Ultrasound-guided dry needling of masticatory muscles in trigeminal neuralgia - A case series of 35 patients.

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) is considered a sensory neuropathy. However, reports of pain on chewing/speaking suggest a masticatory myofascial involvement. Objective: To examine the effect of ultrasound-guided dry needling (USGDN), which deactivates myofascial trigger points in masticatory, neck, and facial muscles on TGN symptoms. Methods: Charts of 35 patients treated for TGN were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment was USGDN alone or combined with trigeminal ganglion/mandibular nerve pulsed radiofrequency (PRF), followed by yoga mudras to stretch masticatory and facial muscles. Patients were followed for 1-8 years. Outcome parameters were reduction of medications with reduction in neuralgic attack frequency and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score. Results: 23 patients (65.7%) received USGDN alone, 12 patients (34.3%) received PRF treatment before USGDN. A significant reduction in the mean (SD) NRS (5.7 [1.2] vs 8.8 [1.6]; P < .001) and neuralgic attack frequency (47 [27] vs 118 [70] attacks/day; P < .001) was seen after PRF compared with baseline, respectively. Following USGDN, the mean (SD) NRS further decreased significantly to 1.0 (0.9) (P < .001). USGDN alone produced a similar improvement in the NRS (8.9 [1.5] at baseline reduced to 0.6 [0.7] post-USGDN; P < .001). Patients in both groups reported a cessation in neuralgic attacks after USGDN. Post-USGDN, 18/27 patients completely discontinued medication, with the mean (SD) carbamazepine dose significantly reducing from 716.7 (260.9) mg/day at baseline to 113.0 (250.2) mg/day post-USGDN (P < .001). Conclusion: Decisive relief of TGN by USGDN suggests neuromyalgia involving masticatory muscles. Prospective, controlled studies could confirm these findings.

Unusual problem with pain relief in an opium addict.

The intra- and postoperative anaesthetic management of an opium addict is described. What initially appeared to be a withdrawal syndrome was later concluded to be a physiological manifestation of the anaesthetic and surgical technique, as well as an effect of opium.

[Visceral leishmaniasis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Report of a case]. / Leishmaniose visceral e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Relato de um caso.

This is a case report that describe an association of AIDS, visceral leishmaniasis and probable disseminated tuberculosis. Due to the spread of AIDS in developing areas worldwide this association would be more frequently, seen on subjects from endemic areas where this protozoonosis is prevalent. More than one opportunistic infection related with the endemic diseases of the developing regions can be associated with those immunocompromised patients.

An unusual way to use an endobronchial blocker.

The techniques for lung isolation in infants are, endobronchial intubation and bronchical blockade with Fogarty catheter or a univent tube. Unlike endobronchial intubation, bronchial blockade has the advantage that lung can be segregated at will. Endobronchial blocker is usually placed as a planned procedure just after induction of anaesthesia either under vision with the help of a fibreoptic bronchoscope or alternatively a rigid bronchoscope is used to position it in either bronchus and later the trachea. We report here a rather unusual and desperate way of using a Fogarty catheter halfway through the surgery due to unforeseen bleeding during thoracotomy. The pros and cons of attempting selective segregation and regional ventilation of lung under these circumstances is discussed.

Failed epidural anaesthesia in a patient with Hurler's disease.

Failure of epidural anaesthesia in a patient with Hurler's disease is presented. The possibility that epidural anaesthesia may fail due to deposition of mucopolysaccharide in the meninges, or in the epidural space is discussed. A granuloma in the upper trachea and severe choanal stenosis complicated the already difficult airway management.

Anaesthetic management of a patient with Freeman Sheldon syndrome.

We present a case of Freeman Sheldon (Whistling Face) syndrome. The anaesthetic management of an additional cervical kyphoscoliosis is discussed.

A review of anaesthetic technique in 15 paediatric patients with temporomandibular joint ankylosis.

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis presents a serious problem for airway management. This relatively rare problem becomes even more difficult to manage in children because of their smaller mouth opening with near total trismus, and the need for general anaesthesia before making any attempts to secure the airway. A technique for securing the airway that combines local blocks for nerves of larynx and topical anaesthesia of upper airways for placement of these blocks, and minimal general anaesthesia for these manoeuvres, is described. For general anaesthesia, a combination of halothane and ether by spontaneous ventilation, using bilateral nasopharyngeal airways, was used. Because of the severe trismus, a tongue depressor or tip of a laryngoscope was used with a fibreoptic light source in the buccal sulcus to visualize the tracheal tube in the pharynx. Nasal forceps, with a smaller tip and narrower blade than Magill forceps was used to guide the tracheal tube towards the air bubbles coming out of larynx. No attempt was made to visualize the larynx, but its position was guessed from the direction of these air bubbles. We review the anaesthetic technique in 15 such cases of severe trismus managed successfully between 1986 and 1999.

Anaesthetic management of an infant with anterior mediastinal mass.

A substantial mediastinal mass in a small infant can create a dilemma regarding the safest mode of airway management. To ensure safety at all times, we adopted one lung ventilation for fear of compression of the carina and/or both main bronchi. Anaesthesia was maintained at a very light plane by the use of local nerve blocks to secure the airway and epidural analgesia for surgery until the tumour was mobilized.

Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants.

The working conditions in the developing world necessitate the development of many adaptations and improvizations of accepted anaesthetic techniques to improve patient care. Subcutaneous tunnelling of caudally placed epidural catheters is one such improvization to prevent the soiling of the catheter by urine and faeces. This study compares the duration of retention of catheter in a group with tunnelled catheters with an untunnelled group. The absence of a catheter emerging through skin at the site of catheter insertion hastens healing thus prolonging the retention of catheter in the tunnelled group and soiling ceases to be a major problem.

Anaesthetic management for a left pneumonectomy in a child with bronchopleural fistula.

The anaesthetic management of a left pneumonectomy in a 18-month-old girl with a bronchopleural fistula is described. An ordinary tracheal tube was slit at the bevel to ensure upper lobe ventilation on right endobronchial intubation. A combination of a bronchial blocker, endobronchial intubation with a slit tube, and nerve blocks for these manoeuvres was used. Pain relief by a thoracic epidural block ensured good physiotherapy and a comfortable postoperative period.

An unusual cause of tracheal stenosis.

PURPOSE: To report a large chronic tracheal foreign body, causing tracheal stenosis in an 11-yr-old girl. CLINICAL FEATURES: The history was suggestive of obstructive airways disease with secondary bronchiectasis. Physical findings were crepitations and rhonchi all over the chest. Blood gases were normal. Chest X-ray showed bronchiectasis and a ventilation perfusion scan identified a tracheo-esophageal fistula. During anesthesia to confirm this, intubation and ventilation were difficult because of tracheal stenosis. The hypoventilation resulted in severe hypercarbia and acidosis. A subsequent CT scan showed a stenosis of 2 mm diameter and 1 cm length in the middle third of trachea, bronchiectasis, and an air filled pocket between the trachea and esophagus. PFT showed a severe obstruction. Antitubercular treatment which was started on the presumptive diagnosis of tuberculous stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistula caused a delay with deterioration of patient from intermittent dyspnea to orthopnea with severe hypecarbia and acidosis. The anesthetic management of the tracheal reconstruction was difficult due to her moribund condition even after medical treatment, the short length of the trachea above the obstruction, its severity and lack of resources for alternative techniques. A large foreign body was found lying obliquely in the trachea dividing it into an anterior narrow airway mimicking a stenosed trachea, and a wider posterior blind passage. CONCLUSION: The anesthetic consequences were peculiar to the unexpected etiology of the stenosis and poor general condition of the patient. Minor details like the tracheal tube bevel and ventilatory pattern became vitally important.

Maxillary hypoplasia with unsuspected choanal atresia.

Maxillary hypoplasia can pose considerable anaesthetic problems in securing the airway. The presence of concomitant, unsuspected choanal stenosis complicated the anaesthetic management of a 20-day-old baby for tarsorrhaphy.

Some vagaries of neonatal lumbar epidural anaesthesia.

Regional anaesthesia and analgesia offer unique advantages of reduction in general anaesthesia requirements and the demands on NICU resources while improving the general outcome. We assessed the feasibility of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia in 20 neonates for various major surgical procedures lasting from 60-260 min. The babies were aged 18 h to 34 days. They were born at a gestational age of 31-40 weeks. We had difficulty in passing the epidural catheter from the lumbar route in two patients, so we had to resort to the caudal route. The problems associated with the placement of the catheter from the lumbar route are discussed. The analgesia was provided for up to 72 h. Nineteen of the babies could be extubated in the operating theatre. They were awake but comfortable at the time of extubation. There were no complications due to the technique. Subsequent to this study, epidural analgesia either by lumbar or caudal route has become the routine in our hospital for all major thoraco-abdominal surgical procedures in neonates.

Anaesthetic management of a patient with adrenocortical tumour.

Adrenocortical tumours in children are rare. They produce many changes in haemodynamics and blood chemistry due to hormones of the adrenal cortex. The details of perioperative management and the need for perioperative steroid supplementation are discussed.

Continuous caudal epidural analgesia for congenital lobar emphysema: a report of three cases.

IMPLICATIONS: In congenital lobar emphysema, positive pressure ventilation can expand the emphysematous lobe, compressing the normal lung during anesthesia induction. We managed the dual challenges of safe induction and analgesia for thoracotomy by placing thoracic epidural catheters via the caudal insertion site and retaining spontaneous ventilation until thoracotomy.

A study of epidural pressures in infants.

BACKGROUND: The pressures exerted on fragile structures in the infant during epidural injections have never been studied previously. METHODS: We measured the pressure changes in the epidural space of 20 infants during injection of local anaesthetic solutions. The pressures developed during passage of the epidural needle through the ligaments of spine and in the epidural space during the injection of 1 ml at two rates of injection, over 1 and 2 min and the residual pressure 1 and 2 min after each injection were studied. RESULTS: The mean pressure while the needle was being advanced through the ligamentum flavum was 69.14 +/- 36.95 mmHg. The epidural pressure after needle had just penetrated the ligament without eliciting the loss of resistance was 1 +/- 9.759 mmHg. A distinct pulsatile waveform identical to the pulse waveform was observed as soon as the epidural space was entered. The pressure rise varied according to the rate of injection. The pressures were 27.79 mmHg when the rate of injection was 1 ml.min(-1), with a residual pressure after 1 min of 12 +/- 5.53 mmHg and 10.14 +/- 5.53 mmHg after 2 min of injection. When the rate of injection was 1 ml.2 min(-1), the pressures were 15.66 +/- 9.48 mmHg with a residual pressure after 1 min of 14.79 +/- 5.15 mmHg and 12.93 +/- 5.46 mmHg after 2 min of injection. CONCLUSIONS: The residual pressures seem to vary more with the volume injected than the rate of injection or the pressures developed during the injection. The relationship between the rate of injection and pressures is significant when compared with adults where the pressures have been measured after an injection rate of 1 ml.s(-1) and 1 ml.5 s(-1). This is a very fast rate compared with our rates of injection of 1 ml over 1 and 2 min. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend a rate of 1 ml.2 min(-1) in infants. In neonates, a slower rate of injection would be preferable.

Complications of anaesthesia and surgery for laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft.

Laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft presents great difficulty in airway management. Tracheostomy and/or bilateral endobronchial intubation to secure the airway and a feeding gastrostomy are essential to sustain life until major definitive surgery can be planned. We describe the anaesthesia for these emergency life saving procedures in a 1.1-kg, 2-day-old neonate of 29 weeks gestation with apnoeic spells. Endoscopy to diagnose the extent of cleft, probable tracheostomy and gastrostomy were planned. Oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy revealed a grade 3-4 cleft. Inadequate spontaneous ventilation during these procedures necessitated positive pressure ventilation. This resulted in a gaseous distension of an intact stomach which could be decompressed into the oesophagus. After the bronchoscopy, the use of a 3-mm tracheal tube without a Murphy's eye minimized the distension during gastrostomy. There was an accidental extubation after gastrostomy. Emergency reintubation with a 4-mm tracheal tube with a Murphy's eye resulted in gastric distension which led to tension pneumoperitoneum with a disappearance of PECO2. Misdiagnosis of this as loss of airway led to repeated intubations and extubation until the pneumoperitoneum was suspected and decompressed. After this setback, the baby's condition deteriorated over the next few hours ending fatally. The problems and suggestions to avoid these complications are discussed.

Continuous axillary block for upper limb surgery in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

We report the use of continuous regional block with light general anaesthesia in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. A 4-year-old girl suffering from florid epidermolysis bullosa simplex was scheduled for external fixator (JESS) for manus valgus deformity of the left forearm. Haemoglobin was 7.6 g.dl(-1) and blood chemistry was normal. She had no history of oral bullae, although a younger sibling had died of Bart syndrome with oral lesions. She was sedated with nasal midazolam 0.5 mg.kg(-1). All pressure points were cushioned. Inhalational anaesthesia was given by holding a mask above her face. Only oximetry and capnography were monitored. ECG and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring were avoided. The intravenous cannula was fixed by sutures. An epidural catheter of 0.63 mm OD (21-G) was passed into the axilla for continuous axillary block. Intra- and postoperative course was uneventful with slight bullae at the i.v. site and at the fixator which healed without further damage. The axilla remained free of problems. Continuous peripheral plexus or nerve blocks can be an option in these difficult patients, and can minimize the amount of general anaesthesia along with problems of airway handling and potential subsequent mucosal lesions. The postoperative period was pain free and comfortable.