Valleytronics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Paths Forward.

A lack of inversion symmetry coupled with the presence of time-reversal symmetry endows 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with individually addressable valleys in momentum space at the K and K' points in the first Brillouin zone. This valley addressability opens up the possibility of using the momentum state of electrons, holes, or excitons as a completely new paradigm in information processing. The opportunities and challenges associated with manipulation of the valley degree of freedom for practical quantum and classical information processing applications were analyzed during the 2017 Workshop on Valleytronic Materials, Architectures, and Devices; this Review presents the major findings of the workshop.

Degradation of Akt using protein-catalyzed capture agents.

Abnormal signaling of the protein kinase Akt has been shown to contribute to human diseases such as diabetes and cancer, but Akt has proven to be a challenging target for drugging. Using iterative in situ click chemistry, we recently developed multiple protein-catalyzed capture (PCC) agents that allosterically modulate Akt enzymatic activity in a protein-based assay. Here, we utilize similar PCCs to exploit endogenous protein degradation pathways. We use the modularity of the anti-Akt PCCs to prepare proteolysis targeting chimeric molecules that are shown to promote the rapid degradation of Akt in live cancer cells. These novel proteolysis targeting chimeric molecules demonstrate that the epitope targeting selectivity of PCCs can be coupled with non-traditional drugging moieties to inhibit challenging targets.

Visualizing local doping effects of individual water clusters on gold(111)-supported graphene.

The local charge carrier density of graphene can exhibit significant and highly localized variations that arise from the interaction between graphene and the local environment, such as adsorbed water, or a supporting substrate. However, it has been difficult to correlate such spatial variations with individual impurity sites. By trapping (under graphene) nanometer-sized water clusters on the atomically well-defined Au(111) substrate, we utilize scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to characterize the local doping influence of individual water clusters on graphene. We find that water clusters, predominantly nucleated at the atomic steps of Au(111), induce strong and highly localized electron doping in graphene. A positive correlation is observed between the water cluster size and the local doping level, in support of the recently proposed electrostatic-field-mediated doping mechanism. Our findings quantitatively demonstrate the importance of substrate-adsorbed water on the electronic properties of graphene.

The microscopic structure of adsorbed water on hydrophobic surfaces under ambient conditions.

The interaction of water vapor with hydrophobic surfaces is poorly understood. We utilize graphene templating to preserve and visualize the microscopic structures of adsorbed water on hydrophobic surfaces. Three well-defined surfaces [H-Si(111), graphite, and functionalized mica] were investigated, and water was found to adsorb as nanodroplets (∼10-100 nm in size) on all three surfaces under ambient conditions. The adsorbed nanodroplets were closely associated with atomic-scale surface defects and step-edges and wetted all the hydrophobic substrates with contact angles<∼10°, resulting in total water adsorption that was similar to what is found for hydrophilic surfaces. These results point to the significant differences between surface processes at the atomic/nanometer scales and in the macroscopic world.

Atomic force microscopy characterization of room-temperature adlayers of small organic molecules through graphene templating.

We report on the use of graphene templating to investigate the room-temperature structure and dynamics of weakly bound adlayers at the interfaces between solids and vapors of small organic molecules. Monolayer graphene sheets are employed to preserve and template molecularly thin adlayers of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cyclohexane on atomically flat mica substrates, thus permitting a structural characterization of the adlayers under ambient conditions through atomic force microscopy. We found the first two adlayers of both molecules adsorb in a layer-by-layer fashion, and atomically flat two-dimensional islands are observed for both the first and the second adlayers. THF adlayers form initially as rounded islands but, over a period of weeks, evolve into faceted islands, suggesting that the adlayers possess both liquid and solid properties at room temperature. Cyclohexane adlayers form crystal-like faceted islands and are immobile under the graphene template. The heights of the second adlayers of THF and cyclohexane are measured to be 0.44 ± 0.02 and 0.50 ± 0.02 nm, respectively, in good agreement with the layer thicknesses in the monoclinic crystal structure of THF and the Phase I "plastic crystal" structure of cyclohexane. The first adlayers appear slightly thinner for both molecules, indicative of interactions of the molecules with the mica substrate.

The influence of water on the optical properties of single-layer molybdenum disulfide.

Adsorbed molecules can significantly affect the properties of atomically thin materials. Physisorbed water plays a significant role in altering the optoelectronic properties of single-layer MoS2 , one such 2D film. Here the distinct quenching effect of adsorbed water on the photoluminescence of single-layer MoS2 is demonstrated through scanning-probe and optical microscopy.