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Salt stress is a common abiotic factor that restricts plant growth and development. As a halophyte, Tamarix hispida is a good model plant for exploring salt-tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. DNA-binding with one finger (DOF) is an important transcription factor (TF) that influences and controls various signaling substances involved in diverse biological processes related to plant growth and development, but the regulatory mechanisms of DOF TFs in response to salt stress are largely unknown in T. hispida. In the present study, a newly identified Dof gene, ThDOF8, was cloned from T. hispida, and its expression was found to be induced by salt stress. Transient overexpression of ThDOF8 enhanced T. hispida salt tolerance by enhancing proline levels, and increasing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). These results were also verified in stably transformed Arabidopsis. Results from TF-centered yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays and EMSAs showed that ThDOF8 binds to a newly identified cis-element (TGCG). Expression profiling by gene chip analysis identified four potential direct targets of ThDOF8, namely the cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases genes, CRK10 and CRK26, and two glutamate decarboxylase genes, GAD41, and GAD42, and these were further verified by ChIP-quantitative-PCR, EMSAs, Y1H assays, and ß-glucuronidase enzyme activity assays. ThDOF8 can bind to the TGCG element in the promoter regions of its target genes, and transient overexpression of ThCRK10 also enhanced T. hispida salt tolerance. On the basis of our results, we propose a new regulatory mechanism model, in which ThDOF8 binds to the TGCG cis-element in the promoter of the target gene CRK10 to regulate its expression and improve salt tolerance in T. hispida. This study provides a basis for furthering our understanding the role of DOF TFs and identifying other downstream candidate genes that have the potential for improving plant salt tolerance via molecular breeding.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Tamaricaceae , Fatores de Transcrição , Tamaricaceae/genética , Tamaricaceae/metabolismo , Tamaricaceae/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Estresse Salino/genética , Tolerância ao Sal/genéticaRESUMO
Capillary flow has garnered significant attention due to its unique dynamic characteristics that require no external force. Creating a quantitative analytical model to evaluate capillary flow behaviors in root-like networks is essential for enhancing fluid control properties in functional textiles. In this study, we explore the capillary dynamics within root-like networks under the influence of gravity and derive the most rapid capillary flow via structural optimization. The flow time in a capillary is dominated by the capillary pressure, viscous pressure loss, and gravity, each of which exhibits diverse sensitivities to the structures of root-like networks. We scrutinize various structural parameters to understand their impact on capillary flow in root-like networks. Subsequently, optimal structural parameters (namely, the mother tube diameter and diameter ratio) are identified to minimize capillary flow time. Moreover, we discovered that the correlation between flow time and distance for capillary flow in root-like networks does not obey the classical Lucas-Washburn equation. These results affirm that root-like networks can enhance capillary flow, providing critical insights for numerous capillary-flow-dependent engineering applications.
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The prevalence and distribution of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been extensively studied in various matrices and organisms; however, there is a lack of information about insects, particularly in honeybees. To address this gap, we studied young honeybee workers exposed to short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) at an environmentally relevant concentration of 10 mg/L for 7 days, followed by a 7-day elimination period. Results indicated that CPs could transfer into the head after oral consumption and SCCPs and MCCPs exhibited clear bioaccumulation trends: midgut > hindgut > head. An evaluation of congener group distribution patterns demonstrated that the dominant congener groups in all target tissues were C11-13Cl7-8 and C14Cl7-8 for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively, consistent with the treated CP standards. In honeybees, a significant negative relationship was observed for the log concentration of MCCP congener groups and their logâ¯KOW, but not with their logâ¯KOA. Conversely, no such correlation was found for SCCPs. These findings suggest that honeybees have a high potential to bioaccumulate MCCPs, particularly those with a low logâ¯KOW, and exhibit weak selectivity for SCCPs.
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Parafina , Animais , Abelhas , Parafina/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Administração OralRESUMO
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in poultry feed and the farm environment might bioaccumulate in poultry eggs. Unlike chickens, which are mostly raised in cages, ducks are commonly raised free range. This would expose ducks to CPs in the environment. However, information on the presence of CPs on duck farms is scarce. In the present study, samples of duck eggs, duck feathers, poultry feed, and soil were collected from 25 duck farms in South China. Forty-eight congener groups of short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) were detected in the samples. Interestingly, relatively high concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in the duck feathers. The median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in the duck eggs, feathers, feed and soil were: 46 and 18 ng/g wet weight, 2460 and 992 ng/g, 103 and 47 ng/g, and 24 and 10 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The dominant groups of SCCPs and MCCPs were C10Cl6-7 and C14Cl7-8, respectively. The close relationship between duck feathers and poultry feed indicated that the duck feathers might act as a bioindicator for the exposure of ducks to CPs. The margin of exposure approach was used to assess the health risk, with the results showing that the consumption of duck eggs posed a low risk to different age groups from exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs.
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Patos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Animais , Parafina/análise , Fazendas , Exposição Dietética , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Galinhas , China , SoloRESUMO
PURPOSE: The time structures of proton spot delivery in proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) radiation therapy are essential in many clinical applications. This study aims to characterize the time structures of proton PBS delivered by both synchrotron and synchrocyclotron accelerators using a non-invasive technique based on scattered particle tracking. METHODS: A pixelated semiconductor detector, AdvaPIX-Timepix3, with a temporal resolution of 1.56 ns, was employed to measure time of arrival of secondary particles generated by a proton beam. The detector was placed laterally to the high-flux area of the beam in order to allow for single particle detection and not interfere with the treatment. The detector recorded counts of radiation events, their deposited energy and the timestamp associated with the single events. Individual recorded events and their temporal characteristics were used to analyze beam time structures, including energy layer switch time, magnet switch time, spot switch time, and the scanning speeds in the x and y directions. All the measurements were repeated 30 times on three dates, reducing statistical uncertainty. RESULTS: The uncertainty of the measured energy layer switch times, magnet switch time, and the spot switch time were all within 1% of average values. The scanning speeds uncertainties were within 1.5% and are more precise than previously reported results. The measurements also revealed continuous sub-milliseconds proton spills at a low dose rate for the synchrotron accelerator and radiofrequency pulses at 7 µs and 1 ms repetition time for the synchrocyclotron accelerator. CONCLUSION: The AdvaPIX-Timepix3 detector can be used to directly measure and monitor time structures on microseconds scale of the PBS proton beam delivery. This method yielded results with high precision and is completely independent of the machine log files.
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Plyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), featured with incredible persistence and chronic toxicity, poses an emerging ecological and environmental crisis. Although significant progress has been made in PFAS metabolism in vivo, the underlying mechanism of metabolically active organ interactions in PFAS bioaccumulation remains largely unknown. We developed a microfluidic-based assay to recreate the intestine-vessel-liver interface in three dimensions, allowing for high-resolution, real-time images and precise quantification of intestine-vessel-liver interactions in PFAS biotransformation. In contrast to the scattered arrangement of vascular endothelium on the traditional d-polylysine-modified two-dimensional (2D) plate, the microtubules in our three-dimensional (3D) platform formed a dense honeycomb network through the ECM, with longer tubular structures. Additionally, the slope culture of epithelial cells in our platform exhibited a closely arranged and thicker cell layer than the planar culture. To dynamically monitor the metabolic crosstalk in the intestinal-vascular endothelium-liver interaction under exposure to fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), we combined the chip with a solid-phase extraction-mass spectrometry (SPE-MS) system. Our findings revealed that endothelial cells were involved in the metabolic process of FTOHs. The transformation of intestinal epithelial and hepatic epithelial cells produces toxic metabolite fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs), which circulate to endothelial cells and affect angiogenesis. This system shows promise as an enhanced surrogate model and platform for studying pollutant exposure as well as for biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
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Células Endoteliais , Fluorocarbonos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Microfluídica , Fluorocarbonos/análise , Biotransformação , Fígado/metabolismoRESUMO
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have become global pollutants and are of considerable concern as a result of their persistence and long-distance transmission in the environment and toxicity to mammals. However, their risks to pollinating insects are unknown. Honeybees are classical pollinators and sensitive indicators of environmental pollution. Herein, the effects of CPs on the gut microenvironment and underlying mechanisms were evaluated and explored using Apis mellifera L. Both short- and medium-chain CPs had significant sublethal effects on honeybees at a residue dose of 10 mg/L detected in bee products but did not significantly alter the composition or diversity of the gut microbiota. However, this concentration did induce significant immune, detoxification, and antioxidation responses and metabolic imbalances in the midgut. The mechanisms of CP toxicity in bees are complicated by the complex composition of these chemicals, but this study indicated that CPs could substantially affect intestinal physiology and metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, CPs in the environment could have long-lasting impacts on bee health. Future studies are encouraged to identify novel bioindicators of CP exposure to detect early contamination and uncover the detailed mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of CPs on living organisms, especially pollinating insects.
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Abelhas , Poluentes Ambientais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Parafina , Animais , Abelhas/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Parafina/toxicidade , Estresse Fisiológico , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidadeRESUMO
A mild, visible-light-induced, regioselective cascade sulfonylation-cyclization of 1,5-dienes with sulfonyl chlorides through the intermolecular radical addition/cyclization of alkenes C(sp2)-H was developed. This procedure proceeds well and affords a mild and efficient route to a range of monosulfonylated pyrrolin-2-ones at room temperatures.
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Aflatoxins (AFs) contamination in food and agricultural products poses a significant threat to human health. Sensitive and accurate detection of AFs provides a strong guarantee for ensuring food safety. Conventional chromatographic-based or mass spectrum methods, which rely on bulky instrument and skilled personnel, are not suitable for on-site surveillance. By contrast, visual detections which possess the merits of rapidity and sophisticated instrument-free present an excellent potential for the on-site detection of AFs. This review intends to summarize the latest development of visual methods for AFs detection, including paper-based tests, chromogenic reactions, and luminescent methods. Emerging technologies, like nanotechnology, DNAzymes, and aptamers combined with these visual methods are introduced. The basic principles, features, and application advantages of each type of visual methods are discussed. The biggest challenges and perspectives on their future trends are also addressed.
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Aflatoxinas , DNA Catalítico , Aflatoxinas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Humanos , NanotecnologiaRESUMO
Animal derived foods are the primary pathway for human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and various foodstuffs have been reported to contain PCNs. However, information on how PCN emission sources affect surrounding animal farms is scarce. The present study determined PCN levels in cow's milk, excrement, feed, plant and soil samples collected from four dairy farms situated within 10 km of an iron smelting plant in China. PCN concentrations in the milk samples from all four farms were in the range from 470 to 797 pg/g lipid weight while the PCN concentrations in the other specimens decreased in the order: plant > soil > excrement > feed. Higher PCN concentrations appeared in silage than in other feedstuffs, and the relationships between PCNs in milk, excrement and feed were closer than those in plant and soil. Human exposure risk to PCNs by consuming milk from this region was relatively higher than in less polluted areas.
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Naftalenos , Animais , Bovinos , Humanos , China , Monitoramento Ambiental , Fazendas , Ferro , Lipídeos , Naftalenos/análise , SoloRESUMO
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are both highly toxic and bioaccumulative environmental contaminates. Dietary intake is the primary pathway for human exposure to PCNs, and PCN concentrations in aquatic foodstuffs are relatively high. Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is one kind of popular aquatic foodstuffs in Asian countries. Farmed crabs could exposure to PCNs both through feed and environment. However, information on the occurrence of PCNs in farmed crabs is scarce. The present study investigated 75 PCN congeners in farmed Chinese mitten crabs, crab compound feed and sediments collected from Anhui Province and Shanghai in China. The total PCN concentrations in farmed Chinese mitten crabs from Anhui Province and Shanghai were 11.2-42.2 and 5.46-43.8 pg/g wet weight (ww), respectively. The PCN homologue profiles in crabs from both areas were similar, and both were dominated by di-CNs and penta-CNs. In contrast, lower chlorinated PCNs (di-CNs, tri-CNs and tetra-CNs) were the most common homologues in specimens of crab compound feed and sediment samples, indicating that selective bioaccumulation and metabolism of PCNs might occur in farmed crabs. No regional differences were found in the PCN congener profiles of farmed crabs, feed and sediment samples taken from Anhui Province and Shanghai. An assessment found no significant health risk associated with Chinese exposure to PCNs through farmed Chinese mitten crab consumption.
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Naftalenos , Alimentos Marinhos , Ásia , China , Monitoramento Ambiental , Fazendas , Humanos , Naftalenos/análise , Alimentos Marinhos/análiseRESUMO
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphorus flame retardants. Immuno-toxicity induced by TDCIPP is becoming of increasing concern. However, effects of TDCIPP on immune cells and mechanisms resulting in those effects are poorly understood. In this study, it was determined, for the first time, by use of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) based proteomic techniques expression of global proteins in RAW264.7 cells exposed to 10 µM TDCIPP. A total of 180 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Of these, 127 were up-regulated and 53 were down-regulated. The DEPs associated with toxic effects of TDCIPP were then screened by use of Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes for enrichment analysis. Results showed that these DEPs were involved in a number of pathways including apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, immune-toxicity, and signaling pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor, PPAR and p53 signaling pathways. The complex regulatory relationships between different DEPs, which might play an important role in cell death were also observed in the form of a protein-protein interaction network. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in RAW264.7 cells after TDCIPP treatment was also analyzed, the collapse of the MMP was speculated to play an important role in TDCIPP induced apoptosis. Moreover, some of the important regulator proteins discovered in this study, such as Chk1, Aurora A, would provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in toxic responses to TDCIPP.
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Retardadores de Chama/toxicidade , Compostos Organofosforados/toxicidade , Proteoma , Proteômica/instrumentação , Testes de Toxicidade/instrumentação , Animais , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
Biogenic amines (BAs) are a group of substances that are formed from amino acids by decarboxylation or amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones. They may have either an aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic structure. Their quantity determines their effects and optimum amounts are essential for physiological functions, but excess BAs causes various toxic effects throughout the human body. In our study, to rapidly determine 14 BAs (histamine, tyramine, dopamine, tryptamine, serotonin, putrescine, spermine, spermidine, octopamine, benzylamine, 1-Phenylethanamine, cadaverine, 2-Phenethylamine, and agmatine) in real fish samples, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established. The fish sample was extracted by acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and stable biogenic amine derivatives could be obtained by benzoyl chloride derivatization with a shorter reaction time. The method showed good linearity with a linear range of 3-4 orders of magnitude and regression coefficients ranging from 0.9961 to 0.9999. The calculated LODs ranged from 0.1 to 20 nM and the LOQs ranged from 0.3 to 60 nM. Satisfactory recovery was obtained from 84.6% to 119.3%. The proposed method was employed to determine the concentration levels of biogenic amine derivatives in different fish. The results indicated that this method was suitable for the analysis of biogenic amines.
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Aminas Biogênicas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Animais , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida , Aminas Biogênicas/análise , HistaminaRESUMO
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a kind of low-molecular-weight non-protein neurotoxin. It is one of the most potent neurotoxins found in nature, and it is found in puffer fish and various marine biota. The low sensitivity of previous analytical methods limited their application in puffer fish organ samples. This study established a method for the accurate and fast determination of TTX by reversed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with proton-enhanced electron spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The method yields good peak shapes, high sensitivity and low coeluted interferences. The method was successfully applied to determine TTX in puffer fish tissue samples of about 0.2 g.
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Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Tetraodontiformes , Animais , Tetrodotoxina/análise , Tetrodotoxina/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Prótons , NeurotoxinasRESUMO
Herein, we first report an electrochemical methodology for the site-selective alkylation of azobenzenes with (thio)xanthenes in the absence of any transition metal catalyst or external oxidant. A variety of groups are compatible with this electrochemical alkylation, which furnishes the products in moderate to good yields.
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Compostos Azo , Xantenos , Alquilação , CatáliseRESUMO
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are a group of metabolites biotransformed from polychlorinated biphenyls by animals with higher toxicities than their parent compounds. The present work developed and validated an analytical method for determinating penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorine substituted OH-PCBs in animal-derived food based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with isotope-dilution. The target analytes were extracted with a 50% n-hexane/dichloromethane (v/v), purified by sulfuric acid-silica gel, and separated by 5% hydrated silica gel, achieving a final concentration of 100 times before injection to LC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for target OH-PCBs were within the ranges of 0.003-0.010 µg/kg and 0.009-0.030 µg/kg, respectively. Average recoveries ranged between 76.7% and 116.5%, with relative standard deviations of less than 18.4%. The proposed method is simple, time-saving, sensitive, and accurate, making it a powerful tool for risk monitoring of OH-PCBs in animal-derived food.
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Bifenilos Policlorados , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Limite de Detecção , Isótopos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta PressãoRESUMO
Clenbuterol (CLE) and ractopamine (RAC) are two kinds of typical ß2-adrenergic agonists which pose a serious threat to the health of human beings. In this work, 10 kinds of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high stability and various pore features are screened to assess adsorption performance for CLE and RAC. An Al(III)-MOF (BUT-19) with abundant ethyl groups exhibits exceptional performance in removing CLE and RAC from water. The maximum adsorption capacity for CLE and RAC are up to 294.1 and 366.3 mg/g under the optimum adsorption conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanism effects of pH, temperature, and coexisted ions are investigated systematically. It is found that the MOF pore size and weak hydrogen-bond interactions between CLE/RAC molecules and the MOF are the main causes leading to the extraordinary adsorption. This study provides a new idea for the purposeful design and synthesis of MOFs for removing environmental pollutants and sheds light on the depuration of contaminated water.
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Alumínio/química , Clembuterol/isolamento & purificação , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Fenetilaminas/isolamento & purificação , Clembuterol/química , Estrutura Molecular , Fenetilaminas/química , Poluentes Químicos da ÁguaRESUMO
Food safety is a prevalent concern around the world. As such, detection, removal, and control of risks and hazardous substances present from harvest to consumption will always be necessary. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of functional materials, possess unique physical and chemical properties, demonstrating promise in food safety applications. In this review, the synthesis and porosity of MOFs are first introduced by some representative examples that pertain to the field of food safety. Following that, the application of MOFs and MOF-based materials in food safety monitoring, food processing, covering preservation, sanitation, and packaging is overviewed. Future perspectives, as well as potential opportunities and challenges faced by MOFs in this field will also be discussed. This review aims to promote the development and progress of MOF chemistry and application research in the field of food safety, potentially leading to novel solutions.
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Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/normas , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Embalagem de Alimentos , Humanos , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/análiseRESUMO
A chemically stable Zr(IV)-based metal-organic framework (BUT-17) has been explored for simultaneous adsorption and determination of bisphenol compounds (BPs) in aqueous medium. The prepared BUT-17 possesses a large surface area (2936 m2 g-1) and excellent fluorescent performance. An adsorption capacity of 111 mg g-1 for bisphenol A (BPA) with a rapid adsorption rate (1.76 g mg-1 min-1) is achieved by BUT-17. The excellent adsorption performance could be attributed to the hydrogen bond interaction between BPs and BUT-17. Furthermore, the fluorescent intensity of BUT-17 was quenched up to 92% due to the formation of complexes between BPs and BUT-17. Thus, a BUT-17-based fluorescent sensing method for the rapid determination of BPs has been established with the limit of detection of 10.0 ng mL-1 for BPA and a linear range from 2.0 to 23.0 µg mL-1. These results indicate that as an outstanding multifunctional platform, BUT-17 is promising for the simultaneous removal and determination of BPs in water medium. Simultaneous removal and detection of BPs with BUT-17.
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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.