[Relationship between the lung ultrasound and the clinical severity of the patient with seasonal flu]. / Lien entre l'aspect échographique du poumon et la sévérité́ clinique du patient atteint d'une grippe saisonnière.

INTRODUCTION: The seasonal flu is a very important reason for consultation every winter. Symptoms can quickly progress to severe pneumonia. Currently, few tools exist to assess the clinical severity of patients. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the role of lung ultrasound as a marker of severity in patients with influenza. METHODS: 79 patients who arrived at the emergency department with flu-like symptoms were included. A pulmonary ultrasound looking for an interstitial syndrome or consolidation was performed. The qSOFA, the SOFA, the saturation, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, the oxygen needs, the destination of the patient made it possible to establish the seriousness of the pathology of the patient. Ultrasound was then compared to these different tools. RESULTS: The more the ultrasound became pathological, the more we observed a proportion of qSOFA (p = 0.001) and pathological SOFA (p = 0.009). Most patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have pathological ultrasound (p < 0.001). The average admission saturation is 89.2 % in the "pathological ultrasound" group compared to 95.8 % in the "normal ultrasound" group (p < 0.001). Patients who required invasive therapies had pathological ultrasound (p < 0.001). Of the 28 patients with pathological ultrasound, 24 required hospitalization (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lung ultrasound is a major asset for assessing the severity of the patient with seasonal flu. In addition, ultrasound allows better monitoring of the patient by being able to influence the destination of the latter towards a return home or monitoring in intensive care.

INTRODUCTION: La grippe saisonnière représente chaque hiver un motif de consultation très important. La symptomatologie peut rapidement évoluer vers une pneumonie sévère. Actuellement, peu d'outils existent pour évaluer la sévérité clinique des patients. Le but de cette étude est de démontrer le rôle de l'échographie pulmonaire comme marqueur de sévérité́ chez les patients atteints d'une grippe. Méthodes : L'étude a comporté 79 patients arrivés aux urgences pour grippe. Une échographie pulmonaire a été réalisée à la recherche d'un syndrome interstitiel ou d'une consolidation. Le qSOFA, le SOFA, la saturation, le rapport PaO2/FiO2, les besoins en oxygène, la destination du patient ont permis d'établir la gravité de la pathologie du patient. L'échographie a alors été comparée à ces différents outils. Résultats : Plus l'échographie devient pathologique, plus on observe une proportion de qSOFA (p = 0,001) et de SOFA pathologiques (p = 0,009). La majorité́ des patients ayant un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë ont une échographie pathologique (p < 0,001). La moyenne des saturations d'admission est de 89,2 % dans le groupe «échographie pathologique¼ contre 95,8 % dans le groupe «échographie normale¼ (p < 0,001). Les patients ayant eu recours à des thérapies invasives ont une échographie pathologique (p < 0,001). Sur les 28 patients ayant une échographie pathologique, 24 ont nécessité́ une hospitalisation (p < 0,001). CONCLUSION: L'échographie pulmonaire est un atout majeur pour l'évaluation de la sévérité du patient atteint d'une grippe saisonnière. De plus, l'échographie permet une meilleure surveillance du patient en pouvant influencer la destination de celui-ci vers un retour à̀ domicile ou une surveillance aux soins intensifs.

Cardiometabolic comorbidities in obstructive sleep apnea patients are related to disease severity, nocturnal hypoxemia, and decreased sleep quality.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is currently recognized as an independent risk factor for hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, stroke, and metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes, dyslipidemia). In clinical practice, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is the marker used to classify disease severity and guide treatment. However, AHI alone does not sufficiently identify OSA patients at risk for cardiometabolic comorbidities. With this in mind, the aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether some polysomnographic parameters (e.g. apnea-hypopnea duration, sleep structure, nocturnal hypoxemia) are specifically associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities in OSA. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 1717 patients suffering from moderate/severe OSA were included between 2013 and 2017. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and polysomnographic characteristics were collected and analyzed to identify factors associated with cardiometabolic complications. RESULTS: The medical files of 1717 patients (68% male) were reviewed. The mean AHI was 43.1 +/- 27.7 with 57.3% of patients suffering from severe OSA, and 52% from at least one cardiovascular comorbidity (CVCo). Diabetes affected 22% of the patients and 27% exhibited dyslipidemia. Patients affected by CVCos were older, and more often women and non-smokers. These patients also had worse sleep quality, and a more marked intermittent/global nocturnal hypoxemia. With regard to diabetes, diabetics were older, more often non-smoker, non-drinker women, and were more obese. These patients also exhibited more severe OSA, especially in non-REM (NREM) sleep, worse sleep quality, and a more marked intermittent/global nocturnal hypoxemia. Dyslipidemia was more frequent in the absence of alcohol consumption, and was associated with OSA severity, decreased sleep quality, and longer AH in REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies demographic and polysomnographic factors associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities. Patients (especially women) suffering from more severe OSA, longer sleep apneas and hypopneas, worse sleep quality, and marked intermittent/global nocturnal hypoxemia are more likely to develop cardiometabolic comorbidities. This should stimulate clinicians to obtain adequate treatment in this population.

African ethnicity is associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes in obstructive sleep apnea patients: results of a retrospective analysis.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a well-recognized independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its prevalence is increasing. OSA symptomology, polysomnographic features, and comorbidities are heterogeneous among patients. Ethnicity is thought to influence OSA phenotypes, but extensive knowledge of OSA ethnic patterns is lacking. The primary aim of the present study was to compare comorbidities in Caucasian and African OSA. Secondary aims were to observe OSA symptomatology, polysomnographic characteristics, and CPAP adherence in these two ethnic groups. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 1717 patients suffering from moderate/severe OSA were included between 2013 and 2017. Data on demographics, symptomatology, comorbidities, polysomnographic characteristics, and CPAP adherence were collected. Data were analyzed to identify potential differences between Caucasians and Africans. RESULTS: Despite healthier lifestyles and lower BMI, a higher prevalence of diabetes but less cardiac comorbidities and dyslipidemia was observed in the African population. Younger African patients (< 56 years) suffered more from cognitive impairment than Caucasians and both younger and older Africans complained more of nighttime choking than Caucasians. In analysis of polysomnographic data, Africans had higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in REM sleep, lower supine AHI, lower desaturation time, and lower periodic leg movements index. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with Caucasians, African OSA showed a particular comorbidity profile. There are younger patients who exhibit more diabetes but less cardiac comorbidities than the Caucasians. African diabetics should be more promptly referred for OSA testing. Moreover, as they suffer more often from choking and cognitive impairment, OSA treatment could positively impact their quality of life.

Moyamoya Disease: When Should You Look for a Genetic Cause of Stroke?

Introduction: Strokes are common but can be caused by a rare illness. Moyamoya disease (MMD) justifies a family assessment because of its hereditary nature and the availability of new therapies. Case description: A 42-year-old man was admitted because of convulsions with sensorimotor deficit due to a massive cerebral haemorrhage caused by MMD. The fact that the patient died suggested his children should be screened. Discussion: MMD is rare and its consequences disastrous. Many cases in both children and adults have been described. Investigations should be carried out when the diagnosis is suspected, and, if confirmed, the family should be screened given the genetic nature of some forms of the disease. Effective and increasingly personalized therapeutic solutions are available. Conclusions: A minority of strokes are caused by rare diseases including MMD. Our current knowledge of this pathology and the treatments available justify a family assessment when the clinical or family context requires it. LEARNING POINTS: Strokes are frequent but can reveal rare conditions, including Moyamoya diseaseThe families of patients should be screened in order to avoid morbidity and mortality.The diagnosis is not necessarily fatal as there are various promising therapeutic solutions, which should encourage further research.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Phenotyping by Cluster Analysis: Typical Sleepy, Obese Middle-aged Men with Desaturating Events are A Minority of Patients in A Multi-ethnic Cohort of 33% Women.

OBJECTIVE: Several clinical obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) phenotypes associated with heterogeneous cardiovascular risk profiles have been recently identified. The purpose of this study was to identify clusters amongst these profiles that allow for the differentiation of patients. METHODS: This retrospective study included all moderate-to-severe OSAS patients referred to the sleep unit over a 5-year period. Demographic, symptom, comorbidity, polysomnographic, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence data were collected. Statistical analyses were performed to identify clusters of patients. RESULTS: A total of 567 patients were included (67% men, 54±13 years, body mass index: 32±7 kg/m2, 65% Caucasian, 32% European African). Five clusters were identified: less severe OSAS (n=172); healthier severe OSAS (n=160); poorly sleeping OSAS patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities (n=87); younger obese men with sleepiness at the wheel (n=94); sleepy obese men with very severe desaturating OSAS and cardiometabolic comorbidities (n=54). Patients in clusters 3 and 5 were older than those in clusters 2 and 4 (P=0.034). Patients in clusters 4 and 5 were significantly more obese than those in the other clusters (P=0.04). No significant differences were detected in terms of symptoms and comorbidities. Polysomnographic profiles were very discriminating between clusters. CPAP adherence was similar in all clusters but, among adherent patients, daily usage was more important in cluster 1 (less severe patients) than in cluster 5. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that the typical sleepy obese middle-aged men with desaturating events represent only a minority of patients in our multi-ethnic moderate-to-severe OSAS cohort of 33% females.