[Changes in Ca(2+)concentration and caspase-3 expression and their relationship in Raji cells exposed to electromagnetic radiation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP), S-band high power microwave (S-HPM), and X-band high power microwave (X-HPM) on the Ca(2+) concentration and caspase-3 expression in Raji cells and the relationship between Ca(2+) concentration and caspase-3 expression, and to investigate the regulatory mechanism of electromagnetic radiation damage. METHODS: Raji cells were cultured conventionally. Some cells were irradiated by EMP, S-HPM, and X-HPM in the logarithmic growth phase for 6 hours and then collected; others received sham irradiation as a control. The Ca(2+) concentration in the cells was measured by laser scanning confocal microscope; the caspase-3 expression in the cells was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the control group (Ca(2+) fluorescence intensity = 43.08 ± 2.08; caspase-3 expression level = 0.444 ± 0.13), the EMP,S-HPM, and X-HPM groups had significantly increased Ca(2+) concentrations, with Ca(2+) fluorescence intensities of 69.56 ± 1.71, 50.06 ± 1.89, and 70.68 ± 1.59, respectively (P < 0.01), and had upregulated caspase-3 expression, with expression levels of 0.964 ± 0.12, 0.586 ± 0.16, and 0.970 ± 0.07, respectively (P < 0.01). Each of the EMP and X-HPM groups had significantly higher Ca(2+) fluorescence intensity and caspase-3 expression level than the S-HPM group (P < 0.01), but there were no significant differences between the EMP and X-HPM groups. The linear regression analysis showed that the caspase-3 expression was upregulated as the Ca(2+) concentration increased, with a positive correlation between them (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: EMP, S-HPM, and X-HPM cause damage probably by increasing the Ca(2+) concentration in cells and in turn inducing caspase-3 overexpression.

The influence of internet use frequency, family atmosphere, and academic performance on adolescent depression: Based on the chain mediating effect of self-adjustment and campus deviant behavior.

Introduction: Depression has become a prominent psychological problem among young people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between the frequency of Internet use, family atmosphere, academic performance, self-adjustment, campus deviant behavior, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Methods: Based on the survey data of the fifth wave (2017~2018) and the sixth wave (2019~2020) of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study used LISREL8.8 software to analyze 1,577 10~15 data on adolescents. Results: In this study, the mean score of self-adjustment was 42.40 (SD = 6.79), the mean score of campus deviant behavior was 12.59 (SD = 4.00), the mean score of depressive symptoms in 2018 was 11.88 (SD = 3.04), and the mean score of depressive symptoms in 2020 was 7.64 (SD = 2.20). Secondly, the frequency of Internet use had no direct effect on the depressive symptoms of adolescents, family atmosphere was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.005), and academic performance was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.005). Depressive symptoms in 2020 had a direct effect (ß = 0.37, p < 0.001), and also had a negative effect on depressive symptoms in 2020, with a total effect of-0.07 (p < 0.001); self-adjustment had no direct effect on depressive symptoms in adolescents in 2018, However, the total effect was -0.14 (p < 0.001), which had a significant positive effect on 2020 depressive symptoms, and the total effect was 0.18 (p < 0.001), and self-adjustment had a significant negative effect on adolescent campus deviant behavior (ß = -0.38, p < 0.001); in addition, the frequency of Internet use, family atmosphere, and academic performance all had indirect effects on adolescents' 2020 depressive symptoms, with total effects of -0.60, 0.01, and 0.02 (p < 0.001), respectively. This study also found depressive symptoms in adolescents have a certain persistence in time. Discussion: Based on this study, it is necessary to pay more attention to the depression of adolescents, strengthen the training of self-adjustment, improve the anti-frustration ability and psychological resilience, and reduce the campus deviant behavior of adolescents. It is recommended to try to start from emotional self-adjustment to promote the personality health of adolescents.

The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer.

Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.

[Influence of electromagnetic radiation on raf kinase inhibitor protein and its related proteins of hippocampus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the development of changes for Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and its mRNA in rats hippocampus after electromagnetic radiation. METHODS: Rats were exposed to X-band high power microwave (X-HPM), S-band high power microwave (S-HPM) and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation source respectively. The animal model of electromagnetic radiation was established. Western blot was used to detect the expression of RKIP, and RT-PCR was applied to detect the expression of RKIP mRNA. The interaction of RKIP and Raf-1 was measured with co-immunoprecipitation method, and the expression of cerebral choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of RKIP significantly down-regulated at 6 h after radiation, and recovered at 1 d in group EMP, but the down-regulation continued during 1 approximately 7 d after radiation in the two microwave groups. The expression of RKIP mRNA changed wavily during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, which showed down-regulation at 6 h, and up-regulation at 3 d. The interaction of RKIP and Raf-1 decreased during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, most significantly at 7 d, and the two microwave groups were more significant. The expression of CHAT decreased continuously during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, and generally recovered on 14 d. CONCLUSION: The down-regulation of RKIP and its related proteins of hippocampus is induced by electromagnetic radiation.

[Study on the membrane protein conformational changes and mechanisms of myocardial cell irradiated by pulse microwave].

Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique was applied to study the membrane protein conformational and functional changes of myocardial cell irradiated by pulse microwave. The results show that pulse microwave could influence the membrane protein structure markedly. The stretching vibration of lipid--CH2--, lecithoid C=O, amide I and II region was decreased or displaced. The secondary structures of membrane protein were also changed by irradiation. The percentage of alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet structure decreased remarkably, and the disordering of secondary membrane proteins increased. All the above changes are correlated with the irradiation dosage. The results indicated that the integrality of myocardial cell membrane was injured by pulse microwave, and the membrane fluidity and stability decreased. Multi-biochemically active structures were damaged. Then all the changes could make a biochemical foundation of pathologic effects, which included membrane function decline, cell morphological change, configuration injuring and apoptosis etc. This paper is from a new view of protein conformation to explore the molecular pathologic mechanism of the damage caused by pulse microwave irradiation.

[Pathological study of testicular injury induced by high power microwave radiation in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the pathological characteristics and the dynamic change regularity of the testis induced by high power microwave (HPM) radiation. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-five male Wistar rats were exposed to 0, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mW/cm2 HPM radiation for five minutes, and changes of testicular morphology and teratogenic ratio of epididymal spermatozoa were observed through light microscope and electron microscope at 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 d after radiation. RESULTS: Injury of testicular spermatogenic cells in rats might be induced by 3 to approximately 100 mW/cm2 HPM radiation, and the main pathological changes were degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells, formation of multinuclear giant cells, decrease or loss of sperm and interstitial edema. Injury of spermatogenic cells underwent such phases as death and shedding, cavitation, regeneration and repair, characterized by being focalized, inhomogenous and phased. And the severity of pathological changes of the testis increased with power density. There was only scattered degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubule one day after 3 mW/cm2 radiation, and the pathological changes six hours after 10 mW/cm2 radiation was similar to those one day after 3 mW/cm2 radiation, but with the formation of multinuclear giant cells, and the above-mentioned pathological changes aggravated from one day to seven days after radiation. There was a significant increase in degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells, as well as a significant decrease in spermatozoa and focal necrosis in simple seminiferous tubules six hours after 30 and 100 mW/cm2 radiation, and the subsequent changes were similar to those of 10 mW/cm2 radiation. There was a significant increase in teratogenic ratio of epididymal spermatozoa at 3 d, 1 to approximately 7 d, 6 h to approximately 7 d after 3, 10, 30 and 100 mW/cm2 microwave radiation respectively (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: HPM radiation may cause injury of testicular spermatogenic cells in rats, which has a positive correlation to radiation dosage and time.

[Changes of apoptosis, mitochondrion membrane potential and Ca2+ of hypothalamic neurons induced by high power microwave].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the injury effect and mechanism of hypothalamic neurons after high power microwave (HPM) exposure. METHODS: Primarily cultured hypothalamic neurons were exposed to 10 and 30 mW/cm(2) HPM, and the inverted phase contrast microscope (IPCM) and flow cytometry (FCM) were employed to detect the injury of cells and change of mitochondrion membrane potential (MMP) and Ca(2+) in the cytoplasm of neurons. RESULTS: The ratio of apoptosis was significantly higher than that of the sham exposure (P < 0.05) induced by 10 and 30 mW/cm(2) HPM and necrosis increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the group of 30 mW/cm(2) at 6 h after exposure. The content of Ca(2+) in the cytoplasm of neuron cells increased (P < 0.01) while MMP decreased significantly (P < 0.01) after radiation of 30 mW/cm(2) HPM at 6 h after exposure. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis is one of the major death ways of hypothalamic neurons. The overloading of Ca(2+) and the decline of MMP are involved in the process.

[A study on the expression of HSP70 and iNOS after human brain contusion].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between expression of HSP70, iNOS and traumatic brain contusion (TBI) in different posttraumatic intervals. METHODS: 35 samples of brain contusion were examined using immunohistochemecal staining to evaluate the expression of HSP70 and iNOS. RESULTS: Maximal HSP70 expression was found at 0h after brain contusion. The intensity of HSP70 staining decreased remarkably to the minimum at 24h after TBI, then increased gradually. Expression of iNOS positive cells increased significantly and reached the maximum level 48h after TBI, then the expression decreased gradually from the 2nd day to the 11th day. CONCLUSION: The changes of HSP70 and iNOS immunohistochemical staining can be used as a referential data for estimating time interval after human brain contusion.

[Changes of the expression of beta1-adrenergic receptor and M2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat hearts after high power microwave radiation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of high power microwave (HPM) radiation on the expression of beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)-AR) and M(2)-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M(2)-AchR) in cardiomyocytes. METHODS: S-band HPM device of mean power density 2 approximately 90 mW/cm(2) was used to irradiate 150 healthy Wistar male rats. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to study the pathological characteristics of heart tissue and the expression of beta(1)-AR and M(2)-AchR. RESULTS: Radiation of over 10 mW/cm(2) made myocardial fibers disordered in arrangement, degeneration even sarcoplasm condensation, Pace cells necrosis, and Purkinje cells lysis in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.968, P < 0.05). beta(1)-AR expression in endocardium, membrane and cytoplasm of myocardium of left ventricle was increased on d1 after radiation, peaked on d3 (P < 0.05) and recovered on d14. M(2)-AchR expression was peaked on d1 (P < 0.01) and recovered on d14. CONCLUSION: Certain degree intensity of HPM radiation may cause heart injury, and increased expressions of beta(1)-AR and M(2)-AchR, which may play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart injury induced by HPM.

Expression of the bcl-2 gene and its significance in human pancreatic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the expression of the bcl-2 gene in association with both biological characteristics of human primary pancreatic carcinoma and patient's prognosis. METHODS: The s-p immunohistochemistry assay was used to detect the expression of the bcl-2 gene on paraffin-embedded sections from 97 cases of primary pancreatic carcinoma, 32 cases of pancreatitis, and 21 cases of normal pancreas. RESULTS: Among the 97 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 70 (72.2%) showed positive staining for the bcl-2 protein. In the 32 cases of pancreatitis, 3 (9.4%) showed positive immunostaining for the bcl-2, and in the normal pancreas cases, 1 (4.8%) showed positive immunostaining for the bcl-2. However, the positive staining rates of the bcl-2 protein were lower in tumor tissue from the patients with metastases and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages III, IV than in those from those with non-metastases, well differentiation, non-invasion and TNM stages I, II. The patients with positive immunostaining of bcl-2 have a longer postoperative survival than those with negative staining. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic carcinoma expressed a high positivity for bcl-2. Findings suggested that the overexpression of bcl-2 is related to the carcinogenesis and progression of human pancreatic carcinoma. Bcl-2 might be one of the parameters in terms of biological characteristics and good prognosis in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.

[Radioprotection of recombinant human interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on peripheral lymphocytes of rhesus monkey irradiated by 3.0 Gy gamma-rays].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the radioprotection of recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and rhIL-3 (rhIL-3+GM-CSF) on peripheral lymphocytes of rhesus monkey irradiated by 3.0 Gy gamma-rays, and attempt to provide evidence of cytokines used effectively in the therapy of acute radiation sickness. METHODS: Thirty rhesus monkey used in the experiment were randomly divided into six groups of rhIL-3 20 microg.kg -1.d -1, 60 microg.kg -1.d -1 GM-CSF 10 microg.kg -1.d -1 IL-3 20 microg.kg -1.d -1 +GM-CSF 10 microg.kg -1.d -1 radiation control and normal control. 21 d after whole body gamma-irradiation and subcutaneous injection of cytokines, T lymphocyte and its subsets, Bax/Bcl-2 proteins in lymphocytes were determined by immunohistochemical staining with alkaline phosphatase, and lymphocyte apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. RESULTS: (1) After irradiation the quantities of peripheral lymphocyte, T cell and its subsets obviously decreased as compared with those of normal controls. For instance, the percentages of lymphocyte, T, T H and Ts cells in radiation control group reduced to 44 percent, 42 percent, 41 percent and 57 percent of normal controls, respectively. (2)After radiation the reduction of lymphocyte, T, T H and Ts cells were evidently improved by injection of GM-CSF and GM-CSF+IL-3, The T,T H cells in GM-CSF and GM-CSF+IL-3 groups were respectively elevated by 1.57 and 1.76 fold, as well as 1.48 and 1.72 fold of radiation controls. (3) A large amount of lymphocyte apoptosis was found after radiation, GM-CSF and GM-CSF+IL-3 treatment could distinctively inhibit abundant lymphocyte apoptosis induced by acute irradiation,the apoptotic rates of lymphocytes in GM-CSF and GM-CSF+IL-3 groups reduced to 41 percent and 48 percent respectively when compared with that of radiation controls. CONCLUSION: A definite dose of GM-CSF and GM-CSF+IL-3 could suppress the reduction of lymphocyte, T and T H cells and lymphocyte apoptosis induced by 3.0 Gy gamma-irradiation. It confirms that inhibition of GM-CSF and GM-CSF+IL-3 on lymphocyte reduction as well as apoptosis might be one of the major causes to alleviate radiation injury of lymphocytes and improve the immunological function.

[Effect of electromagnetic pulse irradiation on structure and function of Leydig cells in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) irradiation on structure and function of Leydig cells in mice. METHODS: One hundred and fourteen male Kunming mice were randomly divided into irradiated and control group, the former radiated generally by 8 x 10(3) V/m, 2 x 10(4) V/m and 6 x 10(4) V/m EMP respectively five times within two minutes. Pathological changes of Leydig cells were observed by light and electron microscope. Serum testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) were measured dynamically by radioimmunoassay at 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d and 28 d after irradiation. RESULTS: Main pathological changes were edema and vacuolation, swelling of cytoplasmic mitochondria, reduce of lipid droplets, pale staining of most of lipid droplets, and partial or complete cavitation of lipid droplets in Leydig cells within 28 days after EMP radiation. Compared with normal controls, serum T decreased in all in different degrees within 28 days, and dropped significantly at 6 h-14 d, 6 h-7 d and 1 d-28 d after 8 x 10(3) V/m, 2 x 10(4) V/m and 6 x 10(4) V/m EMP irradiation(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). EMP irradiation caused no significant changes in serum LH and E2. CONCLUSIONS: Leydig cells are among those that are the most susceptible to EMP irradiation. EMP irradiation may cause significant injury in structure and function of Leydig cells in mice, whose earlier and continuous effect is bound to affect sexual function and sperm production.

[Study on the expressions of basic fibroblast growth factor and nervous growth factor genes in rat cerebral concussion].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expressions of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and nervous growth factor(NGF) genes in rat cerebral concussion. METHODS: Eighty Wistar male rats were used for animal model of cerebral concussion, which were sacrificed on 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after injury and the brain tissue was taken out. The expressions of bFGF and NGF genes were studied in the course of cerebral concussion by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Rats in 100 g group were seen the clinical manifestation for typical cerebral concussion. The protein and mRNA of bFGF were increased on day 1, obtained at peak on day 3-7, decreased on day 14 and also increased on day 30 compared with controls. The positive area was seen in the plasma of neurons in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum. NGF protein and mRNA showed strong positive and increased in the plasma of neurons in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum on day 1, and they were continuously positive but gradually decreased within 30 days after injury. CONCLUSION: The expression of bFGF gene participates in the course of cerebral concussion, might play an important role in the nervous cells degeneration and necrosis; NGF gene expression participates in the whole course of cerebral concussion, especially in the early phase.

[Intoxication induced by unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine: characteristics and mechanism of its acute and chronic injuries].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics and mechanism of the acute and chronic injuries induced by unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). METHODS: A total of 128 male rats were randomly divided into four groups: UDMH intoxication acute response group and chronic response group, and corresponding control groups. UDMH was administrated through inhalation at the concentration of 8x10(-4)g/m(3) for 15 minutes. Animals of each group were sacrificed at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively after the intoxication. Pathologic changes and blood gas were examined. Chronic injuries and pathologic changes were also observed 1 year after the intoxication. RESULTS: Major pathological changes in the intoxication group were cerebral edema, degeneration and necrosis of neuron, enlargement and hemorrhage of capillary. Damages of different degree were found in liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, stomach, intestine, thymus, blood, bone marrow. Pallium ischemia was also found in the intoxicated rats 1 year after the intoxication, including ischemia damage of neuron in cerebral cortex, hemorrhage and focal liquefaction of thalamus and medulla conducting bind, dissociation, rupture, not uniform circuitry in conducting fibers. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals the basic pathological induced by intoxication of UDMH. The most severe stage of the injury appears 2-6 hours after intoxication. Long term investigation reveals pallium ischemia, thalamus hemorrhage and liquefaction in the medulla oblongata 1 year after the intoxication with UDMH. All the changes are significant.

[Characteristics of acute and chronic intoxication induced by rocket propellant nitrogen tetroxide].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of acute and chronic injuries of the nitrogen tetroxide, a kind of propellant of rocket. METHOD: 128 male rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: acute control group (56), acute nitrogen tetroxide intoxication group (56), long-term response group (8). The animals were killed sequentially at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Nitrogen tetroxide was administrated through inhalation at the concentration of 81 mg/m3 for 15 min. Chronic injuries and pathologic changes were also observed one year after the intoxication. RESULT: Pulmonary edema was the main pathological changes after intoxication, complicated with partial haemorrhage. Data acquired from long-term observations showed 75% pulmonary fibrosis and one case of adenocarcinoma of lung. CONCLUSION: The first 2 to 6 h after intoxication is the most severe stage of the injury. During the long-term observation, we find that intoxication with nitrogen tetroxide can induce pulmonary fibrosis and adenocarcinoma.

[Effects of electromagnetic pulse on contents of amino acids in hippocampus of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the changes of amino acids contents in hippocampus of rats and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) exposure. METHODS: Rats were decapitated and hippocampus were removed after EMP (6 x 10(4) V/m, rise time 20 ns, pulse width 30 micro s, 5 pulses in 2 minutes) irradiation, and contents of amino acids were detected with high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC). RESULTS: The contents of aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) increased significantly 0, 3, 6 h after irradiation. The peak values of Asp [(17.25 +/- 1.63) pmol/ micro l] and Glu [(13.67 +/- 0.95) pmol/ micro l] were higher than those of control [(10.56 +/- 1.50), (6.94 +/- 1.10) pmol/ micro l respectively, P < 0.05]. Then both decreased gradually and reached the normal level 24 - 48 h after irradiation. The contents of glycine (Gly), taurine (Tau) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also rose after exposure, the peak value of them [(4.51 +/- 0.60), (29.85 +/- 2.70), (5.14 +/- 0.73) pmol/ micro l respectively] were higher than those of control group [(2.18 +/- 0.31), (9.88 +/- 1.47), (2.84 +/- 0.67) pmol/ micro l, P < 0.05], then recovered 48 h after irradiation. The value of Glu/GABA increased immediately after exposure (3.45 +/- 0.25, P < 0.05), then decreased 24 h (1.62 +/- 0.23, P < 0.05) and recovered 48 h after exposure. CONCLUSION: The toxic effect of excess excitatory amino acids may be partly responsible for the early retardation (within 24 h) of learning of rats.

[Effect of electromagnetic pulse irradiation on mice reproduction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) irradiation on mice reproduction. METHODS: Female/male Kunming mice, 6 - 8 weeks old, prior to mating, or female after pregnancy were treated with whole body irradiation by 6 x 10(4) V/m electromagnetic pulse (EMP) for five times. The pregnant mice were killed on the 18th days, and teratological markers were analysed. RESULTS: EMP irradiation caused no significant changes in most of female organ weight and organ/body weight ratio. But it caused significant shortening in tail length of live foetus in the female mice before conception (prior to mating) or after pregnancy (P < 0.05), and obvious decrease in male offspring ratio (0.85 +/- 0.09 vs 1.09 +/- 0.17, P < 0.05). The male offspring ratio also significantly decreased (0.76 +/- 0.18 vs 1.09 +/- 0.17, P < 0.01) after male mice irradiated by EMP. The tail length of live foetus was shortened and male offspring sex ratio was increased after both male and female mice were irradiated by EMP. EMP irradiation also caused a significantly higher fetal death rate than normal control (P < 0.05). The embryo absorption rate was increased after irradiation except that was decreased in male mice. CONCLUSION: EMP irradiation has effect on pregnancy and offspring development in both male and female mice before mating and in female mice after pregnancy.

[Studies on the injury effects of hippocampus induced by high power microwave radiation in rat].

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of morphology and function in rat hippocampus induced by high power microwave (HPM) radiation. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were radiated by HPM. Then their learning and memory abilities were tested with Y maze and were sacrificed 6 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after radiation. The hippocampus was taken out to study the basic pathologic changes, apoptosis and the expressions of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by means of HE staining, Nissel body staining, in situ terminal end labeling and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The learning and memory abilities of rats reduced significantly after HPM radiation. HPM also resulted in rarefaction, edema and hemangiectasia of hippocampus, nervous cells degeneration and necrosis, decrease or disappearance of Nissel bodies. The injuries were more serious in field CA4 and dentate gyrus, which showed dose-effect relationship, and were progressively aggravated within 7 days. The apoptosis cells were significantly increased. NSE was increased in neurons. The NSE positive areas were also seen in the interstitial matrix and blood vessels. GFAP was increased in astrocytes, which became shorter and thicker. CONCLUSION: HPM can damage the abilities of learning and memory and results in morphologic changes in hippocampus. The major pathologic changes are degeneration, apoptosis and necrosis of neurons and edema in interstitium. NSE and GFAP play an important role in the pathologic process.

Review on emergency medical response against terrorist attack.

Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks (for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).