fue de 82%, 21% y 9% con respecto al período epidémico. La vacunación periférica se recuperó más lentamente que la vacunación practicada en los establecimientos de salud. El promedio mensual de casos de sarampión notificados fue 12 antes del brote del Ébola, 16 durante la epidemia y 60 después de la misma.Conclusión: Los resultados del presente estudio enriquecen la percepción de las repercusiones que puede provocar una epidemia de fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola en el sistema de vacunación a escala del país. El brote epidémico debilitó aun más el programa nacional de vacunación y su recuperación precisó un tiempo considerable; es probable que este factor haya contribuido al surgimiento de la epidemia de sarampión. Se aportan recomendaciones encaminadas a mejorar los servicios de vacunación, que pueden limitar mejor las epidemias prevenibles en Liberia y en otros entornos comparables donde existe un riesgo de aparición de la fiebre del Ébola.

Characteristics and management of presumptive tuberculosis in public health facilities in Malawi, 2014-2016.

Setting: Public health facilities providing tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services in Malawi. Objectives: Using routinely collected health service delivery data to describe trends in HIV ascertainment and use of the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay to diagnose TB among HIV-positive presumptive TB cases. Design: This was an implementation study of presumptive TB cases who sought care from 21 facilities between April 2014 and June 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise patient, facility and service level characteristics. Results: Of 28 567 presumptive TB cases analysed, 23 198 (81%) had known HIV status. The proportion of ascertained HIV status in presumptive TB cases increased over the study period. HIV prevalence was 49%, with 73% of HIV-positive presumptive TB cases on antiretroviral therapy. Access to Xpert ranged between 37% and 63% per quarter among HIV-positive presumptive TB patients with smear-negative sputum results. Of 7829 patients with documented Xpert results, 68% were HIV-positive. Conclusion: After the introduction of registers with HIV-related variables, HIV ascertainment among presumptive TB cases increased over time. Access to Xpert was suboptimal among HIV-positive presumptive TB cases. Further collaboration between national TB and HIV programmes may facilitate increased use of Xpert for HIV-positive patients with presumptive TB who seek care in public health facilities.

Contexte : Structures de santé publiques offrant des services de la tuberculose (TB) et du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) au Malawi.Objectifs : Utilisant des données recueillies en routine de prestation des services de santé, décrire les tendances de la vérification du VIH et de l'utilisation du test Xpert® MTB/RIF afin de diagnostiquer la TB parmi les cas présumés de TB qui sont VIH positifs.Schéma : Etude de mise en œuvre des cas présumés de TB qui ont sollicité des soins dans 21 structures entre avril 2014 et juin 2016. Nous avons utilisé des statistiques descriptives pour résumer les caractéristiques des patients, des structures et des services.Résultats : Sur les 28 567 cas présumés de TB qui ont été analysés, 23 198 (81%) connaissaient leur statut VIH. La proportion de statuts VIH vérifiés parmi les cas de TB présumés a augmenté tout au long de la période d'étude. La prévalence du VIH a été de 49%, avec 73% des patients VIH positifs présumés TB sous traitement antirétroviral. L'accès à Xpert était entre 37% et 63% par trimestre parmi les patients VIH positifs présumés TB avec des résultats de frottis de crachats négatifs. Sur les 7829 patients ayant des résultats documentés d'Xpert, 68% ont été VIH positifs.Conclusion : Après l'introduction des registres comportant des variables liées au statut VIH, la constatation du VIH parmi les cas présumés de TB a augmenté dans le temps. L'accès à Xpert a été sous-optimal parmi les cas de TB présumés VIH-positifs. Davantage de collaboration entre les programmes nationaux TB et VIH pourrait faciliter une utilisation accrue d'Xpert pour les patients VIH positifs avec une présomption de TB qui sollicitent des soins dans des structures de santé publiques.

Marco de referencia: Los establecimientos públicos de atención de salud que prestan servicios relacionados con la tuberculosis (TB) y la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en Malawi.Objetivos: A partir de los datos recogidos de manera sistemática sobre la prestación de los servicios de salud, describir la evolución de la determinación de la situación frente al VIH y de la utilización de la prueba Xpert® MTB/RIF para el diagnóstico de TB, en los casos positivos frente al VIH con presunción clínica de esta enfermedad.Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de implementación de los casos con presunción de TB que buscaron atención en 21 centros, de abril 2014 a junio 2016. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas a fin de resumir las características de los pacientes, los establecimientos y los servicios.Resultados: De los 28 567 casos con presunción de TB analizados, 23 198 conocían su situación frente al VIH (81%). La proporción de determinación de la situación frente al VIH en los casos analizados aumentó durante el período del estudio. La prevalencia de infección por el VIH fue 49% y el 73% de estos casos recibía tratamiento antirretrovírico. El acceso a la prueba Xpert osciló entre 37% y 63% por trimestre en los pacientes positivos frente al VIH con presunción de TB y resultados negativos de la baciloscopia de esputo. De los 7829 pacientes con resultado de la prueba Xpert, en el 68% la prueba fue positiva.Conclusión: Tras la introducción de los registros que comportan variables relacionadas con el VIH, la determinación de la situación frente al VIH en los casos con presunción de TB ha aumentado en el transcurso del tiempo. El acceso a la prueba Xpert fue deficiente en los pacientes positivos frente al VIH, con presunción clínica de TB. Una mayor colaboración entre los programas nacionales contra la TB y el VIH facilitaría la utilización de la prueba Xpert en los pacientes seropositivos con presunción de TB que buscan atención en los centros públicos de atención de salud.

Assessment of non-standard HIV antiretroviral therapy regimens at Lighthouse Trust in Lilongwe, Malawi.

AIM: Lighthouse Trust in Lilongwe, Malawi serves approximately 25,000 patients with HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens standardized according to national treatment guidelines. However, as a referral centre for complex cases, Lighthouse Trust occasionally treats patients with non-standard ART regimens (NS-ART) that deviate from the treatment guidelines. We evaluated factors contributing to the use of NS-ART and whether patients could transition to standard regimens. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of all adult patients at Lighthouse Trust being treated with NS-ART as of February 2012. Patients were identified using the electronic data system. Medical charts were reviewed and descriptive statistics were obtained. RESULTS: One hundred six patients were initially found being treated with NS-ART, and 92 adult patients were confirmed to be on NS-ART after review. Mean patient age was 42.4 ± 10.3 years, and 52 (57%) were female. Mean duration of treatment with the NS-ART being used at the time of data collection was 2.1 ± 1.5 years. Eight patients (9%) were on modified first-line NS-ART and 84 (91%) were on modified second-line NS-ART, with 90 patients (98%) having multiple factors contributing to NS-ART use. Severe toxicity from one medication contributed in 28 cases (30%) and toxicity from multiple medications contributed in 46 cases (50%), while 22 patients (24%) were transitioned to NS-ART following a stockout of their original medication. Following clinical review, 84 patients (91%) were transitioned to standard regimens, and eight (9%) were maintained on NS-ART because of incompatibility of their clinical features with the latest national guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Primary factors contributing to NS-ART use were medication toxicities and medication stockouts. Most patients were transitioned to standard regimens, although the need for NS-ART remains.

The Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative for public health programmes.

In 2009, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) and Médecins sans Frontières Brussels-Luxembourg (MSF) began developing an outcome-oriented model for operational research training. In January 2013, The Union and MSF joined with the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) at the World Health Organization (WHO) to form an initiative called the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT). This integrates the training of public health programme staff with the conduct of operational research prioritised by their programme. SORT IT programmes consist of three one-week workshops over 9 months, with clearly-defined milestones and expected output. This paper describes the vision, objectives and structure of SORT IT programmes, including selection criteria for applicants, the research projects that can be undertaken within the time frame, the programme structure and milestones, mentorship, the monitoring and evaluation of the programmes and what happens beyond the programme in terms of further research, publications and the setting up of additional training programmes. There is a growing national and international need for operational research and related capacity building in public health. SORT IT aims to meet this need by advocating for the output-based model of operational research training for public health programme staff described here. It also aims to secure sustainable funding to expand training at a global and national level. Finally, it could act as an observatory to monitor and evaluate operational research in public health. Criteria for prospective partners wishing to join SORT IT have been drawn up.

En 2009, L'Union Internationale contre la Tuberculose et les Maladies pulmonaires (L'Union) et Médecins sans Frontières Bruxelles-Luxembourg (MSF) ont commencé à élaborer un modèle orienté par les résultats pour la formation en recherche opérationnelle. En janvier 2013, l'Union et MSF ont rejoint le Programme Spécial de Recherche et de Formation des Maladies Tropicales (TDR) à l'OMS pour former une initiative baptisée « The Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT) ¼ [Initiative structurée de recherche opérationnelle et de formation]. Celle-ci intègre la formation du personnel des programmes de santé publique et la conduite de recherche opérationnelle en fonction des priorités de leur programme. Les programmes SORT IT consistent en trois ateliers d'une semaine, étalés sur 9 mois, avec des étapes bien définies et des résultats attendus. Cet article décrit la vision, les objectifs et la structure des programmes SORT IT, notamment les critères de sélection des candidats, les projets de recherche qui peuvent être entrepris dans le temps imparti, la structure et les étapes du programme, le tutorat, le suivi et l'évaluation des programmes et les suites du programme en termes de recherche ultérieure, de publications et de conception/mise en œuvre de programmes de formation supplémentaire. Il y a un besoin croissant, national et international, de recherche opérationnelle et de renforcement des capacités dans ce domaine en santé publique. SORT IT vise à répondre à ce besoin en plaidant pour un modèle de formation en recherche opérationnelle basé sur les résultats du personnel de santé publique décrit ici. Il vise également à sécuriser un financement pérenne pour la formation des experts au niveau mondial et national. Enfin, il pourrait servir d'observatoire de suivi et d'évaluation de la recherche opérationnelle en santé publique. Les critères de recrutement de nouveaux partenaires potentiels qui souhaitent rejoindre SORT IT ont été élaborés.

En el 2009, La Unión contra la Tuberculosis y las Enfermedades Respiratorias (La Unión) y Médecins sans Frontières de Bruselas y Luxemburgo comenzaron a desarrollar un modelo de capacitación en investigación operativa orientada por los resultados. En enero del 2013, ambas organizaciones se unieron a un Programa Especial de Investigación y Capacitación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), con el fin de poner en marcha una iniciativa denominada SORT IT (acrónimo por the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative, Iniciativa de Capacitación Estructurada en Investigación Operativa). Esta iniciativa articula la capacitación del personal del programa de salud pública con la realización de una investigación operativa a la cual su propio programa atribuye una prioridad. Los programas SORT IT consisten en tres talleres de una semana cada uno, durante un período de nueve meses, cuyos objetivos principales y productos se definen muy claramente. En el presente artículo se describen la visión, los objetivos y la estructura de los programas SORT IT, incluidos los criterios de selección de los solicitantes, los proyectos de investigación que se pueden emprender dentro del tiempo asignado, los objetivos principales y la estructura del programa, la tutoría, el seguimiento y la evaluación de los programas y lo que puede realizarse después del programa, como las futuras investigaciones, las publicaciones y la organización de otros programas de capacitación. Existe una necesidad creciente de investigación operativa y de creación de capacidades conexas en materia de salud pública a escala nacional e internacional. La iniciativa SORT IT busca satisfacer estas necesidades, mediante la promoción del modelo de capacitación en investigación operativa orientada por los resultados que dirige al personal del programa de salud pública descrito aquí. También busca lograr un financiamiento sostenible con el fin de ampliar la capacitación a escala nacional y mundial. Por último, la iniciativa podría tener una función de observatorio encargado de evaluar la investigación operativa en salud pública. Se redactaron asimismo los criterios dirigidos a los futuros asociados que deseen unirse a la iniciativa SORT IT.

Factors associated with timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy in two HIV clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that only 30% of eligible, HIV-infected individuals start antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study seeks to explore the geographic and individual factors associated with starting ART on time. This retrospective study includes 15,734 HIV-positive adults initiating ART at two HIV clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi. The outcome was starting ART within two weeks of meeting ART eligibility as defined by the Malawi ART guidelines. Euclidean distance from patient neighbourhood to their clinic was calculated using Google Earth. Logistic regression models assessed factors influencing starting ART on time. Of 15,734 adults initiating ART, 8178 were from Lighthouse (LH) and 7556 were from Martin Preuss Center (MPC). Combined, 68.7% started treatment on time. Patients who were eligible for ART based on a CD4 cell count <250 cells/mm(3) versus WHO stage were less likely to begin ART on time at both LH (odds ratio [OR] 0.16; 95% CI 0.13-0.19) and MPC (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.21-0.28). Likelihood of starting on time decreased with each kilometer further from clinic location among LH patients (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94-0.99); distance was not significant at MPC. In conclusion, predictors differed by clinic. Distance to clinic and type of eligibility for ART significantly influence starting ART on time.

Timing of antiretroviral therapy and effects on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in HIV-co-infected patients in Malawi.

SETTING: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected tuberculosis (TB) patients started on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 2) the timing of ART and 3) the effect of the timing on TB treatment outcomes. DESIGN: A retrospective record review of HIV-infected TB patients registered from January to December 2009. RESULTS: A total of 3376 TB patients were registered, of whom 2665 (79%) were HIV-tested and 2042 (77%) were HIV-infected. A total of 1190 HIV-infected TB patients who were not on ART at the time of starting TB treatment were studied. Of 688 (58%) who started ART, 61% started therapy within 2 months of anti-tuberculosis treatment and 39% started later (≥2 months). Treatment success for patients with TB who started ART within 2 months was higher than for those starting ART later (RR 1.6, 95%CI 1.4-1.8), and death rates were lower (RR 0.25, 95%CI 0.19-0.35). CONCLUSION: Under routine programme conditions in Malawi, a higher proportion of HIV-infected TB patients who started ART did so within 2 months of starting TB treatment, and early ART intervention was associated with better treatment outcomes. This confirms recommendations that co-infected TB patients should start ART early.

'Task shifting' in an antiretroviral clinic in Malawi: can health surveillance assistants manage patients safely?

Malawi has a critical shortage of clinicians and nurses. This study evaluated whether health surveillance assistants (HSAs) could provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficiently and safely for stable patients. HSAs could identify patients with previously established criteria requiring clinical management, including ART initiates, children and patients on second-line treatment. HSAs were not capable of correctly identifying current complications, including potentially severe side effects and toxicities, and inappropriately referred stable patients to clinicians, reducing efficiency. While task shifting to HSAs appears promising, to be safe and efficient, additional clinical training is needed before potentially task shifting stable ART patient care to less skilled health care cadres.

Le Malawi connait un manque critique de cliniciens et d'infirmières. Cette étude a évalué dans quelle mesure les assistants de surveillance de santé (HSA) pourraient distribuer un traitement antirétroviral (ART) de manière efficiente et sûre à des patients en état stable. Les HSA pourraient identifier les patients répondant à des critères préalablement établis, exigeant une prise en charge clinique, notamment les débuts d'ART, les enfants et les patients sous traitement de deuxième ligne. Les HSA n'ont pas été capables d'identifier correctement les complications courantes, notamment les effets collatéraux potentiellement graves et les toxicités ; ils n'ont pas référé de manière appropriée les patients stables aux cliniciens, ce qui a réduit leur efficience. Alors que le transfert de tâches vers les HSA paraît prometteur, pour qu'il soit sûr et efficient, une formation clinique complémentaire s'impose avant de transférer la tâche des soins aux patients ART stables à des cadres de la santé de moindre compétence.

Malaui afronta una grave escasez de personal médico y de enfermería. En el presente estudio se investigó si los auxiliares de vigilancia de la salud (HSA) podrían realizar un suministro eficaz y seguro del tratamiento antirretrovírico (ART) a los pacientes estables. Los ayudantes de vigilancia sanitaria podrían detectar a los pacientes que precisan manejo médico con base en criterios establecidos antes, como los pacientes que comenzaron recientemente el ART, los niños y los pacientes que reciben medicamentos de segunda línea. Los HSA no pudieron reconocer las complicaciones frecuentes, ni las reacciones adversas y las toxicidades que podrían ser graves y remitieron a los médicos, sin razón válida, pacientes estables con lo cual se redujo su eficacia. Si bien la delegación de tareas a los HSA podría parecer prometedora, a fin de velar por la seguridad y la eficiencia de la iniciativa, es preciso impartir una mayor capacitación clínica antes de confiar al personal sanitario menos calificado la atención de pacientes estables que reciben el ART.

Timing and uptake of ART during treatment for active tuberculosis in HIV co-infected adults in Malawi.

SETTING: Uptake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has historically been low in Malawi. In response, the National TB Programme piloted the initiation of ART 2 weeks after initiation of TB treatment in 2008-2009, a change from the prior policy of 2 months. OBJECTIVE: To determine at programme level if earlier initiation of ART in co-infected patients receiving TB treatment will increase the uptake and continuation of ART. DESIGN: A prospective observational pilot programme evaluation using routinely collected monitoring data from the first two sites with integrated TB-HIV services in Malawi. RESULTS: There was wide variability in the ART start time before and after the policy change. Before the policy change, 16% of patients initiated ART by 3 months compared to 24% after the policy change (P < 0.001). The proportion of all co-infected patients on ART increased from 32% before the policy change to 39% after (P < 0.001). Earlier initiation of ART did not increase the occurrence of side effects and did not reduce adherence to TB treatment. CONCLUSION: Earlier initiation of ART in co-infected patients receiving TB treatment improved the uptake and continuation of ART. Malawi ART guidelines in 2011 were changed from initiating ART after 2 months to as soon as possible after starting anti-tuberculosis treatment.