Ultrafast MRI using deep learning echoplanar imaging for a comprehensive assessment of acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is an emergency requiring both fast and informative MR sequences. We aimed to assess the performance of an artificial intelligence-enhanced ultrafast (UF) protocol, compared to the reference protocol, in the AIS management. METHODS: We included patients admitted in the emergency department for suspected AIS. Each patient underwent a 3-T MR protocol, including reference acquisitions of T2-FLAIR, DWI, and SWI (duration: 7 min 54 s) and their accelerated multishot EPI counterparts for T2-FLAIR and T2*, complemented by a single-shot EPI DWI (duration: 1 min 54 s). Two blinded neuroradiologists reviewed each dataset, assessing DWI (detection, location, number of acute lesions), FLAIR (vascular hyperintensities, visibility of acute lesions), and SWI/T2* (hemorrhagic transformation, thrombus). We compared the agreement between the diagnoses obtained with both protocols using kappa coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 173 patients were included consecutively, of whom 80 with an AIS in DWI. We found an almost perfect agreement between the UF and reference protocols regarding the detection, distribution, number of AIS in DWI (κ = 0.98, 0.98, and 0.87 respectively), the presence of vascular hyperintensities, and the presence of a parenchymal hyperintensity in the AIS region in FLAIR (κ = 0.93 and 0.89 respectively). Agreement was substantial in T2*/SWI for thrombus detection, and fair for hemorrhagic transformation detection (κ = 0.64 and 0.38 respectively). Differential diagnoses were similarly detected by both protocols (κ = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Our AI-enhanced ultrafast MRI protocol allowed an effective detection and characterization of both AIS and differential diagnoses in less than 2 min. KEY POINTS: • The AI-enhanced ultrafast MRI protocol allowed an effective detection of acute stroke. • Characterization of stroke features with the UF protocol was equivalent to the reference sequences. • Differential diagnoses were detected similarly by the UF and reference protocols.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping demonstrates different patterns of iron overload in subtypes of early-onset Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to define brain iron distribution patterns in subtypes of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) by the use of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). METHODS: EOAD patients prospectively underwent MRI on a 3-T scanner and concomitant clinical and neuropsychological evaluation, between 2016 and 2019. An age-matched control group was constituted of cognitively healthy participants at risk of developing AD. Volumetry of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was performed on 3DT1 images. EOAD subtypes were defined according to the hippocampal to cortical volume ratio (HV:CTV). Limbic-predominant atrophy (LPMRI) is referred to HV:CTV ratios below the 25th percentile, hippocampal-sparing (HpSpMRI) above the 75th percentile, and typical-AD between the 25th and 75th percentile. Brain iron was estimated using QSM. QSM analyses were made voxel-wise and in 7 regions of interest within deep gray nuclei and limbic structures. Iron distribution in EOAD subtypes and controls was compared using an ANOVA. RESULTS: Sixty-eight EOAD patients and 43 controls were evaluated. QSM values were significantly higher in deep gray nuclei (p < 0.001) and limbic structures (p = 0.04) of EOAD patients compared to controls. Among EOAD subtypes, HpSpMRI had the highest QSM values in deep gray nuclei (p < 0.001) whereas the highest QSM values in limbic structures were observed in LPMRI (p = 0.005). QSM in deep gray nuclei had an AUC = 0.92 in discriminating HpSpMRI and controls. CONCLUSIONS: In early-onset Alzheimer's disease patients, we observed significant variations of iron distribution reflecting the pattern of brain atrophy. Iron overload in deep gray nuclei could help to identify patients with atypical presentation of Alzheimer's disease. KEY POINTS: • In early-onset AD patients, QSM indicated a significant brain iron overload in comparison with age-matched controls. • Iron load in limbic structures was higher in participants with limbic-predominant subtype. • Iron load in deep nuclei was more important in participants with hippocampal-sparing subtype.

Limited benefit of systematic head CT for mild traumatic brain injury in patients under antithrombotic therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in patients on antiplatelet (AP), anticoagulant (AC) or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) medication has become a systematic indication for head CT. However, the over-risk and impact of the intracranial hemorrhages (IH) detected with CT in this population remain unclear and need to be assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively assessed head CTs performed in adults taking AP/AC/DOAC referred after a mTBI to our Emergency Departments between September 2016 and January 2018. Frequency, type and severity of IH were described and frequency was analyzed as a function of treatment. RESULTS: 840 patients were prospectively included. 58.9% were treated with AP, 23.7% with AC, 11.7% with DOAC and 5.7% with a combination of antithrombotic agents. The rate of IH detected with head CT was 5.8% (n...=...49), of which 81.6% (n...=...40) and 18.4% (n...=...9) with minor and intermediate severity respectively. No patient required surgical care and no death occurred. No statistically significant difference was found in treatment distribution between patients with or without IH (p...=...0.98). Among the patients who discontinued their antithrombotic treatment after mTBI, three experienced thrombotic events during the hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a low frequency and severity of IH in mTBI patients indifferently treated with AP, AC or DOAC, without secondary neurological deterioration, death or need of surgical care. Our study suggests the limited benefit of systematic CT head scan as a standard practice for the management of mTBI patients under antithrombotic therapy.

Differences in cortical perfusion detected by arterial spin labeling in nonamnestic and amnestic subtypes of early-onset Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) begins before the age of 65 and is characterized by a faster clinical course and the frequency of nonamnestic symptoms compared to late onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). However, the pathophysiological process of EOAD remains unclear. We expected that ASL may show widespread cortical hypoperfusion in EOAD compared to LOAD and in nonamnestic EOAD compared to amnestic EOAD. METHODS: In this study, 26 EOAD patients (16 amnestic and 10 nonamnestic patients), 29 LOAD patients and 12 healthy controls underwent pseudo-continuous ASL and 3D FFE T1 sequences. Statistical comparisons between EOAD, LOAD and control groups were made after surface-based analysis of CBF maps in regressing out the cortical thickness. RESULTS: ASL showed a more severe hypoperfusion in nonamnestic EOAD patients compared to amnestic EOAD ones, with mean CBF values (± std) of 26.9 (± 3.8) and 46.6 (± 24.1) mL/100 g/min respectively (P = 0.014), located in the bilateral temporo-parietal neocortex, the precuneus, the posterior cingulate cortices (PCC) and frontal lobes. Comparison between EOAD and LOAD patients showed a trend to hypoperfusion in the left parietal lobe, PCC and precuneus in EOAD (P < 0.001 uncorrected). CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of hypoperfusion between nonamnestic and amnestic EOAD subtypes were identified, with a more severe and extensive hypoperfusion in nonamnestic patients. A trend towards more severe hypoperfusion was detected in EOAD compared to LOAD. Further studies are needed to validate ASL as a potential tool for the distinction of EOAD subtypes and the prediction of the time course of the disease.

Synthetic T2 mapping is correlated with time from stroke onset: a future tool in wake-up stroke management?

OBJECTIVES: FLAIR-DWI mismatch is an effective method to select eligible wake-up stroke (WUS) patients for intravenous thrombolysis, but shows limitations in the case of subtle FLAIR hyperintensities. T2 mapping is a quantitative method, directly generated from synthetic MRI, which provides T2 relaxation times. We aimed to assess the correlation between T2 values and onset time in acute stroke patients. METHODS: We prospectively included stroke patients in the 4.5-h window undergoing brain MRI including MAGnetic resonance Image Compilation (MAGiC) from March to October 2017. T2 relaxation times and FLAIR signal intensities were measured in ischemic and contralateral nonischemic regions to calculate FLAIR signal intensity ratio (rSI), difference, and ratio of T2 values. Correlation analysis with time from the onset was achieved using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) test. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were included. The strongest correlation with the time from onset was the difference in T2 relaxation times (ρ = 0.71; CI95% = [0.48; 0.85]), followed by the ratio (ρ = 0.65; CI95% = [0.37; 0.82]) and the absolute T2 relaxation time (ρ = 0.4; CI95% = [0.06; 0.66]), whereas the FLAIR rSI showed the weakest correlation (ρ = 0.18; CI95% = [- 0.16-0.51]). CONCLUSIONS: The difference and ratio in T2 relaxation times were correlated with the onset time in stroke patients in the 4.5-h window. T2 mapping generated from synthetic MRI may become a relevant tool to select WUS patients with subtle FLAIR hyperintensities. Given that no definitive statement can be made about its usefulness in the 4.5-h windows, further study including patients with an onset time > 4.5 h is required. KEY POINTS: • The difference and ratio in T2 relaxation times are each individually correlated with the time from stroke onset in the 4.5-h window. • FLAIR rSI showed a poor correlation with the time from stroke onset. • T2 mapping, directly generated from synthetic MRI, may be a suitable quantitative marker to select safely WUS patients with subtle FLAIR hyperintensities for intravenous thrombolysis.

Magnetic resonance imaging changes following natalizumab discontinuation in multiple sclerosis patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Detecting early progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (PML-IRIS) is clinically relevant. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes following natalizumab (NTZ) discontinuation and preceding PML-IRIS. METHODS: MRIs (including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR), post-contrast T1-weighted sequences) were performed every week following PML diagnosis in 11 consecutive NTZ-PML patients. PML expansion, punctate lesions, contrast-enhancement, and mass-effect/edema were evaluated on each MRI sequence, following NTZ discontinuation. RESULTS: PML-IRIS occurred from 26 to 89 days after NTZ discontinuation. MRI changes prior to early PML-IRIS appeared significantly more pronounced using DWI compared to T2-FLAIR imaging (p < 0.003). Two DWI features (marked PML expansion, punctate lesions) systematically preceded contrast-enhancement. CONCLUSION: Subtle changes may occur on DWI preceding contrast-enhancement.

Assessment of the zonal variation of perfusion parameters in the femoral head: a 3-T dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe MR perfusion characteristics of the femoral head, with a focus on the subchondral bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective monocentric study was approved by our local Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the right hip was performed in 59 adults with suspected spondyloarthritis (32 women, 28 men). Mean age was 37.5 (±12.5) years. Regions of interest were drawn in the femoral head epiphysis, in the subchondral areas the most exposed to mechanical load (superolateral, anterosuperior, and posterior zones) and in areas less exposed to mechanical load (inferior subchondral zone and center of the femoral head). Semi-quantitative and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the Tofts model. Statistical analysis was performed with a linear mixed model to compare the perfusion parameters in the different femoral head zones. RESULTS: Extravascular extracellular volume and area under the curve were lower in the superolateral zone than in the inferior zone (p = 0.0135 and p < 0.0001 respectively) and the central zone (p = 0.007 and p = 0.0134 respectively). Extravascular extracellular volume and rate constant were lower in the anterosuperior zone than in the inferior zones (p = 0.011 and p = 0.029). In the anterosuperior zone, extravascular extracellular volume was lower, and time to peak was higher than in the central zones (p = 0.0056 and p = 0.0013 respectively). No significant differences were found for any values between other paired zones. CONCLUSION: The perfusion of femoral head subchondral bone assessed with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is not homogeneous: the areas exposed to more mechanical loading are less perfused.

Asymptomatic Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Natalizumab: Diagnostic Precision with MR Imaging.

PURPOSE: To determine diagnostic precision with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain, the most predictive MR imaging features, and the added value of comparison with previous data for the diagnosis of asymptomatic progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with natalizumab (NTZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained. Eleven consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who had received a definitive diagnosis of asymptomatic NTZ-associated PML (NTZ PML, 18 brain lesions) underwent 3-T MR imaging. The control group included 40 patients with MS but without PML who were treated with NTZ. Three readers independently performed blinded analysis of MR images. First, the readers were asked to detect NTZ PML lesions without comparing current images with previously obtained MR imaging data by evaluating MR images for the following features: U fiber and/or cortex involvement, lesion signal intensity and borders, and occurrence of punctate lesions. Second, they reassessed NTZ PML lesions with all the previous MR imaging data available. Diagnostic precision with MR imaging was assessed with and without comparison with previously obtained data. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association of MR imaging features with NTZ PML. RESULTS: Overall interobserver agreement was good (κ = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71, 0.81). Hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images and involvement of U fibers were the most predictive features (odds ratio, 33.7; 95% CI: 4.9, 229.7 [P < .0001] and odds ratio, 8.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 61.4 [P = .03], respectively), while punctate lesions were exclusively observed in patients with NTZ PML. Comparison with previous MR imaging data improved specificity of MR imaging for the detection of NTZ PML lesions (from 88% to 100%, P = .05). CONCLUSION: Recognition of the most predictive imaging features and comparison with previous MR imaging data may facilitate the detection of asymptomatic NTZ PML.

Optimization of brain perfusion image quality by cortical surface-based projection of arterial spin labeling maps in early-onset Alzheimer's disease patients.

OBJECTIVES: Arterial spin labelling (ASL) is a promising MRI sequence that allows noninvasive detection of cortical perfusion alterations in neurodegenerative disorders, but its interpretation remains difficult at an individual level. In this work, a cortical surface-based projection of ASL maps was applied in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) to improve the image quality and visual representation of perfusion data. METHODS: Eighteen patients referred from the reference centre for EOAD were assessed by MRI with ASL sequences. Data processing was applied on each examination including correction of partial volume effects and cortical projection of preprocessed ASL data. Cortical segmentation and perfusion display were qualitatively analyzed according to a three-point scale. RESULTS: All examinations were suitable for complete data processing. Quality of segmentation and of cortical surface-based perfusion maps was scored as optimal in 72 % in both cases. Cortical surface-based ASL maps provided a more global view than single slices and an accurate approach of brain perfusion in EOAD patients. CONCLUSION: Cortical surface-based analysis of ASL maps is technically feasible with a good image quality and may enable significant improvement in the detection of focal perfusion alterations in neurodegenerative disorders in the real-life clinical setting. KEY POINTS: • Arterial spin labelling is a promising sequence for assessing Alzheimer's disease. • Optimization of ASL brain perfusion image quality is crucial for image interpretation. • Cortical surface-based analysis may improve detection of perfusion alterations in a real-life clinical setting.

Diffusion tensor imaging in musculoskeletal disorders.

Diffusion tensor (DT) imaging is an emerging magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique for evaluating the microstructure of well-organized biologic tissues such as muscles and nerves. DT imaging provides information about tissue microstructure by producing three-dimensional maps of water molecule movements. The two main parameters of measurement at DT imaging, fractional anisotropy and the apparent diffusion coefficient, allow quantitation of architectural changes occurring in tissue. These parameters are modified in the presence of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, cervical spine trauma, carpal tunnel syndrome, lumbar nerve compression, peripheral nerve tumors, and muscle ischemia. Their alteration may be observed at DT imaging even when no abnormality is seen at conventional MR imaging, a fact that suggests that DT imaging allows the detection of abnormalities at an earlier stage of injury. Experimental studies in animals have shown that DT imaging consistently allows identification of pathophysiologic alterations in tissue that correlate with histologic findings. Tractographic images accurately depict both normal and abnormal diffusion in anatomic structures such as the thigh and pelvic muscles, cervical spine, and lumbar nerves. Patients with chronic diseases also may benefit from follow-up evaluation with DT imaging, although DT imaging sequences must be further adapted to improve the evaluation of specific anatomic regions by reducing artifacts, optimizing spatial resolution, and minimizing acquisition time. Given its proven potential for use in identifying abnormalities that are otherwise identifiable only with electrophysiologic and histopathologic studies, and with future technical improvements, DT imaging could soon become a standard method for early diagnosis, management, and follow-up of disease in the spine, muscles, and peripheral nerves.

Assessment of reduced field of view in diffusion tensor imaging of the lumbar nerve roots at 3 T.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the value of reduced field of view (rFOV) imaging in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography of the lumbar nerve roots at 3 T from the perspective of future clinical trials. METHODS: DTI images of the lumbar nerves were obtained in eight healthy volunteers, with and without the rFOV technique. Non-coplanar excitation and refocusing pulses associated with outer volume suppression (OVS) were used to achieve rFOV imaging. Tractography was performed. A visual evaluation of image quality was made by two observers, both senior musculoskeletal radiologists. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured in L5 and S1 roots. RESULTS: rFOV images of the L5 and S1 roots were assessed as being superior to full FOV (fFOV) images. Image quality was rated as good to excellent by both observers. Interobserver agreement was good. No significant difference was found in FA and ADC measurements of the L5 or S1 roots. On the contrary, only poor-quality images could be obtained with fFOV imaging as major artefacts were present. CONCLUSION: The rFOV approach was essential to achieve high-quality DTI imaging of lumbar nerve roots on 3-T MRI. KEY POINTS: • Diffusion tensor 3-T MR imaging of lumbar nerve roots creates severe artefacts. • A reduced field of view drastically reduces artefacts, thereby improving image quality. • Good-quality tractography images can even be obtained with rFOV imaging. • rFOV DTI is better than fFOV DTI for clinical studies.

Identification and characterization of peripheral vascular color-coded DECT lesions in gout and non-gout patients: The VASCURATE study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize peripheral vascular plaques color-coded as monosodium urate (MSU) deposition by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) and assess their association with the overall soft-tissue MSU crystal burden. METHODS: Patients with suspected crystal arthropathies were prospectively included in the CRYSTALILLE inception cohort to undergo baseline knees and ankles/feet DECT scans; treatment-naive gout patients initiating treat-to-target urate-lowering therapy (ULT) underwent repeated DECT scans with concomitant serum urate level measurements at 6 and 12 months. We determined the prevalence of DECT-based vascular MSU-coded plaques in knee arteries, and assessed their association with the overall DECT volumes of soft-tissue MSU crystal deposition and coexistence of arterial calcifications. DECT attenuation parameters of vascular MSU-coded plaques were compared with dense calcified plaques, control vessels, control soft tissues, and tophi. RESULTS: We investigated 126 gout patients and 26 controls; 17 ULT-naive gout patients were included in the follow-up study. The prevalence of DECT-based vascular MSU-coded plaques was comparable in gout patients (24.6%) and controls (23.1%; p=0.87). Vascular MSU-coded plaques were strongly associated with coexisting arterial calcifications (p<0.001), but not with soft-tissue MSU deposition. Characterization of vascular MSU-coded plaques revealed specific differences in DECT parameters compared with control vessels, control soft tissues, and tophi. During follow-up, vascular MSU-coded plaques remained stable despite effective ULT (p=0.64), which decreased both serum urate levels and soft-tissue MSU volumes (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that DECT-based MSU-coded plaques in peripheral arteries are strongly associated with calcifications and may not reflect genuine MSU crystal deposition. Such findings should therefore not be a primary target when managing gout patients.

ASL and susceptibility-weighted imaging contribution to the management of acute ischaemic stroke.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a central role in the early diagnosis of cerebral vascular events. Today, MRI is used not only for the detection of acute ischaemic lesions, but also to fine tune the diagnosis and improve patient selection for early therapeutic decision-making. In this perspective, new tools such as arterial spin labelling (ASL) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences have been developed. These MRI sequences enable noninvasive assessment of brain damage, providing important diagnostic and prognostic information: evaluation of cerebral parenchymal perfusion; detection and aetiological assessment of thrombi; ruling out differential diagnoses. After a brief recall of the fundamental basis of these sequences, this article proposes an update on their current contribution to the early management of stroke victims. TEACHING POINTS: • These noninvasive sequences provide essential information for early management of acute stroke. • They can detect zones of parenchymal hypoperfusion. • Susceptibility-weighted sequences provide information on thrombus localisation and composition. • ASL can identify certain aetiologies of stroke mimics. • Post-therapeutic ASL perfusion status predicts outcome.

Perfusion of subchondral bone marrow in knee osteoarthritis: A dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging preliminary study.

The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is being given major interest, and inflammation is closely linked with vascularization. It was recently demonstrated that dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) could identify the subchondral bone marrow vascularization changes occurring in osteoarthritis in animals. These changes appeared before cartilage lesions were visible and were correlated with osteoarthritis severity. Thus the opportunity to obtain an objective assessment of bone vascularization in non-invasive conditions in humans might help better understanding osteoarthritis pathophysiology and finding new biomarkers. We hypothesized that, as in animals, DCE-MRI has the ability to identify subchondral bone marrow vascularization changes in human osteoarthritis. We performed knee MRI in 19 patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis. We assessed subchondral bone marrow vascularization in medial and lateral femorotibial compartments with DCE-MRI and graded osteoarthritis lesions on MR images. Statistical analysis assessed intra- and inter-observer agreement, compared DCE-MRI values between the different subchondral zones, and sought for an influence of age, sex, body mass index, and osteoarthritis garde on these values. The intra- and inter-observer agreement for DCE-MRI values were excellent. These values were significantly higher in the femorotibial compartment the most affected by osteoarthritis, both in femur and tibia (p<0.0001) and were significantly and positively correlated with cartilage lesions (p=0.02) and bone marrow oedema grade (p<0.0001) after adjustment. We concluded that, as in animals, subchondral bone marrow vascularization changes assessed with DCE-MRI were correlated with osteoarthritis severity in humans.

Bone marrow perfusion measured with dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is correlated to body mass index in adults.

Bone marrow metabolism is complex and far from being fully understood. Novel aspects, such as the roles of bone marrow adiposity and vascularisation in bone metabolism currently attract attention. There is also a growing interest in the influence obesity might have on bone metabolism. Our objective was to determine the effect of BMI on bone marrow perfusion parameters using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. This prospective monocentric study was approved by our local Ethics committee. Written consent was obtained. The right hip of 59 adults under 60years old (mean age 37.5) was imaged with a dynamic 3D T1 spoiled gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging sequence. Mean BMI was 24.8 (+/-4.4). Perfusion parameters were measured in the acetabulum and femoral neck, in the greater trochanter, in the femoral head epiphysis and in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Associations between perfusion parameters and BMI were studied using a linear mixed model adjusted for age and sex effects. Our results showed that as the BMI increased, the exchanges between blood and bone marrow appeared more important (increased Ktrans and Kep values, p=0.018 and p=0.002 respectively) and the intramedullary blood flow appeared increased (lower time to peak values, p=0.0002). In the subcutaneous fat, as the BMI increased, the vascularization decreased (lower area under the curve and initial slope values, p=0.019 and p=0.013 respectively). These results suggest that there is a relation between bone marrow perfusion and BMI, and that subcutaneous fat and bone marrow fat have different microvascular behaviours. Researchers must be aware of the effect of BMI on bone marrow perfusion parameters when they build a MR research protocol and analyse their data. A better understanding of these findings may provide the basis for the management of obesity-related bone changes.

Cerebral Hypoperfusion and Hypometabolism Detected by Arterial Spin Labeling MRI and FDG-PET in Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is frequently associated with atypical clinical presentations and its early detection remains a challenging issue. In this study, we used arterial spin labeling (ASL), a noninvasive perfusion MRI sequence, and [(18)F]-FDG-PET to detect the perfusion and metabolic features in patients with EOAD. METHODS: All patients were investigated in the French reference center for young-onset dementia and were assessed by MRI, including a pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) sequence, and [(18)F]-FDG-PET. Quantitative analyses and intermodality comparison with correlation analysis were made after data processing including correction of partial volume effects, cortical projection, and specific intensity normalization. RESULTS: We prospectively included 37 patients with EOAD with a mean age of 58.3 years. The areas of most severe hypoperfusion detected with ASL were located in the parietal lobes, the precuneus, the right posterior cingulate cortex, and the frontal lobes (P < .05). The areas of lowest glucose metabolism detected by [(18)F]-FDG-PET were identified in the temporoparietal cortex and the precuneus (P < .05). Hypometabolic regions were more extensive than hypoperfused regions on ASL maps whereas ASL highlighted alterations in the frontal lobes without apparent hypometabolism on [(18)F]-FDG-PET maps. CONCLUSIONS: ASL and [(18)F]-FDG-PET detected pathological areas of similar distribution mainly located in the inferior parietal lobules and local zones in the temporal cortex in patients with EOAD. Our preliminary study showed that ASL and [(18)F]-FDG-PET may have a complementary role in combination with structural MRI for the assessment of suspected EOAD.

Punctate pattern: A promising imaging marker for the diagnosis of natalizumab-associated PML.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the punctate pattern (PP) for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). METHODS: A cohort of 20 consecutive patients with PML, related to natalizumab (NTZ) (n = 14) or not (n = 6), underwent 3T MRI (147 MRI examinations). MRI was available at presymptomatic (n = 9 patients), symptomatic (n = 15), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), and chronic stages (n = 20). A pathologic control group of patients without PML (n = 80), with clinically definitive multiple sclerosis or a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of CNS demyelination, underwent the same MRI protocol. Number and appearance of punctate lesions were assessed by 3 blinded readers using T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and postcontrast T1-weighted images. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was good (κ = 0.79) (0.72-0.87). Of the 20 patients with PML, 18 had PP, including the 14 patients with NTZ-PML; none in the pathologic control group. Of the 9 presymptomatic patients with NTZ-PML, PP was observed in 7 (78% sensitive and 100% specific). Nonenhancing PP on T2-weighted/FLAIR images was detected in 13 patients with PML, exclusively at the presymptomatic or symptomatic stages (including 7 NTZ-PML), whereas enhancing PP occurred in 16 patients with PML, including 13 of the 14 patients with NTZ-PML at the IRIS stage. CONCLUSIONS: PP is a highly specific feature of PML and may be the first imaging feature at the presymptomatic stage with potential implications in patient care. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that a PP on MRI accurately identifies patients with NTZ-PML.

Prostate contours delineation using interactive directional active contours model and parametric shape prior model.

Prostate contours delineation on Magnetic Resonance (MR) images is a challenging and important task in medical imaging with applications of guiding biopsy, surgery and therapy. While a fully automated method is highly desired for this application, it can be a very difficult task due to the structure and surrounding tissues of the prostate gland. Traditional active contours-based delineation algorithms are typically quite successful for piecewise constant images. Nevertheless, when MR images have diffuse edges or multiple similar objects (e.g. bladder close to prostate) within close proximity, such approaches have proven to be unsuccessful. In order to mitigate these problems, we proposed a new framework for bi-stage contours delineation algorithm based on directional active contours (DAC) incorporating prior knowledge of the prostate shape. We first explicitly addressed the prostate contour delineation problem based on fast globally DAC that incorporates both statistical and parametric shape prior model. In doing so, we were able to exploit the global aspects of contour delineation problem by incorporating a user feedback in contours delineation process where it is shown that only a small amount of user input can sometimes resolve ambiguous scenarios raised by DAC. In addition, once the prostate contours have been delineated, a cost functional is designed to incorporate both user feedback interaction and the parametric shape prior model. Using data from publicly available prostate MR datasets, which includes several challenging clinical datasets, we highlighted the effectiveness and the capability of the proposed algorithm. Besides, the algorithm has been compared with several state-of-the-art methods.

Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior commissure: correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking and clinical relevance.

BACKGROUND: Detailed anatomy of the anterior commissure is unknown in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To describe the anterior commissure with the use of a fiber dissection technique by focusing on the morphology (length and breadth of the 2 portions), the course, and the relations with neighboring fasciculi, particularly in the temporal stem. METHODS: We dissected 8 previously frozen, formalin-fixed human brains under the operating microscope using the fiber dissection described by Klingler. Lateral, inferior, and medial approaches were made. RESULTS: The anterior olfactive limb of the anterior commissure was sometimes absent during dissection. The cross-sectional 3-dimensional magnetic resonance rendering images showed that fibers of the anterior commissure curved laterally within the basal forebrain. The tip of the temporal limb of the anterior commissure was intermingled with other fasciculi in various directions to form a dense 3-dimensional network. CONCLUSION: Functional anatomy and comparative anatomy are described. The anterior commissure can be involved in various pathologies such as diffuse axonal injury, schizophrenia, and cerebral tumoral dissemination.