[Mathematical simulation of the corpse's temperature change during exposure of a direct solar radiation to diagnose a postmortem interval]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie protsessa izmeneniya temperatury trupa pri vozdeistvii na nego pryamoi solnechnoi radiatsii v tselyakh diagnostiki davnosti smerti.

OBJECTIVE: To choose an optimal mathematical model and to practice the method of its use during finding the corpse under exposure of a direct solar radiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The studies were carried out on 9 corpses with body weight from 50 to 83 kg. The influence of black (6 corpses) and white (3 corpses) colored cotton fabrics was investigated to standardize a photoreceptive surface of clothes. In addition, the objects (bags made of substantial polyethylene, densely filled with moderately humid black soil) replacing corpses with mass of 5.5, 11.0, 16.5 and 22.0 kg, wrapped in cotton fabric of specified colors, that imitates clothes, were used. The objects' temperature was measured within the accuracy of 0.001 °C, air temperature - within accuracy of 0.1 °C. A simplified one-dimensional variant of the finite mathematical differences method, representing the process of corpse's cooling as a discrete transfer of heat from one layer (node) to another, was used in developing the mathematical modeling algorithm. The model consisted of ten nodes was used in calculations. RESULTS: A mathematical model in the form of equations' system was developed, in which the variable reflecting the intensity of corpse's surface heating by sun rays was introduced. The example of calculation made with data of real measurements of corpse's temperature, that was in open place for the sun rays, is shown.

[Determination of the corpse's stay in the water duration according to maceration degree of its skin]. / Opredelenie dlitel'nosti prebyvaniya trupa v vode po stepeni vyrazhennosti matseratsii ego kozhnogo pokrova.

A serious problem during the postmortem examination of a corpse extracted from the water can be a significant determination of its stay in the water duration. First of all, the signs indicating the presence of a corpse in the water include maceration, according to the severity of which forensic experts often determine how long the corpse stayed in the water. The aim of the study is to summarize the available literature data and propose ways to objectify the determination of a corpse's stay in water duration by the severity of skin maceration. In this article, based on the analysis of literature, the process of skin maceration is described, as well as the timing and speed of its development according to various authors. The presence of quite a large number of external and internal factors affecting the process of skin maceration and the subjectivity of its severity assessment is indicated. This article provides examples of the biophysical methods usage for the study of biological objects in forensic medical examination, allowing to objectively record changes in the researcher's parameter of interest. The use of skin impedancemetry to objectify the severity of skin maceration.

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of a persistent sciatic artery aneurysm. / Diagnostika i khirurgicheskoe lechenie anevrizmy atipichnoi sedalishchnoi arterii.

The persistent sciatic artery is situated superficially in the gluteal region wherein it can be traumatized in normal daily activities: during a prolonged sitting position or while attempting to sit down. This leads to an early atherosclerotic lesion of the sciatic artery, to the development of aneurysmatic dilatation, and damage to the arterial wall. The present article describes a 72-year-old female patient presenting with a persistent sciatic artery of the left leg and a PSA aneurysm which consequently resulted in critical ischaemia of her left lower limb. This abnormality was detected during an examination and the woman was subjected to the operation of internal iliac-posterior tibial bypass grafting using an autologous vein with ligation of the sciatic artery. The bypass graft has been functioning for 5 months, with no events of critical ischaemia.

[Clinical and morphologic aspects of surgery choice by postoperative anterolateral and lateral ventral hernias].

Clinical picture, diagnostic features and operative techniques in patients with postoperative anterolateral and lateral ventral hernias have been analyzed. Synthetic endoprosthesis were comparatively tested on human dermal fibroplast cell cultures. Taking into account and practical use of the obtained results allowed the recurrence rate decrease from 63 to 6%.

Development and large volume production of extremely high current density YBa2Cu3O7 superconducting wires for fusion.

The fusion power density produced in a tokamak is proportional to its magnetic field strength to the fourth power. Second-generation high temperature superconductor (2G HTS) wires demonstrate remarkable engineering current density (averaged over the full wire), JE, at very high magnetic fields, driving progress in fusion and other applications. The key challenge for HTS wires has been to offer an acceptable combination of high and consistent superconducting performance in high magnetic fields, high volume supply, and low price. Here we report a very high and reproducible JE in practical HTS wires based on a simple YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) superconductor formulation with Y2O3 nanoparticles, which have been delivered in just nine months to a commercial fusion customer in the largest-volume order the HTS industry has seen to date. We demonstrate a novel YBCO superconductor formulation without the c-axis correlated nano-columnar defects that are widely believed to be prerequisite for high in-field performance. The simplicity of this new formulation allows robust and scalable manufacturing, providing, for the first time, large volumes of consistently high performance wire, and the economies of scale necessary to lower HTS wire prices to a level acceptable for fusion and ultimately for the widespread commercial adoption of HTS.

[Complex treatment of the patients with postoperative ventral hernia].

Overall 605 patients with postoperative ventral hernia underwent plasty of anterior abdominal wall by combined methods and on-lay or in-lay disposition of synthetic implant. Concomitant diseases were diagnosed 432 (71.4%) patients that required 495 simultaneous operations at 283 (43.8%) patients. Wound complications after surgery were seen at 21 (3.47%) patients. Long-term results were followed-up to 11 years: recurrences of hernia were diagnosed at 12 (1.9%) patients, 3 (0.5%) patients died due to pulmonary embolism. It is concluded that the treatment of patients with postoperative ventral hernia requires complex approach and leads to good short- and long-term results.

[State-of-the-art of mathematical modeling of postmortal thermodynamics for the time of death determination].

Mathematical modeling of postmortal themperature used at present for definition of prescription of the death is shown in the article from a position of theory ofprobablibistic functions. Accuracy of examined techniquies is analized by comparison of modeled temperatures with real, fixed by the authors on a material of 158 expert supervisions. The conclusion about inadmissibility of practical use of some mathematical expressions is made in connection with low accuracy of the mathematical device used in them.

[Using some modern mathematical models of postmortem cooling of the human body for the time of death determination].

Mathematical questions of data errors of modern thermometrical models of postmortem cooling of the human body are considered. The main diagnostic areas used for thermometry are analyzed to minimize these data errors. The authors propose practical recommendations to decrease data errors of determination of prescription of death coming.

[Impact of age and type of behavior on the course of ulcer disease].

AIM: To study features of ulcer disease (UD) course with reference to a biological age, type of behavior, quality of life for recommendations on psychological rehabilitation of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Examination of 111 gastroduodenal UD patients determined type of behavior, correlation of biological age (BA) and due biological age (DBA), quality of life (QL). RESULTS: An unfavourable BA/DBA correlation was found in 71.1% cases, in which patients over 45 years of age had a larger ulcer defect size. Behavior type A with shorter scarring was observed in 30.9% patients. Lower QL was explained by sleep disorders, pain, emotional reactions, the demand in continuous treatment, diet, limited physical exercise. UD patients have a low QL index and a high index of the disease severity. These parameters are higher in unfavorable correlations between BA and DBA and in patients with type A behavior. CONCLUSION: UD patients have behavioral peculiarities dependent on BA and affecting the disease course and QL.

[Spitz's nevus: differential diagnosis with malignant skin melanoma]. / Nevus Spitts: differentsial'naia diagnostika so zlokachestvenno' melanomo' kozhi.

Spitz's nevus is one of the most frequent simulators of malignant melanoma of the skin. Histological features of this nevus and differential diagnosis with so-called melanoma with minimum deviation are discussed.

[The immunocompetent structures of the skin and their role in the development of primary skin lymphomas]. / Immunokompetentnye struktury kozhi i ikh rol' v razvitii pervichnykh kozhnykh limfom.

Participation in immune reactions of main morphological skin structures (epidermal cells, skin associated lymphoid tissue, macrophagal and vascular systems) is described. Cooperation of these systems in immune reaction by means of complementary receptors on the cell membranes, adhesive molecules, cytokines and lymphokines is discussed. Primary malignant skin lymphomas are considered as tumors of the skin immune system.

[Primary skin lymphomas: phenotypic characteristics of major clinical variants, classification]. / Pervichnye limfomy kozhi: fenotipicheskaia kharakteristika osnovnykh klinicheskikh form, klassifikatsii.

Clinicomorphological characteristics of the most frequent forms of primary malignant skin lymphoma are given and their place in classifications of systemic diseases of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is shown. The use of specialized dermatological classification in practice of dermatologists is recommended.

[Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (Kimura disease)]. / Angiolimfoidnaia giperplaziia s éozinofiliei (bolezn' Kimura).

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is characterized by the appearance of tumour-like nodes on skin and subcutaneous fat. Vascular proliferation with inflammatory infiltration consisting of lymphocytes and eosinophiles, as well as structures of lymphoid follicle type were revealed microscopically. A description is given of a patient, 34 yr. old, with typical clinical and morphological manifestations of ALHE. Basing on the literature and on the own experience the authors suggest that ALHE and Kimura disease are variants of one nosologic form.

[Cancer of the sweat glands (its clinico-morphological characteristics)]. / Rak potovykh zhelez (kliniko-morfologicheskaia kharakteristika).

Based on a review of the literature and the authors' own experience comprising 20 cases, clinical and histological characteristics of sweat gland cancers (SGC) are detailed. Two clinical variants of SGC are distinguished: exophytic (or exophytic-endophytic) with ulceration and endophytic (intradermal). The lapse of time between detection of a SGC and its removal generally ranges from 12 months to 2 or more years. It is shown that diagnostic and prognostic considerations warrant classifying these cancers into two groups: those arising from benign tumors and retaining their histologic and ultrastructural features (one example of such a tumor is malignant poroma) and primary cancers (e. g., mucoid adenocarcinoma). Cancers of the first group, which comprise a majority of all SGC, run a more favorable course.

[Congenital ichthyosiform erythrodermas: aspects of their etiology and pathogenesis]. / Vrozhdennye ikhtioziformnye éritrodermii: nekotorye aspekty étiologii i patogeneza.

The term "inherited ichthyosiform erythrodermia" (IIE) designates a heterogeneous group of inherited disturbances of keratinization. Lamellar ichthyosis (LI), inherited nonbullous ichthyosiform erythrodermia, bullous inherited ichthyosiform erythrodermia (BIIE) and some other conditions. Processes of terminal cell differentiation and epidermal keratinization are affected in all the above conditions. A decrease of transglutaminase activity is observed in L1, this being connected with mutations in chromosomes 14q, 2g33-35. In BIIE which is characterized by dense groups of tonofilaments in the suprabasal layer, mutations of keratin I and X coded by chromosomes 2 and 17 are identified. When sporadic forms of the disease occur, the main question is establishment of the genotype-phenotype correlation which depends on detailed characteristics of each patient and accurate study of the ultrastructural disturbances.

[Acrospiroma (clinico-morphological characteristics and histogenesis)]. / Akrospiroma (kliniko-morfologicheskaia kharakteristika i gistogenez).

Clinico-morphological characteristics of 105 acrospiromas surgically removed within 10 last years is presented. In 6 patients the tumour was considered as a malignant acrospiroma which, according to the literature and the authors' material, is prone to recurrence. The features of a diagnostic significance are discussed in detail: the development of tumour in the cyst, growth of squamous cells and clear (due to the glycogen) cells, formation of structures resembling the sweat glands ducts. Electron-microscopic examination indicates the histogenetic link of acrospiroma with the elements of sweat gland ducts (intracytoplasmic ducts, periluminal cells, the lack of clear signs of secretion). All this relates also to the tumour described in the literature as a clear-cell hydradenoma.

[The significance of epidermal changes in the early diagnosis and development of mycosis fungoides]. / Znachenie izmenenii épidermisa v rannei diagnostike i razvitii gribovidnogo mikoza.

In 47 patients with stage I mycosis fungoides, biopsy of skin has revealed substantial changes in epidermis acanthosis with confluent epidermal processes, focal dystrophy of basal cells, mitoses in various epidermal layers, parakeratotic foci without a granular layer. Histoautoradiographic and immunomorphological studies demonstrated that enhanced proliferative activity of keratinocytes that was more pronounced in stages I and II mycosis fungoides and impaired epidermal differentiation that was predominant in neoplastic stage III underlay the above changes. There was ultrastructural evidence for abnormal epidermal keratinization. It was proposed that epidermal abnormalities made an important contribution to the development of mycosis fungoides.

[Differential diagnosis of basalioma and metatypical skin cancer]. / K differentsial'noi diagnostike bazaliomy i metatipicheskogo raka kozhi.

The WHO histological classification of skin tumors (Geneva, 1980) has first distinguished a new nosologic variety of skin carcinoma, metatypic carcinoma (MTC) being intermediate between basalioma and squamous cell carcinoma. Separation of MTC from the group of basaliomas is important prognostically because this tumor is capable of metastasizing, whereas MTC diagnosis is difficult because it simulates basalioma clinically and morphologically. The study of the mitotic regimen in 13 cases of MTC and 20 cases of basalioma showed this method to be adequate for differential diagnosis of these tumors. The values of the mitotic regimen in MTC always differed from similar values in basalioma: the mitotic activity, the specific content of dividing cells at the stage of metaphase, and the rate of pathologic mitoses increased considerably, there appeared multipolar and monocentric mitoses, bridges, three-phase metaphases.

[Tumors developing in an epidermal cyst]. / Opukholi epidermal'noi kisty.

The paper presents clinical and morphological characteristics of neoplasms arising in epidermal cysts (73 observations). It is emphasized that the epithelium of epidermal cyst may be the source of growth of not only benign cystic epithelioma ("proliferating epidermal cyst" as designated by the foreign authors) but also of squamous cell carcinoma. Cystic epithelioma (54 observations) is a slowly growing tumor represented by outgrowths in the cyst lumen of differentiated squamous epithelium apt to form smaller cysts. A predominance in cystic epithelioma of the basal type cells and complexes of squamous epithelial cells with hyperchromic and slightly polymorphous nuclei (7 observations) is considered to be the initial sign of malignancy of the noninvasive cancer type. Cancer arising in epidermal cyst (11 observations) is characterized by rapid growth, invasion into derma and trend for relapses. Frequently it has the structure of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. A malignant tumor is described characterized by a combination of cystic epithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma of pseudosarcomatous structure in some areas and glandular formations whose origin is obscure.

[Contemporary trends in surgery of adrenal glands]. / Sovremennye aspekty khirurgii nadpochechnikov.

There have been analysed the records of suprarenectomy in 459 patients with Conn' syndrome, syndrome of Icenko-Cushing as well as with androsteroma, pheochromocytoma and other tumors, who were operated in the clinic of abdominal surgery of S.P. Fedorov Russian Military Medical Academy. On the base of retrospective analysis the most actual aspects in surgery of the adrenal glands and the ways of the development of this branch of medicine have been determined. High effectiveness and perspectiveness of endovideosurgical removal of the adrenal glands is shown. Original and tested methods of choice of surgical approach, prophylaxis and treatment for some complications of suprarenectomy (adrenal insufficiency, Nelson' syndrome, etc.) are proposed. Substantiated policy in so-called hormono-inactive tumors of the adrenal glands is proposed.