The Effect of Fetal Trisomy 21 on Adverse Perinatal Obstetrical Outcomes in Nova Scotia, 2000-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the risks associated with trisomy 21 in pregnancy in order to inform obstetrical care and improve outcomes. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was undertaken of all pregnancies involving a fetus with trisomy 21 in Nova Scotia, Canada, from 2000 to 2019. Cases were identified from the provincial laboratory genetics database, linked to the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database for pregnancy outcomes, and compared with the general obstetrical population. RESULTS: A total of 350 pregnancies were identified, of which 23% were ongoing pregnancies in which trisomy 21 was diagnosed prenatally and 24% involved diagnoses made after delivery. Compared with the general obstetrical population, women with ongoing pregnancies affected by trisomy 21 were more likely to be older (mean age 34 vs. 29 y), multiparous (67% vs. 55%), and in a relationship (79% vs. 68%). Trisomy 21 was associated with a significantly increased risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks; 24.1% vs. 8.3%); small for gestational age (<10th percentile; 21.7% vs. 8.2%); cesarean delivery (31.5% vs. 27.1%); and combined perinatal/neonatal mortality (8.0% vs. 0.8%) (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION: Trisomy 21 is associated with significant adverse perinatal and neonatal risks. Population screening to identify trisomy 21 can be used to optimize perinatal outcomes with appropriate fetal surveillance in these pregnancies.

Diabetes in Pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: This guideline reviews the evidence relating to the diagnosis and obstetrical management of diabetes in pregnancy. OUTCOMES: The outcomes evaluated were short- and long-term maternal outcomes, including preeclampsia, Caesarean section, future diabetes, and other cardiovascular complications, and fetal outcomes, including congenital anomalies, stillbirth, macrosomia, birth trauma, hypoglycemia, and long-term effects. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed and the Cochrane Library using appropriate controlled vocabulary (MeSH terms "diabetes" and "pregnancy"). Where appropriate, results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date limits, but results were limited to English or French language materials. VALUES: The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). SUMMARY STATEMENTS: Recommendations It is recognized that the use of different diagnostic thresholds for the "preferred" and "alternative" strategies could cause confusion in certain settings. Despite this, the committee has identified the importance of remaining aligned with the current Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 guidelines as being a priority. It is thus recommended that each care centre strategically align with 1 of the 2 strategies and implement protocols to ensure consistent and uniform reporting of test results.

Le diabète pendant la grossesse.

OBJECTIF: La présente Directive passe en revue les données probantes liées au diagnostic et à la prise en charge obstétricale du diabète durant la grossesse. ISSUES: Les issues évaluées étaient les issues maternelles à court et à long terme, dont la prééclampsie, la césarienne, le diabète éventuel et d'autres complications cardiovasculaires et les issues fœtales, dont les anomalies congénitales, la mortinaissance, la macrosomie, le traumatisme de la naissance, l'hypoglycémie et les effets à long terme. RéSULTATS: La littérature publiée a été récupérée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans PubMed et The Cochrane Library au moyen d'un vocabulaire contrôlé (termes MeSH « diabète ¼ et « grossesse ¼) appropriés. Le cas échéant, les résultats ont été restreints aux analyses systématiques, aux essais comparatifs randomisés / essais cliniques comparatifs et aux études observationnelles. Aucune limite n'a été imposée en matière de date, mais les résultats ont été limités aux articles publiés en anglais ou en français. VALEURS: La qualité des résultats a été évaluée au moyen des critères décrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs (Tableau 1). DéCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

The Implementation of Preeclampsia Screening and Prevention (IMPRESS) Study.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia affects between 2% and 5% of pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite strong evidence that the combination of systematic preeclampsia screening based on the Fetal Medicine Foundation preeclampsia risk calculation algorithm with treatment of high-risk patients with low-dose aspirin reduces the incidence of preterm preeclampsia more than currently used risk-factor-based screening, real-world implementation studies have not yet been done in Canada. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the operational feasibility of implementing first-trimester screening and prevention of preterm preeclampsia (<37 weeks) alongside a publicly funded first-trimester combined screening program for aneuploidies. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective implementation study. Consecutive pregnant patients referred for first-trimester combined screening (11-13+6 weeks) were offered screening for preeclampsia based on the Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm concomitantly with their aneuploidy screen. Consenting participants were screened using maternal risk factors, mean arterial pressure, uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, and placental growth factor. Risk for preterm preeclampsia (<37 weeks) was calculated using the Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm, and individuals with a risk score ≥1 per 100 were recommended to use aspirin (162 mg once daily at bedtime, <16-36 weeks). Implementation metrics assessed included: acceptability, operational impact, proportion of aspirin initiation, quality and safety measures, and screen performance. RESULTS: Between December 1, 2020 and April 23, 2021, 1124 patients consented to preeclampsia screening (98.3% uptake), and 92 (8.2%) screened positive. Appointments for patients receiving first-trimester combined screening aneuploidy and preeclampsia screening averaged 6 minutes longer than first-trimester combined screening alone, and adding uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index averaged 2 minutes. Of the 92 patients who screened as high-risk for preeclampsia, 72 (78.3%) were successfully contacted before 16 weeks' gestation. Of these, 62 (86.1%) initiated aspirin, and 10 (13.9%) did not. Performance audit identified a consistent negative bias with mean arterial pressure measurements (median multiple of the median <1 in 10%); other variables were satisfactory. There were 7 cases of preterm preeclampsia (0.69%): 5 and 2 in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. Screening detected 5 of 7 (71.4 %) preterm preeclampsia cases, with improved performance after adjustment for aspirin treatment effect. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the operational feasibility of implementing an evidence-based preeclampsia screening and prevention program in a publicly funded Canadian setting. This will facilitate implementation into clinical service and the scaling up of this program at a regional and provincial level.

A randomized controlled crossover trial of the effect of ginseng consumption on the immune response to moderate exercise in healthy sedentary men.

Ginseng is a popular herbal remedy that is reputed to increase resistance to stress and improve immune function. Regular exercise results in acute physiologic stress that affects the immune response. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of daily consumption of a standardized ginsenoside-containing North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) extract on immune function before, during, and after a moderate-exercise protocol in healthy sedentary men. Ten healthy males were randomized to receive either ginseng (1125 mg.d-1) or placebo for 35 days. After a 3 month washout period, subjects received the opposite treatment for another 35 days. An exercise test and blood collection were performed at the end of each treatment period. Immune parameters and blood hormone levels were measured before, during, and after the exercise stress protocol. Ginseng treatment reduced the peripheral blood concentration of CD8+ T cells and increased mitogen-stimulated T cell production of interleukin-2 ex vivo. Ginseng had no effect on total white blood cell counts; on concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, or lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, CD16+, CD20+); on lymphocyte proliferation; or on neutrophil oxidative burst. Ginseng did not significantly affect exercise-induced changes in plasma concentrations of lactate, insulin, cortisol, or growth hormone. The consumption of ginseng for 5 weeks had a limited effect on the immune response to an acute exercise protocol.