Current Perspectives of the Use of Sodium-Glucose Transport-2 Inhibitors for Patients With Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease.

ABSTRACT: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors) are a relatively new class of drugs approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In 2021, the American College of Cardiology recommended the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure (HF), with or without type 2 diabetes, because of their morbidity and mortality benefits. The review provides an overview of the efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors in HF and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We review the existing literature for SGLT-2 inhibitors by searching PubMed.gov using the keywords SGLT-2 inhibitors, HF, and CKD. A clinical treatment pathway is provided to help guide clinicians in choosing an SGLT-2 inhibitor for their patients with chronic HF and CKD.

Propensity score-matching analysis comparing safety outcomes of appetite-stimulating medications in oncology patients.

PURPOSE: Anorexia and weight loss are common complications in the elderly, advanced cancer population. Appetite stimulants are commonly used therapies for oncology patients with weight loss, yet their safety comparison remains unknown. METHODS: This was a two-center, retrospective, study conducted in New York City at Mount Sinai Beth Israel and New York University Langone from January 2016 to July 2019 in adult patients with histologic evidence of malignancy who were taking either megestrol acetate or mirtazapine as an appetite-stimulating medication. Endpoints included safety concerns of mortality, QTc prolongation, venous thromboembolism, fall, somnolence, xerostomia, and hallucinations. Effectiveness of weight gain or maintenance of weight was not assessed. A propensity score-matching analysis was performed using a logistic regression analysis to assess the two comparable groups. RESULTS: The study included 350 patients (69.56 ± 13.31 years) with the most common malignancies being gastrointestinal, breast, and hematologic with metastasis present in over half the patients. Adverse events were commonly seen in the oncology population. After a propensity score-matched analysis, all safety outcomes associated with mirtazapine compared to megestrol acetate were similar; all-cause mortality (7%, n = 7 vs. 12%, n = 12, p = 0.23), QTc prolongation (31%, n = 31 vs. 31%, n = 31, p = 1.00), thromboembolism (11%, n = 11 vs. 11%, n = 11, p = 1.00), somnolence (29%, n = 30 vs. 22%, n = 23, p = 0.34), xerostomia (27%, n = 28 vs. 18%, n = 19, p = 0.24), and hallucinations (17%, n = 18 vs. 8%, n = 8, p = 0.06), respectfully. CONCLUSION: There were no safety differences seen when evaluating both agents.

A current review of the safety of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Treatment with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators has led to improved clinical outcomes and an increase in lifespans of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. As CF patients continue to live longer, they are at risk for developing adverse drug reactions associated with polypharmacy and CFTR modulators. COMMENT: The authors aim to describe safety concerns of the current combination CFTR modulators, based upon a literature review, including notable safety concerns and recommendations for drug-drug interactions. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator agents are generally well tolerated with low discontinuation rates when compared to placebo. Elevations in liver enzymes and drug-drug interactions are the most notable safety concerns. Additionally, lumacaftor/ivacaftor has shown more respiratory-related adverse events and drug-drug interactions compared to elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor and tezacaftor/ivacaftor. Postmarketing studies are needed to determine long-term safety concerns.

Current Perspectives of Anticoagulation in Patients With COVID-19.

Thromboembolism and myocardial injury is common in patients with COVID-19. Low-molecular-weight heparin appears to be associated with a good prognosis in patients with COVID-19 and has the ability to reduce coagulation and inflammation markers. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 should be placed on thromboprophylaxis with the option of full therapeutic anticoagulation or tissue plasminogen activator in high-risk or mechanically ventilated patients. Thromboprophylaxis should also be considered at hospital discharge for high-risk patients. Clinical judgment should be used to evaluate the bleeding and safety risk of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 without confirmed data.

Clinical Pharmacist Led Medication Reconciliation Program in an Emergency Department Observation Unit.

Objectives: Medication reconciliation is the process of comparing a patient's hospital medication orders to all of the medications that the patient has been taking prior to admission. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-led medication reconciliation in reducing ED visit rates. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate if a clinical pharmacist reduces medication errors in an ED observation unit (OBS). Methods: This was a retrospective, IRB approved, chart review conducted at New York University Langone Health-Tisch Hospital. The study defines the year before a clinical pharmacist was present on the unit (July 5, 2016 through July 4, 2017) as the control group and the first year a clinical pharmacist was present on the unit (July 5, 2017 through July 4, 2018) as the intervention group. The primary endpoint was 30-day ED re-visits. The secondary endpoints were 60-and 90-day ED re-visits, number, type and severity of medication history and reconciliation discrepancies. Results: The primary endpoint of 30-day ED visits occurred in 153 patients in the no pharmacist group and 88 patients in the OBS clinical pharmacist group (19.1% vs 9.9%, P < .00001). The secondary endpoint of 60- day ED visits occurred in 53 patients in the no pharmacist group and 39 patients in the OBS clinical pharmacist group (8.2% vs 4.9%, P = .01). The secondary endpoint of 90- day ED visits occurred in 31 patients in the no pharmacist group and 26 patients in the OBS clinical pharmacist group (5.2% vs 3.4%, P = .01). Conclusion: The benefits of having a clinical pharmacist perform medication reconciliation are highlighted by the reduction in ED visits, cost savings, and the prolific amount of errors corrected.

Insulin Dosage Adjustments After Initiation of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Combination of insulin and GLP-1RAs have shown reductions in the HbA1c, body weight, and the risk of hypoglycemia. To date, there are conflicting data regarding the effect of GLP-1RAs on insulin dosage(s). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate adjustments of insulin doses upon initiation of GLP-1RAs. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of patients on insulin therapy initiated on GLP-1RAs at NYU Langone Health. Patients were included in the study if they were at least 18 years of age, history of type 2 diabetes, and were on concurrent basal or mixed insulin therapy. 45 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the study analysis. The primary endpoint was the median change in overall basal insulin doses. Secondary endpoints included median changes in total basal, mixed, and bolus insulin doses, oral antidiabetic medications and GLP-1RA doses, HbA1c, body weight, fasting glucose, and creatinine clearance. Safety results included any adverse reactions to insulin and/or GLP-1RA. RESULTS: In the per-protocol analysis, there was a significant reduction in overall total basal insulin doses from baseline to week 24 (50 units vs. 44 units, p < 0.05). There was a median reduction in patients receiving glargine (50 units vs. 44 units) and detemir (29 units vs. 21.5 units). CONCLUSIONS: Use of GLP-1RAs after 24 weeks resulted in a statistically significant reduction in overall total basal insulin dosages from baseline. The median HbA1C in our patient population was >8%. Consider a ≥10% reduction in the overall basal insulin dose upon initiation of GLP-1RA in patients with a HbA1C >8%.

Clinical Safety Considerations of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in the Older Population Living with HIV.

There are approximately 40 million people living with HIV globally, and 21% (7.9 million) are older adults (aged > 50 years) as of 2019. The average age of HIV-positive patients is predicted to increase to 58 by 2035. The favorable clinical efficacy of integrase strand transfer inhibitors has led to high rates of viral suppression and have now become the preferred agents by the AIDS guideline when initiating antiretroviral therapy. There are concerns of increasing adverse effects from HIV medications, such as integrase strand transfer inhibitors, as a result of changes in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters within the older population. The authors aim to describe the safety concerns of the current integrase strand transfer inhibitors based upon a narrative literature review, including recommendations for drug-drug interactions, and relevant comorbidities to consider for selection of the most appropriate integrase strand transfer inhibitor for older people living with HIV. Raltegravir is a well-tolerated option with minor adverse events; however, adherence to a twice-daily regimen may be difficult in older patients who are also taking many other medications for various comorbidities. Elvitegravir is also well tolerated with limited adverse effects, but has many drug-drug interactions that may pose problems for older patients with polypharmacy. Dolutegravir has been associated with more frequent adverse events, such as neuropsychiatric disorders.

Does Cefiderocol Have a Potential Role in Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Exacerbation Management?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with frequent pulmonary exacerbations and the need for novel antibiotics against antimicrobial resistance. Cefiderocol is a newly approved therapeutic option active against a variety of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria such as gram-negative species commonly encountered by CF patients. This review describes the potential role of cefiderocol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Burkholderia cepacia complex. Cefiderocol is a potential therapeutic option for MDR pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤4 mg/L. Due to the lack of in vivo evidence in the CF population, cefiderocol may be utilized in patients in which alternative options are lacking due to MDR organisms or rapid pulmonary decline.

The Risk of QTc Prolongation with Antiemetics in the Palliative Care Setting: A Narrative Review.

Nausea and vomiting are common within the palliative care population. Antiemetic agents may help control symptoms, but may also place patients at risk for QTc prolongation. This article reviews pharmacotherapy agents including anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidopaminergics, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dronabinol, and medical marijuana and their associated risk of QTc prolongation. A clinical treatment pathway is provided to help guide clinicians in choosing the most appropriate antiemetic based upon patient specific factors for QTc prolongation.