[NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: DIAGNOSTIC, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT. GUIDELINES WERE APPROVED BY THE XV GASTROENTEROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF RUSSIA IN 2015].

According to the World Health Organization, it is recorded steady growth of the number of chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in recent years. As an independent nosological entity, NAFLD is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, associated with abdominal-visceral obesity, peripheral insulin resistance (IR), and is regarded as the hepatic component of Metabolic syndrome (MS). Nowadays there are no generally accepted national standards for diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD for physicians, gen- eral practitioners, gastroenterologists in Russia. This was the essential reason in their development. The main reason of The guidelines development is the absence of generally accepted national standards for diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD for physicians, general practitioners, gastroenterologists in Russia. These guidelines are based on the global and local data of treatment experience of NAFLD, recently published in reviews, analytical studies in the literature. Guidelines are intended for physicians, general practitioners, gastroenterologists and contain the description of the preferred approaches to the provision of diagnostic, curative and preventive care of patients NAFLD. The quality of recommendations was grading according to the GRADE approach.

Circulation of subtype A and gagA/envB recombinant HIV type 1 strains among injecting drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia, correlates with geographical origin of infections.

Countries of the former Soviet Union are experiencing an emerging HIV-1 epidemic due to a rapid expansion of HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDUs). To study the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 among IDUs in St. Petersburg, Russia, virus sequences were obtained from 22 individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the env and gag regions revealed circulation of two major HIV-1 populations, one belonging to HIV-1 subtype A, and another being a recombinant of subtype A and B viruses (gagA/envB). Both virus populations were highly homogeneous, with a mean pairwise genetic distance of <2%, and similar to viruses obtained earlier from IDUs in other regions of the former Soviet Union. Distribution of the two major HIV-1 genotypes in St. Petersburg correlated with geographical origin of infections. In one individual, a virus type previously unseen among IDUs was found, which demonstrates the possibility that new viruses are entering this risk group.

[Clinico-epidemiological analysis of the cases of HIV infection in the north-western region of Russia]. / Kliniko-épidemiologicheskii analiz sluchaev VICh-infektsii v Severo-Zapadnom regione Rossii.

The paper provides an epidemiological characterization of HIV infection spread in a Russia's large region with more than 10 million people. The epidemiological findings show that the significant onset of HIV infection occurred among the population in this region in mid 1988. Homosexuals and bisexuals are prevalent among the HIV-infected, sexual contact is the main mode of HIV transmission. In addition to delivery of HIV infection from foreign countries, there are cases of local transmission. The clinical evidence indicates that most HIV-infected people are asymptomatic. Herpes viruses, Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Toxoplasma and fungi are common among causative agents of AIDS-related infections.

[Changes in the urinary bladders of rats during experimental carcinogenesis]. / Izmeneniia v mochevom puzyre krys pri éksperimental'nom kantserogeneze.

Rats receiving with drinking water a 0.4% solution of a-butyl-N-butanol-nitrosamine developed by 4 months transitional cell papillomas and by 10 months transitional cell carcinomas in their urinary bladders. Histochemical examinations of the transitional epithelium in the course of malignization revealed a gradual decrease in the activity of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and increased activity of monoaminoxidase and beta-glucuronidase. A significantly increased activity of nonspecific acid phosphatase was observed in areas of squamous cell metaplasia.

[Detection of squamous cell differentiation in experimental tumors of urothelium by using epidermal G2 chalone]. / Vyiavlenie ploskokletochnoi differentsirovki v éksperimental'nykh opukholiakh uroteliia s pomoshch'iu épidermal'nogo G2-keilona.

The presence of epidermal G2 chalone was investigated by different immunochemical methods in normal urothelium and in tumors of the urinary bladder induced in rats with N-butyl-N-butanol-(4)-nitrosamine. This chalone was not revealed in normal urothelium but found in 37 out of 56 tumors examined. In all these 37 tumors, squamous urothelial metaplasia was detected by electron or even light microscopy. The extent of morphological manifestations of squamous metaplasia showed a definite correlation with the concentration of chalone in tissue extracts. The method used may be applied as a subsidiary test for the determination of focal squamous metaplasia in biopsy material of human urothelial tumors which is of importance for prognosis of the disease.

[The migratory activity of HIV-infected people in the northwestern region and the routes of the possible spread of the infection]. / Migratsionnaia aktivnost' VICh-infitsirovannykh lits v severo-zapadnom regione i puti vozmozhnogo rasprostraneniia infektsii.

The epidemic situation in HIV infection in the northwestern region of this country has been analyzed. The ways of the spread of HIV infection among the infected persons, residents of the St. Petersburg region, Kaliningrad, Novgorod and Murmansk, have been studied. The infection is transmitted mainly through sexual contacts, both homosexual and heterosexual. High migration activity of HIV-infected persons, homo- and heterosexuals, has been established, and a great number of unknown (casual) sexual contacts among them was noted. The results of these observations may be useful in the prognostication of the epidemic situation in HIV infection not only in the northwestern region, but also beyond its boundaries, and later in the optimization of screening.

[A new way of preventing urinary bladder tumors]. / Novoe sredstvo dlia profilaktiki opukholei mochevogo puzyria.

An experimental study of urinary bladder tumor in rats has demonstrated that their development is suppressed and latency period is increased as a result of a prolonged inhibition of a urine enzyme, beta-glucuronidase by treatment with poglucar.

[Mammary gland tumor induction in rats by N-nitroso-N-methylurea and N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine]. / Induktsiia opukholei molochnykh zhelez u krys N-nitrozo-N-metilmochevinoi i N-metil-N1-nitro-N-nitrozoguanidinom.

Cancer of the mammary gland was induced in female non-inbred rats under the local effect of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). During 10 weeks 2.5 mg of the substance in 0.2 ml of saline was injected in the region of the third mammary gland once a week. Under NMU exposure a primary tumor arose 3 months following the initiation of the experiment, the average latent period being 5.8 months, the incidence rate--76.7%. All tumors of this series were adenocarcinomas, in 5 cases there were noted sites of fibroadenomatosis with malignification along the tumor node margins. MNNG produced a primary tumor at the 7th month of the experiment, an average latent period--8.3 months, the incidence rate--56.7%. Tumors were mostly adenocarcinomas.

[The carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties of neozon D]. / Issledovanie kantserogennykh i antikantserogennykh svoistv neozona D.

Continuous administration of neozone D to dogs and rats failed to reveal its carcinogenicity. Nor did the agent potentiate the carcinogenic effect of 2-naphthylamine and benzidine in rats. Conversely, neozone D was found to inhibit benzidine-induced carcinogenesis in female rats.

[The possible carcinogenic properties of riboxin (inosie F)]. / Issledovanie vozmozhnykh kantserogennykh svoistv riboksina (inosie F)

Long-term treatment of rats and mice with riboxyn failed to reveal the carcinogenic effect of the drug. Chronic experiments showed the drug to improve resistance of the animals to intercurrent infections.

[Epithelial bladder tumor induction in rats with N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide]. / Induktsiia éitelial'nykh opukholei mochevogo puzyria u krys N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furil)-2-tiazolil) formamidom.

Among 20 white non-inbred rats of the "Rappolovo" nursery for laboratory animals of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, which were fed through all their life N-/4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl/formamide in the concentration 0.188%, transition-cell vesical tumors developed in 4 animals at the 56th, 60th, 61st 70th week of the experiment. After 71--81 weeks since the onset of the experiment, cancer of this organ developed in the remaining 14 animals. The maximum total dose of the carcinogen was 14.4 g/ per rat. The maximum observation terms--567 days.

[Papillomas of the urinary bladder induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in rats]. / Papillomy mochevogo puzyria, indutsirovannye N-nitrozo-N-metilmochevinoi u krys

N-nitroso-N-methylurea (a total dosage--6 mg per animal), administered by a catheter in the urinary bladder cavity in female rats, following 9--56 weeks induced in 16 of 23 rats tumors of the vesical mucous membrane (mostly transitional cell papillomas).

[New means for the prophylaxis of colon cancer with the use of beta-glucuronidase inhibitors]. / Novye vozmozhnosti profilaktiki raka kishechnika s ispol'zovaniem preparatov - ingibitorov beta-gliukuronidazy.

Experiments involving the use of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic tumors in rats showed long-term treatment with a newly synthesized drug EDE-10g to inhibit an enzyme of enteric beta-glucuronidase, to suppress carcinogenesis and to prolong lifespan of animals.

[Oncological characteristics of CC57BR mice]. / Onkologicheskaia kharakteristika myshei linii CC57BR.

The oncologic and non-oncologic morbidity in intact CC57BR mice was studied over a period of 1978-1980. Tumors occurred in 23.5%, while malignant tumors were in 14.3% of mice. Benign adenomas of lung were the most frequent 10.9%. Malignant tumors included generalized reticulosarcomatosis and leukemia 6.8%, cancer of the skin 3.4% and single different tumors. Pneumonia and enteritis were the most frequent among non-oncologic diseases. Since CC57BR mice belong to a low cancer line, they should be used for various long-term cancer and non-cancer experiments.

[A model of rat's urinary bladder tumor induced by subcutaneous injection of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine]. / Model' opukholi mochevogo puzyria krysy pri podkozhnom vvedenii N-butil-N-(4-gidroksibutil)-nitrozamina.

A model of urinary bladder tumor was developed in the rat by subcutaneous injection of N-dibutyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. A direct dose-tumor frequency correlation was established. Maximum effect (100%) was recorded with administration of 70 mg of the carcinogenic agent twice a week, for 3 months. Among neoplasms induced were transitional-cell and in situ carcinoma, and multiple papilloma of the bladder. Carcinogenesis was found to involve a significant rise in the activity of urinary beta-gluco-uronidase which may be used as a diagnostic testing procedure.