Insight into the Role of Rb Doping for Highly Efficient Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells.

Various copper-related defects in the absorption layer have been a key factor impeding the enhancement of the efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells. Alkali metal doping is considered to be a good strategy to ameliorate this problem. In this article, Rb-doped CZTSSe (RCZTSSe) thin films were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The results show that the Rb atom could successfully enter into the CZTSSe lattice and replace the Cu atom. According to SEM results, a moderate amount of Rb doping aided in enhancing the growth of grains in CZTSSe thin films. It was proven that the RCZTSSe thin film had the densest surface morphology and the fewest holes when the doping content of Rb was 2%. In addition, Rb doping successfully inhibited the formation of CuZn defects and correlative defect clusters and promoted the electrical properties of RCZTSSe thin films. Finally, a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 7.32% was attained by the champion RCZTSSe device with a Rb content of 2%. Compared with that of un-doped CZTSSe, the efficiency improved by over 30%. This study offers new insights into the influence of alkali metal doping on suppressing copper-related defects and also presents a viable approach for improving the efficiency of CZTSSe devices.

Hydrated Metal Vanadate Heterostructures as Cathode Materials for Stable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have received a lot of attention in electrochemical energy storage systems for their low cost, environmental compatibility, and good safety. However, cathode materials still face poor material stability and conductivity, which cause poor reversibility and poor rate performance in AZIBs. Herein, a heterogeneous structure combined with cation pre-intercalation strategies was used to prepare a novel CaV6O16·3H2O@Ni0.24V2O5·nH2O material (CaNiVO) for high-performance Zn storage. Excellent energy storage performance was achieved via the wide interlayer conductive network originating from the interlayer-embedded metal ions and heterointerfaces of the two-phase CaNiVO. Furthermore, this unique structure further showed excellent structural stability and led to fast electron/ion transport dynamics. Benefiting from the heterogeneous structure and cation pre-intercalation strategies, the CaNiVO electrodes showed an impressive specific capacity of 334.7 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and a rate performance of 110.3 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1. Therefore, this paper provides a feasible strategy for designing and optimizing cathode materials with superior Zn ion storage performance.

Modulating Crystallization and Defect Passivation by Butyrolactone Molecule for Perovskite Solar Cells.

The attainment of a well-crystallized photo-absorbing layer with minimal defects is crucial for achieving high photovoltaic performance in polycrystalline solar cells. However, in the case of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), precise control over crystallization and elemental distribution through solution processing remains a challenge. In this study, we propose the use of a multifunctional molecule, α-amino-γ-butyrolactone (ABL), as a modulator to simultaneously enhance crystallization and passivate defects, thereby improving film quality and deactivating nonradiative recombination centers in the perovskite absorber. The Lewis base groups present in ABL facilitate nucleation, leading to enhanced crystallinity, while also retarding crystallization. Additionally, ABL effectively passivates Pb2+ dangling bonds, which are major deep-level defects in perovskite films. This passivation process reduces recombination losses, promotes carrier transfer and extraction, and further improves efficiency. Consequently, the PSCs incorporating the ABL additive exhibit an increase in conversion efficiency from 18.30% to 20.36%, along with improved long-term environmental stability. We believe that this research will contribute to the design of additive molecular structures and the engineering of components in perovskite precursor colloids.

Improved amorphous/crystalline silicon interface passivation for heterojunction solar cells by low-temperature chemical vapor deposition and post-annealing treatment.

In this study, hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films are deposited using a radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) system. The Si-H configuration of the a-Si:H/c-Si interface is regulated by optimizing the deposition temperature and post-annealing duration to improve the minority carrier lifetime (τeff) of a commercial Czochralski (Cz) silicon wafer. The mechanism of this improvement involves saturation of the microstructural defects with hydrogen evolved within the a-Si:H films due to the transformation from SiH2 into SiH during the annealing process. The post-annealing temperature is controlled to ∼180 °C so that silicon heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) could be prepared without an additional annealing step. To achieve better performance of the SHJ solar cells, we also optimize the thickness of the a-Si:H passivation layer. Finally, complete SHJ solar cells are fabricated using different temperatures for the a-Si:H film deposition to study the influence of the deposition temperature on the solar cell parameters. For the optimized a-Si:H deposition conditions, an efficiency of 18.41% is achieved on a textured Cz silicon wafer.

Multi-model ensemble simulation and projection in the climate change in the Mekong River Basin. Part I: temperature.

This paper evaluates the performance of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in simulating annual and decadal temperature in the Mekong River Basin from 1950 to 2005. By use of Bayesian multi-model averaging method, the future projection of temperature variation under different scenarios are also analyzed. The results show, the performances of climate model are more accurate in space than time, the model can catch the warming characteristics in the Mekong river Basin, but the accuracy of simulation is not good enough. Bayesian multi-model averaging method can improve the annual and decadal temperature simulation when compared to a single result. The projected temperature in Mekong River will increase by 0.88 °C/100 year, 2.15 °C/100 year and 4.96 °C/100 year for the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, over the twenty-first century. The findings will be beneficial for local people and policy-maker to formulate regional strategies against the potential menaces of warming scenarios.

Building a Charge Transfer Bridge between g-C3N4 and Perovskite with Molecular Engineering to Achieve Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Effective defect passivation and efficient charge transfer within polycrystalline perovskite grains and corresponding boundaries are necessary to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, focusing on the boundary location of g-C3N4 during the crystallization modulation on perovskite, molecular engineering of 4-carboxyl-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (BF) on g-C3N4 was designed to obtain a novel additive named BFCN. With the help of the strong bonding ability of BF with both g-C3N4 and perovskite and favorable intramolecular charge transfer within BFCN, not only has the crystal quality of perovskite films been improved due to the effective defects passivation, but the charge transfer has also been greatly accelerated due to the formation of additional charge transfer channels on the grain boundaries. As a result, the champion BFCN-based PSCs achieve the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.71% with good stability.

Molecular Design Engineering Regulates the Ground-State Passivation Ability of Benzophenone Derivatives in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) involved in the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) process results in benzophenone derivatives (BPDs) with an excellent ability to passivate defects. However, the BPDs are in a continuing dynamic transition process between the ground state and the excited state under light radiation conditions. The ground-state BPDs may lose their ability to passivate defects, resulting in an increased defect density of the perovskite. Therefore, enhancing the passivation ability of the ground-state BPDs can help to achieve the full passivation ability of their ground state to excited state. Herein, we have researched the various BPDs by density functional theory and found that intramolecular H-bonding can weaken the passivation ability of ground-state BPDs, but intramolecular H-bonding is indispensable in the ESPT process. To address the issue, we investigated the influence of electron-donor properties and dipole moments of hydroxyl (-OH), methoxy (-OCH3), and n-octyloxy (-OC8H17) groups in BPD molecules on their coordination capacity through molecular design engineering. Ultimately, 2-hydroxy-4-n-octyloxy-benzophenone (UV5) with strong electron-donor n-octyloxy (-OC8H17) and elongated carbon-chain structure was selected as an additive, which enhances the passivate defect capability in both the ground and excited states. As a result, the UV5-based champion device achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.46% and remained at 75% of the initial PCE with exposure to UV light. This work focuses on the defect passivation capability of ground-state BPDs for the first time and opens a new concept for applying BPDs in PSCs.

Managing intermediate phase transition of perovskite film with gearbox-like molecule for efficient and stable solar cells.

The smooth and dense light-absorbing layer is an essential factor in polycrystalline solar cells to achieve high photovoltaic performance, while it remains challenging in perovskite solar cells because of the difficulty balancing the speed of crystal nucleation and growth in a solution way. Here, we explored a perovskite nucleation/growth compatible model via manipulating the intermediate complex induced by n-hexylamine (NHA) molecule, guiding us to adjustments perovskite nucleation and growth process. We found that the NHA can act as a gearbox-like molecule to sequentially reduce the perovskite nucleation barrier, promote the nucleation velocity, and retard the perovskite growth simultaneously to obtain uniform perovskite films; correspondingly, this modulation also yields the buried interface with fewer voids and low defects density. In addition, the hydrophobic NHA with long alkyl chain improves the moisture tolerance of the perovskite. The treated solar cell power conversion efficiency was 21.91 %. Importantly, in âˆ¼ 70 % humidity at 25 °C for 30 days, the efficiency of the device declined less than 5 %, exhibiting a good stability performance.

Break through the Steric Hindrance of Ionic Liquids with Carbon Quantum Dots to Achieve Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Overcoming the negative impact of residual ionic liquids (ILs) on perovskite films based on an in-depth understanding of chemical interactions between ionic liquids and preparing perovskite precursor solutions is a great challenge when aiming to simultaneously achieve long-term stability and high efficiency within IL-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), a type of IL, was introduced into the perovskite precursor solution, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were further introduced into the antisolvent to enhance the photovoltaic properties of PSCs. Both ILs and CQDs synergistically manipulate the crystallization process and passivate defects to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Besides serving as passivation sites to strengthen the collaboration between additives and perovskite materials, the cointroduction of CQDs further promotes the carrier transport process since it not only provides carrier channels at grain boundaries but also forms better energy alignment, which effectively overcomes the charge transfer loss caused by the steric hindrance of ILs. Based on such a synergistic effect of ILs and CQDs, the n-i-p MAPbI3-based PSCs achieve the highest efficiency of 20.84% with improved stability. This simple and low-cost synergistic integration method will subsequently provide direction for optimizing ILs to improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.

N-glycosylation by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVa enhances the interaction of integrin ß1 with vimentin and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell motility.

N-glycosylation has been revealed to be tightly associated with cancer metastasis. As a key transferase that catalyzes the formation of ß1,4 N-acetylglucosamine (ß1,4GlcNAc) branches on the mannose core of N-glycans, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVa (GnT-IVa) has been reported to be involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis by forming N-glycans; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In the current study, we found that GnT-IVa was upregulated in HCC tissues and positively correlated with worse outcomes in HCC patients. We found that GnT-IVa could promote tumor growth in mice; notably, this effect was attenuated after mutating the enzymatic site (D445A) of GnT-IVa, suggesting that GnT-IVa regulated HCC progression by forming ß1,4GlcNAc branches. To mechanistically investigate the role of GnT-IVa in HCC, we conducted GSEA and GO functional analysis as well as in vitro experiments. The results showed that GnT-IVa could enhance HCC cell migration, invasion and adhesion ability and increase ß1,4GlcNAc branch glycans on integrin ß1 (ITGB1), a tumor-associated glycoprotein that is closely involved in cell motility by interacting with vimentin. Interruption of ß1,4GlcNAc branch glycan modification on ITGB1 could suppress the interaction of ITGB1 with vimentin and inhibit cell motility. These results revealed that GnT-IVa could promote HCC cell motility by affecting the biological functions of ITGB1 through N-glycosylation. In summary, our results revealed that GnT-IVa is highly expressed in HCC and can form ß1,4GlcNAc branches on ITGB1, which are essential for interactions with vimentin to promote HCC cell motility. These findings not only proposed a novel mechanism for GnT-IVa in HCC progression but also revealed the significance of N-glycosylation on ITGB1 during the process, which may provide a novel target for future HCC therapy.

Systematic review of ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Cyperi Rhizoma.

Cyperi Rhizoma (CR) is the dry rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L., a Cyperaceae plant. It has a long history of clinical medication and is known as the "holy medicine" of gynecology. CR smells sweet and bitter. It has the effect of soothing the liver and relieving depression, regulating qi, regulating meridian and relieving pain. It can be used to treat liver qi stagnation, chest pain, spleen and stomach qi stagnation, hernia pain, irregular menstruation and other diseases. At present, the main chemical constituents isolated from CR are volatile oil, flavonoids and terpenes. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that CR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidepressant, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this paper, the botany, traditional application, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, processing and other aspects of CR are reviewed. At the same time, the shortcomings of current research of CR are discussed in depth, and the possible solutions are put forward in order to find a breakthrough point for future research of CR.

Insight into the Effect of Selenization Temperature for Highly Efficient Ni-Doped Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells.

Cu2Ni0·05Zn0·95Sn(S,Se)4 (CNZTSSe) films were synthesized on Mo-coated glass substrates by the simple sol-gel means combined with the selenization process, and CNZTSSe-based solar cells were successfully prepared. The effects of selenization temperature on the performance and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells were systematically studied. The results show that the crystallinity of films increases as the selenization temperature raises based on nickel (Ni) doping. When the selenization temperature reached 540 °C, CNZTSSe films with a large grain size and a smooth surface can be obtained. The Se doping level gradually increased, and Se occupied the S position in the lattice as the selenization temperature was increased so that the optical band gap (Eg) of the CNZTSSe film could be adjusted in the range of 1.14 to 1.06 eV. In addition, the Ni doping can inhibit the deep level defect of SnZn and the defect cluster [2CuZn + SnZn]. It reduces the carrier recombination path. Finally, at the optimal selenization temperature of 540 °C, the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the prepared device reached 344 mV and the PCE reached 5.16%.

Diluted-CdS Quantum Dot-Assisted SnO2 Electron Transport Layer with Excellent Conductivity and Suitable Band Alignment for High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells.

An electron transport layer (ETL) with excellent conductivity and suitable band alignment plays a key role in accelerating charge extraction and transfer for achieving highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a novel diluted-cadmium sulfide quantum dot (CdS QD)-assisted SnO2 ETL has been developed with a low-temperature fabrication process. The slight addition of CdS QDs first enhances the crystallinity and flatness of SnO2 ETLs so that it provides a promising workstation to obtain high-quality perovskite absorption layers. It also amazingly increases the conductivity of the SnO2 ETL by an order of magnitude and regulates the energy level matching between the SnO2 ETL and perovskite. These outstanding properties greatly accelerate the charge extraction and transfer. Thus, the MAPbI3-based PSCs with such a diluted-CdSQD-assisted SnO2 ETL achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency of 20.78% and obtain a better stability of devices in air. These findings testify the importance and potential of semiconductor QD modification on ETLs, which may pave the way for developing such composite ETLs for further enhancing photovoltaic performance of planar PSCs.

Interior/Interface Modification of Textured Perovskite for Enhanced Photovoltaic Outputs of Planar Solar Cells by an In Situ Growth Passivation Technology.

To compensate for the photoelectric losses of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the development of high-quality textured absorbers with excellent light-harvesting ability and carrier extraction/transfer efficiency is of great significance to achieve a high-efficiency stable photovoltaic output. In this paper, we propose an in situ growth passivation technique to construct high-performance textured absorbers by adding a 2-amino-4-chlorophenol (AC) modifier consisting of multiple groups during the growth of textured perovskite. Initially, according to the Ostwald ripening mechanism, the strongly polar dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as the etchant to systematically study its synergistic effect on the morphology evolution, crystallization kinetics, light-trapping capability, and photovoltaic loss of textured absorbers. An appropriate amount of DMF induces formamidinium cations (FA+) to replace methylammonium cations (MA+) in the perovskite lattice while etching the absorber to form a texture configuration, which effectively broadens the spectral absorption range, thus greatly improving the light-trapping capacity and short-circuit current density of planar PSCs. In contrast, excess DMF deteriorates the device performance due to the excessive corrosion of the perovskite. Moreover, the introduction of the AC modifier is of great significance for passivating deep-level defects and accelerating the charge extraction/transfer. Owing to the electron-donating nature of the Lewis base, the hydroxyl groups with a higher electron density in AC molecules can better coordinate with Pb2+ ion defects, which effectively improves the crystallinity of the textured perovskite, thus suppressing the nonradiative recombination and ultimately improving the photovoltaic outputs of modified devices, particularly the fill factor and the open-circuit voltage. Thus, the photovoltaic performance of the AC-modified planar PSC is significantly better than that of the conventional textured device, with a reverse efficiency of 21.18% and forward efficiency of 20.77%. Owing to the synergistic effect of (1) the superior optical properties of the textured perovskite induced by DMF and (2) excellent charge dynamics driven by AC, the functionalized devices without encapsulation also exhibited good photovoltaic output stability and reproducibility. This work provides novel insights into the growth mechanism of textured absorbers and paves the way for more efficient and stable planar PSCs.

Preferred Film Orientation to Achieve Stable and Efficient Sn-Pb Binary Perovskite Solar Cells.

The preferred orientation of crystalline films in hybrid perovskite materials is known to influence the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Although the preferred growth along the (112) directions has been reported to promote charge transport within the Pb-based polycrystalline perovskite films, the preferred orientation growth of this facet is still difficult to be achieved due to the higher formation energy compared with the (110) plane. Herein, Sn-Pb binary perovskite films with a well-controlled orientation along the (224) plane were achieved by introducing a simple ultrasonic treatment (UST) into the additive engineering fabricated method. UST is used to process the perovskite precursor solutions of tartaric acid (TA) modified Sn-Pb binary polycrystalline perovskite films to regulate the interactions between PbI2/SnI2 and TA in the intermediate phases. Meanwhile, TA-modulated MA0.9Cs0.1Pb0.75Sn0.25I3-based perovskite films with a preferred orientation of (224) crystal plane were obtained by precisely controlling the UST time to 15 min. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.59% with less hysteresis and improved stability was achieved, while realizing 8.64 and 25.32% enhancements of PCE compared with that of TA-based and control counterparts with (110) preferred orientation, respectively. Our work provides a promising route to obtain preferred orientation growth of polycrystalline perovskite films. In particular, we have shown that this approach improves the performance of Sn-Pb binary PSCs, while such methodology is quite flexible and could also be applied to other low-/non-toxic PSCs.

Enhancing the Performance of Aqueous Solution-Processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Photovoltaic Materials by Mn2+ Substitution.

In this work, the Cu2MnxZn1-xSn(S,Se)4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (CMZTSSe) alloy films were fabricated by a sol-gel method. Meanwhile, the effects of Mn substitution on the structural, morphological, electrical, optical, and device performance were studied systematically. The clear phase transformation from Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) with kesterite structure to Cu2MnSn(S,Se)4 (CMTSSe) with stannite structure was observed as x = 0.4. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results show that the Mn can facilitate the grain growth of CMZTSSe alloy films. Since the x was 0.1, the uniform, compact, and smooth film was obtained. The results show that the band gap of the CMZTSSe film with a kesterite structure was incessantly increased in a scope of 1.024-1.054 eV with the increase of x from 0 to 0.3, and the band gap of the CMZTSSe film with stannite structure was incessantly decreased in a scope of 1.047-1.013 eV with the increase of x from 0.4 to 1. Meanwhile, compared to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of pure CZTSSe device, the PCE of CMZTSSe (x = 0.1) device is improved from 3.61% to 4.90%, and about a maximum enhanced the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 30 mV is achieved. The improvement is concerned with the enhancement of the grain size and decrease of the Cu instead of Zn (CuZn) anti-site defects. Therefore, it is believed that the adjunction of a small amount of Mn may be an appropriate approach to improve the PCE of CZTSSe solar cells.

Substitution of Ag for Cu in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4: Toward Wide Band Gap Absorbers with Low Antisite Defects for Thin Film Solar Cells.

Cation substitution is a promising approach to reduce the antisite defects and further improve the efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) cells. In this paper, silver (Ag) has been introduced into Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin film to replace Cu partially and form (Cu1-xAgx)2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (CAZTSSe) alloy films by combination of solution method and a rapid annealing technique. The fundamental properties of the mixed Ag-Cu kesterite compound are systematically reported as a function of the Ag/(Ag+Cu) ratio. The results show that band gap of kesterite CAZTSSe is incessantly increased by adjusting the Ag doping content, indicating that the CAZTSSe alloy film is a potentially applicable bandgap grading absorption layers material to obtain higher CZTSSe device. Furthermore, CAZTSSe alloy films with better electrical performance were also obtained by adjusting the Ag content during film fabrication. Finally, we also observed an increment in open circuit voltage (Voc) by 160 mV and an accompanying rise in device efficiency from 4.24 to 5.95%. The improvement is correlated to the improved grain size and decreased antisite defects of Cu instead of Zn site (CuZn) in the lattice. The Voc enhancement evidences that the solution method is facile and viable to achieve proper cation substitution toward higher efficiency kesterite solar cells. In addition, the CAZTSSe cell also displays better charge collection performance because of the higher fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Therefore, it can be concluded that the doping of Ag is a potentially appropriate method to reduce the Cuzn antisite defects of CZTSSe and improve efficiency of CZTSSe device.

Hot-Carrier Injection Antennas with Hemispherical AgOx@Ag Architecture for Boosting the Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells.

In the past few years, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have increased from 3.81 to 25.2%, surpassing those of all almost all thin films solar cells. For high-performance PSCs, it is pivotal to finely regulate the charge dynamics and light management between perovskite and charge-transfer materials to balance the trade-off between optical and electrical properties. In this study, a hemispherical core-shell silver oxide (AgOx) @ silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were grown onto the surface of the mesoporous titanium dioxide (m-TiO2) electron-transport layer (ETL) to improve the photogenerated charge transfer without sacrificing the stability of the devices. The results show that the electrical properties of m-TiO2 have been enhanced owing to the injection of a hot carrier in Ag NPs into the m-TiO2 ETL filling the trap states of m-TiO2. However, AgOx on the Ag NP surfaces can isolate the touch between Ag NPs and perovskite, thereby prohibiting the perovskite decomposition. Compared with the control device, the PCE was increased from 17.87 to 20.33% for the device with HOAPs. In the meantime, the long-term stability of the PSCs is not sacrificed, which is pivotal for fabricating PSCs and optoelectronic devices.

Activating Old Materials with New Architecture: Boosting Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells with H2O-Assisted Hierarchical Electron Transporting Layers.

The breakthrough of organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on mesostructured composites is regarded as a viable member of next generation photovoltaics. In high efficiency PSCs, it is crucial to finely optimize the charge dynamics and optical properties matching between the perovskites and electron transporting materials to relax the trade-off between the optical and electrical requirements. Here, a simple antipolar route with H2O as the additive is proposed to prepare hierarchical electron transporting layers to boost the efficiency of dopant-free PSCs. The photovoltaic performance of the PSCs is enhanced owing to increased light-scattering, improved Ostwald ripening, and photo-generated electron extraction. Optimization of the H2O addition enables a valid power conversion efficiency of 19.9% (reverse scan: 20.02%) to be achieved. The device can retain more than 90% of its initial performance after storage in air more than 30 days. These results are inspiring in that they present that a mesoporous transporting layer could be easily re-constructed to hierarchical architecture by the antipolar method to further improve the performance of PSCs.

Investigation on the Selenization Treatment of Kesterite Cu2Mg0.2Zn0.8Sn(S,Se)4 Films for Solar Cell.

High-selenium Cu2Mg0.2Zn0.8Sn(S,Se)4 (CMZTSSe) films were prepared on a soda lime glass substrate using the sol-gel spin coating method, followed by selenization treatment. In this work, we investigated the effects of selenization temperature and selenization time on the crystal quality, and electrical and optical properties of CMZTSSe films. The study on the micro-structure by XRD, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that all CMZTSSe samples had kesterite crystalline structure. In addition, the crystalline quality of CMZTSSe is improved and larger Se takes the site of S in CMZTSSe with the increase of selenization temperature and selenization time. When increasing the selenization temperature from 500 to 530 °C and increasing the annealing time from 10 to 15 min, the morphological studies showed that the microstructures of the films were dense and void-free. When further increasing the temperature and time, the crystalline quality of the films began to deteriorate. In addition, the bandgaps of CMZTSSe are tuned from 1.06 to 0.93 eV through adjusting the selenization conditions. When CMZTSSe samples are annealed at 530 °C for 15 min under Se atmosphere, the crystal quality and optical-electrical characteristics of CMZTSSe will be optimal, and the grain size and carrier concentration reach maximums of 1.5-2.5 µm and 6.47 × 1018 cm-3.