General care in the management of severe traumatic brain injury: Latin American consensus. / Cuidados generales en el manejo del traumatismo craneoencefálico grave: consenso latinoamericano.

Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) remains prevalent in the young adult population. Indeed, far from descending, the incidence of sTBI remains high. One of the key bases of treatment is to avoid, detect and correct secondary injuries of systemic origin, which aggravate the primary lesion. Much of this can be achieved by maintaining an adequate physiological microenvironment allowing recovery of the damaged brain tissue. General care measures are nonspecific actions designed to meet that objective. The available guidelines on the management of sTBI have not included the topics contemplated in this consensus. In this regard, a group of members of the Latin American Brain Injury Consortium (LABIC), involved in the different aspects of the acute management of sTBI (neurosurgeons, intensivists, anesthesiologists, neurologists, nurses and physiotherapists) were gathered. An exhaustive literature search was made of selected topics in the LILACS, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials and Web of Science databases. To establish recommendations or suggestions with their respective strength or weakness, the GRADE methodology (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was applied. Additionally, certain recommendations (included in complementary material) were not assessed by GRADE, because they constitute a set of therapeutic actions of effective compliance, in which it was not possible to apply the said methodology. Thirty-two recommendations were established, 16 strong and 16 weak, with their respective levels of evidence. This consensus attempts to standardize and establish basic general care measures in this particular patient population.

Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure.

The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) has been reported by several investigators, without any consensus being reached. Acute neurological and neurosurgical patients suffer intracranial hypertension and acute lung injury with hypoxemia. Since PEEP may improve hypoxemia but elevate ICP and decrease CPP, it is important to determine the influence of varying levels of PEEP on ICP and CPP. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in ICP and CPP associated with different levels of PEEP. Twenty patients requiring ICP monitoring and mechanical ventilation were enrolled. Patients had severe head injury (n = 10), spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (n = 5), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (n = 5). PEEP was raised from 5 (basal) to 15 cm H2O in steps of 5 cm H2O. After at least 10 minutes of each new PEEP setting, ICP and CPP were measured. PEEP at 10 and 15 cm H2O produced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in intracranial pressure 11.6 +/- 5.6 and 14.6 +/- 6.28 mm Hg, respectively; no significant (p = 0.819) change occurred in CPP.

Intoxicación barbitúrica grave / Dangerous barbituric intoxication

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con los objetivos de establecer la prevalencia de la intoxicación barbitúrica grave en un servicio de Terapia Intensiva, conocer la incidencia de complicaciones y la mortalidad, y evaluar el tratamiento utilizado. Se analizaron 15 pacientes, la mayoría jóvenes y de sexo femenino. Se registraron 19 episodios de complicaciones. El 86 por ciento de los pacientes se hallaba en coma al ingreso (escala de Glasgow < 8). El deterioro hemodinámico se observó en el 46,7 por ciento de los casos, y el 60 por ciento requirió ventilación mecánica. El protocolo de tratamiento incluyó: 1) Diálisis intestinal (utilización de carbón activado y de purgantes salinos con el objetivo de lograr catarsis en las primeras 48 hs del tratamiento); 2) Diuresis alcalina; 3) Sostén de funciones vitales. La mortalidad fue del 13 por ciento. Conclusión: Evitar el lavado gástrico, iniciar precozmente el protocolo de diálisis intestinal y realizar hemodiálisis sólo si aquélla fracasa, durante las primeras 24 hs