Resolution of quantitative resistance to clubroot into QTL-specific metabolic modules.

Plant disease resistance is often under quantitative genetic control. Thus, in a given interaction, plant cellular responses to infection are influenced by resistance or susceptibility alleles at different loci. In this study, a genetic linkage analysis was used to address the complexity of the metabolic responses of Brassica napus roots to infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Metabolome profiling and pathogen quantification in a segregating progeny allowed a comparative mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in resistance and in metabolic adjustments. Distinct metabolic modules were associated with each resistance QTL, suggesting the involvement of different underlying cellular mechanisms. This approach highlighted the possible role of gluconasturtiin and two unknown metabolites in the resistance conferred by two QTLs on chromosomes C03 and C09, respectively. Only two susceptibility biomarkers (glycine and glutathione) were simultaneously linked to the three main resistance QTLs, suggesting the central role of these compounds in the interaction. By contrast, several genotype-specific metabolic responses to infection were genetically unconnected to resistance or susceptibility. Likewise, variations of root sugar profiles, which might have influenced pathogen nutrition, were not found to be related to resistance QTLs. This work illustrates how genetic metabolomics can help to understand plant stress responses and their possible links with disease.

Metabotyping: a new approach to investigate rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genetic diversity in the metabolic response to clubroot infection.

Clubroot disease affects all Brassicaceae spp. and is caused by the obligate biotroph pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. The development of galls on the root system is associated with the establishment of a new carbon metabolic sink. Here, we aimed to deepen our knowledge of the involvement of primary metabolism in the Brassica napus response to clubroot infection. We studied the dynamics and the diversity of the metabolic responses to the infection. Root system metabotyping was carried out for 18 rapeseed genotypes displaying different degrees of symptom severity, under inoculated and noninoculated conditions at 42 days postinoculation (dpi). Clubroot susceptibility was positively correlated with clubroot-induced accumulation of several amino acids. Although glucose and fructose accumulated in some genotypes with minor symptoms, their levels were negatively correlated to the disease index across the whole set of genotypes. The dynamics of the metabolic response were studied for the susceptible genotype 'Yudal,' which allowed an "early" metabolic response (established from 14 to 28 dpi) to be differentiated from a "late" response (from 35 dpi). We discuss the early accumulation of amino acids in the context of the establishment of a nitrogen metabolic sink and the hypothetical biological role of the accumulation of glutathione and S-methylcysteine.

Arginase induction represses gall development during clubroot infection in Arabidopsis.

Arginase induction can play a defensive role through the reduction of arginine availability for phytophageous insects. Arginase activity is also induced during gall growth caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its possible role in this context has been unclear. We report here that the mutation of the arginase-encoding gene ARGAH2 abrogates clubroot-induced arginase activity and results in enhanced gall size in infected roots, suggesting that arginase plays a defensive role. Induction of arginase activity in infected roots was impaired in the jar1 mutant, highlighting a link between the arginase response to clubroot and jasmonate signaling. Clubroot-induced accumulation of the principal amino acids in galls was not affected by the argah2 mutation. Because ARGAH2 was previously reported to control auxin response, we investigated the role of ARGAH2 in callus induction. ARGAH2 was found to be highly induced in auxin/cytokinin-triggered aseptic plant calli, and callus development was enhanced in argah2 in the absence of the pathogen. We hypothesized that arginase contributes to a negative control over clubroot symptoms, by reducing hormone-triggered cellular proliferation.

Genetic and physiological analysis of the relationship between partial resistance to clubroot and tolerance to trehalose in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In Arabidopsis thaliana the induction of plant trehalase during clubroot disease was proposed to act as a defense mechanism in the susceptible accession Col-0, which could thereby cope with the accumulation of pathogen-synthesized trehalose. In the present study, we assessed trehalose activity and tolerance to trehalose in the clubroot partially resistant accession Bur-0. We compared both accessions for several trehalose-related physiological traits during clubroot infection. A quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis of tolerance to exogenous trehalose was also conducted on a Bur-0xCol-0 RIL progeny. Trehalase activity was not induced by clubroot in Bur-0 and the inhibition of trehalase by validamycin treatments resulted in the enhancement of clubroot symptoms only in Col-0. In pathogen-free cultures, Bur-0 showed less trehalose-induced toxicity symptoms than Col-0. A QTL analysis identified one locus involved in tolerance to trehalose overlapping the confidence interval of a QTL for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae. This colocalization was confirmed using heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) lines. Although not based on trehalose catabolism capacity, partial resistance to clubroot is to some extent related to the tolerance to trehalose accumulation in Bur-0. These findings support an original model where contrasting primary metabolism-related regulations could contribute to the partial resistance to a plant pathogen.

An Integrative Approach to Analyze Seed Germination in Brassica napus.

Seed germination is a complex trait determined by the interaction of hormonal, metabolic, genetic, and environmental components. Variability of this trait in crops has a big impact on seedling establishment and yield in the field. Classical studies of this trait in crops have focused mainly on the analyses of one level of regulation in the cascade of events leading to seed germination. We have carried out an integrative and extensive approach to deepen our understanding of seed germination in Brassica napus by generating transcriptomic, metabolic, and hormonal data at different stages upon seed imbibition. Deep phenotyping of different seed germination-associated traits in six winter-type B. napus accessions has revealed that seed germination kinetics, in particular seed germination speed, are major contributors to the variability of this trait. Metabolic profiling of these accessions has allowed us to describe a common pattern of metabolic change and to identify the levels of malate and aspartate metabolites as putative metabolic markers to estimate germination performance. Additionally, analysis of seed content of different hormones suggests that hormonal balance between ABA, GA, and IAA at crucial time points during this process might underlie seed germination differences in these accessions. In this study, we have also defined the major transcriptome changes accompanying the germination process in B. napus. Furthermore, we have observed that earlier activation of key germination regulatory genes seems to generate the differences in germination speed observed between accessions in B. napus. Finally, we have found that protein-protein interactions between some of these key regulator are conserved in B. napus, suggesting a shared regulatory network with other plant species. Altogether, our results provide a comprehensive and detailed picture of seed germination dynamics in oilseed rape. This new framework will be extremely valuable not only to evaluate germination performance of B. napus accessions but also to identify key targets for crop improvement in this important process.