Changes in Patterns of Utilization and Cost of Health Care Services Associated With Initiation of Asenapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adults.

PURPOSE: To examine changes in patterns of utilization and cost of health care services associated with initiation of asenapine for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using 2 large US health care claims databases. METHODOLOGY: All adults who initiated therapy with asenapine between Aug. 1, 2009, and Dec. 31, 2012, were identified; the date of the earliest claim for asenapine during this period was deemed the index date. Patients without ≥1 claims with a schizophrenia diagnosis within 12 months prior to the index date were excluded. We compared patterns of utilization and cost of health care services between 6-month periods immediately before and after index date ("preindex"and "postindex" respectively). RESULTS: 366 patients were identified who initiated asenapine and who met all other selection criteria; mean (SD) age was 40.5 (16.3) years and 57.1% were women. Relative to preindex, patients were less likely during postindex to be hospitalized (41.8% vs 26.2%, P<.001) or to visit the emergency room (24.9% vs 18.9%, P=.03). Mean (SD) total health care costs decreased by $4776 in the postindex period ($16,811 [$26,176] vs $12,035 [$17,037] during preindex), primarily due to a decrease in inpatient costs ($10,616 [$24,977] vs $5286 [$15,846]); mean pharmacy costs increased by $828 ($3656 [$3309] vs $4482 [$3,073]) (all P<.001). CONCLUSION: Use of asenapine for the treatment of schizophrenia was associated with reduced levels of health care utilization and cost during the 6-month period immediately following therapy initiation, primarily due to reduced levels of inpatient care.

Treatment Satisfaction and Convenience for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation on Edoxaban or Vitamin K Antagonists After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Post Hoc Analysis from the ENVISAGE-TAVI AF Trial.

ENVISAGE-TAVI AF (Edoxaban versus Standard of Care and Their Effects on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Having Undergone Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation-Atrial Fibrillation; NCT02943785) was a prospective, randomized, open-label trial comparing non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC) edoxaban with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in patients with atrial fibrillation after successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The effect of edoxaban- or VKA-based therapy on patient-reported outcomes remains unknown, as most studies focus on efficacy and safety. Pre-TAVR patient-reported expectations and post-TAVR Treatment Satisfaction and Convenience with edoxaban or VKA treatment (at months 3 and 12) were analyzed using the Perception of Anticoagulation Treatment Questionnaire (PACT-Q). This analysis included randomized and dosed patients with an evaluable PACT-Q1 assessment at baseline and ≥1 postbaseline assessment (PACT-Q2). Subanalyses included patients stratified by pre-TAVR anticoagulant (NOAC, VKA, no NOAC/VKA). Edoxaban- (n = 585) and VKA-treated (n = 522) patients had similar baseline characteristics and treatment expectations. Pre-TAVR anticoagulant use did not affect treatment expectations. After TAVR, edoxaban-treated patients had significantly higher Treatment Satisfaction and Convenience scores compared with VKA-treated patients at all time points (p <0.001 for all). Among edoxaban-treated patients, those who received VKAs pre-TAVR were significantly more satisfied with treatment than those who received NOACs (p <0.001) or no NOACs/VKAs (p = 0.003); however, there was no significant difference in the perception of convenience (p = 0.927 and p = 0.092, respectively). Conversely, among VKA-treated patients, the type of anticoagulant used pre-TAVR did not affect Treatment Satisfaction or Convenience scores post-TAVR. In conclusion, patients with atrial fibrillation who received edoxaban post-TAVR reported significantly higher Treatment Satisfaction and Convenience scores compared with those who received VKAs, resulting in a clinically meaningful difference between treatment groups.

Anticoagulant Treatment Adherence and Persistence in German Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment adherence and persistence impact the effectiveness of edoxaban for the prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of this analysis was to assess adherence and persistence of edoxaban vs. other non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). METHODS: Utilizing a German claims database, adults with AF with the first pharmacy claim identified for edoxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or VKAs from January 2013 to December 2017 were included in a propensity score-matched analysis. The first pharmacy claim was the index claim. Adherence (i.e., proportion of days covered [PDC]) and persistence (proportion of patients who continued therapy) were compared between edoxaban and other therapies. Patients receiving once-daily (QD) vs. twice-daily (BID) NOAC were also analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 21,038 patients were included (1236 edoxaban, 6053 apixaban, 1306 dabigatran, 7013 rivaroxaban, and 5430 VKA). After matching, baseline characteristics were well balanced across cohorts. Adherence was significantly higher for edoxaban vs. apixaban, dabigatran, and VKAs (all P < 0.0001). Significantly more edoxaban patients continued therapy vs. rivaroxaban (P = 0.0153), dabigatran (P < 0.0001), and VKAs (P < 0.0001). Time to discontinuation was significantly longer for edoxaban vs. dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and VKAs (all P < 0.0001). More patients receiving NOACs QD had a PDC ≥ 0.8 compared with those receiving NOACs BID (65.3 vs. 49.6%, respectively; P < 0.05); persistence rates were comparable between QD and BID groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AF receiving edoxaban had significantly higher adherence and persistence compared with those receiving VKAs. This trend was also seen in NOAC QD regimens vs. NOAC BID regimens for adherence. These results provide insight into how adherence and persistence may contribute to the effectiveness of edoxaban for stroke prevention in patients with AF in Germany.

Real-world treatment patterns and stroke risks among patients with atrial fibrillation in China.

Aim: To describe patient characteristics, treatment patterns and stroke risks for patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) in China. Patients & methods: Patients with AF were identified from an electronic medical record database in China (n = 22,535). Results: Less than half of patients (n = 9971; 44.2%) received antithrombotic medications following AF diagnosis; of these patients, 93.7% received anticoagulants and 71.3% received antiplatelets. Only 27.6% of patients received oral anticoagulants. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis found that patients treated with antithrombotic medications had a significantly lower risk of stroke compared with patients who were not treated (hazard ratio: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.37-0.43). Conclusion: The results suggest that antithrombotic medications, especially oral anticoagulants, are underused in China.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a condition characterized by a fast or irregular heartbeat that can lead to blood clots in the heart. This condition is common in China, but patients may not be treated with the appropriate medications to control heart rhythm and prevent the formation of blood clots and subsequent stroke events. This study analyzed medical records from patients with AF in China to determine how many of those diagnosed with AF were receiving appropriate medications. Less than half of patients with AF received the appropriate medications following their diagnosis. Patients who did receive treatment had a significantly lower risk of stroke compared with patients who were not treated. Our results suggest that medications to prevent blood clots and stroke are underused in China and that patients and physicians may benefit from increased educational programs about treatment options for AF.

Is an Orphan Drug's Cost-Effectiveness Associated with US Health Plan Coverage Restrictiveness?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Orphan drugs' high prices raise questions about whether their costs are worth their benefits. We examined the association between an orphan drug's cost-effectiveness and health plan coverage restrictiveness. METHODS: We analyzed a dataset of US commercial health plan coverage decisions (information current as of 2019) for orphan drugs (n = 3298). We used multi-level random-effect logistic regression to examine the association between orphan drug cost-effectiveness and coverage restrictiveness. We identified cost-effectiveness estimates from the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, and from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review's value assessments. We included only cost-effectiveness studies not funded by product manufacturers. We included the following independent variables: cancer indication, availability of alternatives, pediatric population, number of years since US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, disease prevalence, annual cost, additional non-orphan indication, safety, and inclusion in a FDA expedited review program. RESULTS: Plans restricted drug coverage in 29.7% (n = 981) of decisions. Plans were more likely to restrict drugs with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $50,000-$175,000 per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] (odds ratio = 1.855, p < 0.05), $175,000-$500,000 per QALY (odds ratio = 1.859, p < 0.05), and >$500,000 per QALY/dominated (odds ratio = 2.032, p < 0.01), compared to drugs with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios <$50,000 per QALY. Plans more often restricted drugs with non-cancer indications, having available alternatives, with more recent approval, in an FDA expedited review program, and for which the FDA additionally issued approval for a non-orphan disease. Plans more often restricted drugs with higher annual costs, and drugs indicated for higher prevalence diseases. All findings p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Among other factors, an orphan drug's cost-effectiveness was associated with health plan drug coverage restrictiveness.

Impact of Delayed Appropriate Antibiotic Therapy on Patient Outcomes by Antibiotic Resistance Status From Serious Gram-negative Bacterial Infections.

BACKGROUND: To examine the clinical and economic burdens associated with delayed receipt of appropriate therapy among patients with Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) infections, stratified by antibiotic resistance status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis using the Premier Hospital Database. Adult admissions (July 2011-September 2014) with evidence of complicated urinary tract infection, complicated intra-abdominal infection, hospital-associated pneumonia, or bloodstream infection, length of stay (LOS) ≥1 days and a positive GNB culture from a site consistent with infection type (culture draw date = index date) were identified and stratified by antibiotic susceptibility to index pathogens. Delayed appropriate therapy was defined as no receipt of antibiotic(s) with relevant microbiological activity on or within 2 days of index date. Inverse probability weighting and multivariate regression analyses were used to estimate the association between delayed appropriate therapy and outcomes. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate postindex duration of antibiotic therapy, LOS and total in-hospital costs. Logistic models were used to evaluate discharge destination and in-hospital mortality/discharge to hospice. RESULTS: A total of 56,357 patients with GNB infections were identified (resistant, n = 6,055; susceptible, n = 50,302). Delayed appropriate therapy was received by 2,800 (46.2%) patients with resistant and 16,585 (33.0%) patients with susceptible infections. Using multivariate analysis, delayed appropriate therapy was associated with worse outcomes including ∼70% increase in LOS, ∼65% increase in total in-hospital costs and ∼20% increase in the risk of in-hospital mortality/discharge to hospice, regardless of susceptibility status. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that outcomes in patients with GNB infections, regardless of resistance status, significantly improve if timely appropriate therapy can be provided.

Antimicrobial Resistance or Delayed Appropriate Therapy-Does One Influence Outcomes More Than the Other Among Patients With Serious Infections Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Versus Carbapenem-Susceptible Enterobacteriaceae?

BACKGROUND: The relative contribution of antimicrobial resistance versus delayed appropriate treatment to the clinical and economic burden of Enterobacteriaceae infections is not well understood. METHODS: Using a large US hospital database, we identified all admissions between July 2011 and September 2014 with evidence of serious Enterobacteriaceae infection. The "index date" was the earliest date on which a culture positive for Enterobacteriaceae was drawn. Infections were classified as carbapenem-resistant (CRE) or carbapenem-susceptible (CSE). Receipt of antimicrobials with activity against all index pathogens on the index date or ≤2 days thereafter was deemed as "timely"; all other instances were "delayed." Associations between CRE status and delayed appropriate therapy on outcomes were estimated using inverse probability weighting and multivariate regression models (ie, logistic model for discharge destination and composite mortality [in-hospital death or discharge to hospice] or generalized linear model for duration of antibiotic therapy, hospital length of stay [LOS], and costs). RESULTS: A total of 50 069 patients met selection criteria; 514 patients (1.0%) had CRE. Overall, 67.5% of CSE patients (vs 44.6%, CRE) received timely appropriate therapy (P < .01). Irrespective of CRE status, patients who received delayed appropriate therapy had longer durations of antibiotic therapy and LOS, higher costs, lower likelihood of discharge to home, and greater likelihood of the composite mortality outcome (P for trend < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed appropriate therapy is a more important driver of outcomes than CRE, although the 2 factors are somewhat synergistic. Better methods of early CRE identification may improve outcomes in this patient population.

The burden of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: More than 29 million people in the US have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a progressive deterioration of glucose control, which eventually requires insulin. Abnormally low levels of blood glucose, a feared side-effect of insulin treatment, may cause severe hypoglycemia (SHO), leading to emergency department (ED) admission, hospitalization, and long-term complications; these, in turn, drive up the costs of T2DM. This study's objective was to estimate the prevalence and costs of SHO-related hospitalizations and their additional longer-term impacts on patients with T2DM using insulin. METHODS: Using Truven MarketScan claims, we identified adult T2DM patients using basal and basal-bolus insulin regimens who were hospitalized for SHO (inpatient SHO patients) during 2010-2015. Two comparison groups were defined: those with outpatient SHO-related encounters only, including ED visits without hospitalization (outpatient SHO patients), and those with no SHO- or acute hyperglycemia-related events (comparison patients). Lengths of stay and SHO-related hospitalization costs were estimated, and propensity score and inverse probability weighting methods were used to adjust for baseline differences across the groups to evaluate longer-term impacts. RESULTS: We identified 66,179 patients using basal and 81,876 patients using basal-bolus insulin, of which ∼1.1% (basal) to 3.2% (basal-bolus) experienced at least one SHO-related hospitalization. Among those who experienced SHO (i.e. those in the inpatient and outpatient SHO groups), 27% (basal) and 40% (basal-bolus) experienced at least one SHO-related hospitalization. One-third of basal and about one-quarter of basal-bolus patients were admitted directly to the hospital; the remainder were first assessed or treated in the ED. Inpatient SHO patients using basal insulin stayed in the hospital, including time in the ED, for 2.8 days and incurred $6896 in costs; patients using basal-bolus insulin stayed in the hospital for 2.6 days and incurred costs of $5802. Forty-to-fifty percent of inpatient SHO patients were hospitalized again for SHO. Inpatient SHO patients using basal insulin incurred significantly higher monthly costs after their initial SHO-related hospitalization than patients in the other two groups ($2935 vs $1819 and $1638), corresponding to 61% and 79% higher monthly costs; patients using basal-bolus insulin also incurred significantly higher monthly costs than patients in the other groups ($3606 vs $2731 and $2607), corresponding to 32% and 38% higher monthly costs. LIMITATIONS: These analyses excluded patients who did not seek ED or hospital care when faced with SHO; events may have been miscoded; and we were not able to account for clinical characteristics associated with SHO, such as insulin dose and duration of diabetes, or unmeasured confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The burden associated with SHO is not negligible. Nearly one in three patients using only basal insulin and one in four patients using basal-bolus regimens who experienced SHO were hospitalized at least once due to SHO. Not only did those patients incur the costs of their SHO hospitalization, but they also incurred at least $1,116 (62%) and $875 (70%) more per month than outpatient SHO or comparison patients. Reducing SHO events can help decrease the burden associated with SHO among patients with T2DM.

The burden of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes.

AIMS: Approximately 1.25 million people in the US have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), a chronic metabolic disease that develops from the body's inability to produce insulin, and requires life-long insulin therapy. Poor insulin adherence may cause severe hypoglycemia (SHO), leading to hospitalization and long-term complications; these, in turn, drive up costs of SHO and T1DM overall. This study's objective was to estimate the prevalence and costs of SHO-related hospitalizations and their additional longer-term impacts on patients with T1DM using basal-bolus insulin. METHODS: Using Truven MarketScan claims, we identified adult T1DM patients using basal-bolus insulin regimens who were hospitalized for SHO (inpatient SHO patients) during 2010-2015. Two comparison groups were defined: those with outpatient SHO-related encounters only, including emergency department (ED) visits without hospitalization (outpatient SHO patients), and those with no SHO- or acute hyperglycemia-related events (comparison patients). Lengths of stay and SHO-related hospitalization costs were estimated and propensity score and inverse probability weighting methods were used to adjust for baseline differences across the groups to evaluate longer-term impacts. RESULTS: We identified 8,734 patients, of which 4.2% experienced at least one SHO-related hospitalization. Among those who experienced SHO (i.e. of those in the inpatient and outpatient SHO groups), 31% experienced at least one SHO-related hospitalization, while 9% were treated in the ED without subsequent hospitalization. Approximately 79% of patients were admitted directly to the hospital; the remainder were first assessed or treated in the ED. The inpatient SHO patients stayed in the hospital, including time in the ED, for 1.7 days and incurred $3551 in costs. About one-third of patients were hospitalized again for SHO. Inpatient SHO patients incurred significantly higher monthly costs after their initial SHO-related hospitalization than patients in the two other groups ($2084 vs $1313 and $1372), corresponding to 59% or 52% higher monthly costs for inpatient SHO patients. LIMITATIONS: These analyses excluded patients who did not seek ED or hospital care when faced with SHO; events may have been miscoded; and we were not able to account for clinical characteristics associated with SHO, such as insulin dose and duration of diabetes, or unmeasured confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The burden associated with SHO is not negligible. About 4% of T1DM patients using basal-bolus insulin regimens are hospitalized at least once due to SHO. Not only did those patients incur the costs of their SHO hospitalization, but they also incur red at least $712 (52%) more in costs per month after their hospitalization than outpatient SHO or comparison patients. Reducing SHO events can help decrease the burden associated with SHO among patients with T1DM.

Healthcare resource utilization of second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: risperidone versus paliperidone palmitate.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective longitudinal cohort study aimed to compare treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and costs in patients with schizophrenia treated with second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables (SGA-LAIs): biweekly risperidone LAI versus once-monthly paliperidone palmitate. METHODS: Patients who initiated risperidone LAI or paliperidone palmitate between 1 July 2007 and 31 December 2012 (index date) were identified from the Truven MarketScan Commercial, Medicare Supplemental, and Medicaid Multi-State insurance databases. Outcomes were assessed 12 months after the index date. Propensity score matching (1:1) based on patients' demographics and comorbidities was conducted. Outcome differences between the two cohorts were evaluated using t-tests for continuous variables, chi-square tests for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for count and cost variables. Regression models estimated the difference in medication use and adherence, likelihood of HRU, number of HRU events, and healthcare costs when comparing risperidone LAI versus paliperidone palmitate, while further adjusting for patient characteristics and pre-index HRU. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were well balanced between the two cohorts (n = 499 each). Significantly lower discontinuation rates (36.5% vs. 53.3%; p < 0.001) and longer days of LAI coverage (233.6 vs. 131.7 days; p < 0.001) were observed in the paliperidone palmitate cohort versus the risperidone LAI cohort, respectively. Patients treated with paliperidone palmitate were 12.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.0-17.8) and 11.7 (95% CI: 8.0-17.4) times more likely to be adherent based on medication possession ratio and proportion of days covered, respectively (p < 0.001). Patients treated with paliperidone palmitate had reduced likelihood of hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.72 [0.55-0.95]), fewer emergency department (ED) visits (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR]: 0.67 [0.61-0.73]) and reduced length of inpatient stay (aIRR: 0.86 [0.82-0.90]), which resulted in lower monthly inpatient hospitalization costs (-$77.58; p = 0.038) and ED visits (-$9.77; p = 0.021) relative to risperidone LAI. LIMITATIONS: Pharmacy costs were derived from health plan payment in the claims data and do not account for any discounts or rebates. This may have overestimated the branded drug costs in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the value of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.

The Economic and Health-related Impact of Crohn's Disease in the United States: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 593,000 to 780,000 people in the United States (US) have been diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD), and an additional 33,000 are diagnosed yearly. Our objective was to estimate CD's impact on medical costs, lost earnings, work and school absences, health status, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the US and to compute current and forecasted national costs. METHODS: We used the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to match 539 respondents with CD to similar respondents without any inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We estimated annual costs, work and school absences, and self-assessed health status. HRQOL was assessed by the SF-12 Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary (PCS and MCS) scores. CD prevalence rates, population counts, and costs were used to forecast total national costs. RESULTS: CD is associated with higher medical costs ($13,446 versus $6029) and lost earnings ($1249 versus $644) and is responsible for $3.48 billion in total national costs (expected to increase to $3.72 billion in 2025). Respondents with CD were more likely to miss work (38% versus 33%) or school (64% versus 33%), less likely to report being in excellent or very good physical health (24% versus 63%), and experienced lower HRQOL measured by the Physical Component Summary (43.4 versus 48.5) and Mental Component Summary (48.6 versus 50.0) than those without IBD. CONCLUSIONS: CD is responsible for increased medical care costs and lower earnings, health status, and HRQOL. These data can serve as benchmarks when examining future CD-related costs and HRQOL.

Patterns and Economic Burden of Hospitalizations and Exacerbations Among Patients Diagnosed with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare and fatal restrictive respiratory disease under the idiopathic lung disease (ILD) class. IPF is a form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia and has more scarring, less inflammation, and poorer prognosis than most other ILD forms. Exacerbation of IPF is rapid, with unpredictable deterioration of lung function, and is associated with short-term mortality. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management of IPF reports that the incidence of acute exacerbations is between 5%-10%. Limited real-world evidence has been identified in the United States that assesses patterns of hospitalization, exacerbation of IPF, and the associated economic burden. OBJECTIVES: To (a) characterize patients newly diagnosed with IPF and (b) examine incidence rates and costs of all-cause hospitalizations, IPF-related hospitalizations, and exacerbations. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed with a national commercial claims database from calendar years 2006 to 2011. Newly diagnosed IPF patients were identified with either ≥ 2 claims for idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis (IFA) or ≥ 1 claim for IFA and ≥ 1 claim for postinflammatory pulmonary fibrosis and a lung biopsy or thoracic high-resolution computed tomography within 90 days of the first claim for IFA (index date). IPF-related hospitalizations and possible IPF exacerbations were defined based on diagnoses recorded on event claims. Frequency, incidence rate, duration of events, and associated costs from the third-party payer's perspective were estimated. RESULTS: Among 1,735 identified IPF patients, 38.6% had at least 1 all-cause hospitalization; 10.8% had IPF-related hospitalizations; 4.6% had suspected IPF exacerbations leading to hospitalization; and 72.1% had suspected IPF exacerbations leading to urgent outpatient visits during the 1-year post-index period. Incident rates for these 4 events were 83 (95% CI = 79-88), 17 (95% CI = 14-19), 7 (95% CI = 6-9), and 277 (95% CI = 269-286) per 100 person-years, respectively. Average costs per event were $13,987 (SD = $41,988), $16,812 (SD = $66,399), $14,731 (SD = $85,468), and $444 (SD = $1,481), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalizations and possible exacerbations among patients with IPF were costly. Appropriate management of IPF needs to be considered to help slow IPF disease progression. DISCLOSURES: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (BIPI) provided funding for this study. Yu and Devercelli are currently salaried employees of BIPI. Wu, Chuang, Wang, Pan, and Benjamin are currently employees of Evidera, which provides consulting and other research services to pharmaceutical, device, government, and nongovernment organizations. In their salaried positions, they work with a variety of companies and organizations and are precluded from receiving payment or honoraria directly from these organizations for services rendered. Evidera received funding from BIPI to conduct the analysis. Coultas was previously a paid consultant of BIPI. The contents do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. government. This manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data. The authors have full control of all primary data, and they agree to allow the journal to review their data if requested. All authors meet the criteria for authorship as recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, and they are fully responsible for all content and editorial decisions and were involved at all stages of manuscript development. The manuscript was drafted by Benjamin, Wu, and Yu and revised by Wang, Pan, Yu, Coultas, and Devercelli. The study was designed by Yu, Wu, Chuang, Wang, Benjamin, and Coultas. Statistical analysis was conducted by Wu, Chuang, and Wang. Senior review was provided by Coultas and Devercelli.

Healthcare resource utilization among patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have characterized healthcare resource utilization among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The objective of this study is to assess healthcare resource utilization among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as compared to members without this condition. METHODS: Patients newly diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were identified from a national administrative claims database (2006-2011) as having ≥ 2 claims with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis, or ≥ 1 claim with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis and ≥ 1 claim with post-inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis (earliest claim with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis denoted the index date), a procedure of lung biopsy or high-resolution computed tomography within ± 90 days of the index date, 12-month pre-index continuous enrollment, plus ≥ 2 confirmatory idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis diagnoses after the procedure. For each idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patient, three members without the condition were matched by age/gender/region/payer type. Demographic/clinical characteristics were measured during the 1-year pre-index period. Healthcare resource utilization was assessed by quarter during 1-year pre- and post-index periods. Generalized estimating equation models controlling for patient characteristics were constructed to estimate adjusted post-index healthcare resource utilization. RESULTS: In total, 1735 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 5205 without (mean age = 71.5 years; 46.1% female) were included. Adjusted results revealed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients were more likely to use healthcare resources than members without the condition 1-year post-index (number of hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and outpatients visits: 0.63 vs 0.31, 0.62 vs 0.48, and 5.7 vs 3.1 per person-year, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare resource utilization is considerably higher among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis than members without the condition. Effective treatments for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are needed to help reduce burden of healthcare resource use.

Impact of initiation of asenapine on patterns of utilization and cost of healthcare resources associated with the treatment of bipolar I disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of initiation of asenapine on "real-world" levels of utilization and cost of healthcare services for the treatment of bipolar I disorder (BPD) in the US. METHODS: Using two large US healthcare claims databases that collectively included commercially insured patients aged < 65 years and Medicare enrollees, this study identified all adults (≥ 18 years) with evidence of BPD who began therapy with asenapine between 2009-2012. The date of the earliest claim for asenapine during this period was deemed the 'index date', and patients without continuous enrollment for the 6-month periods before and after this date were excluded ('pre-index' and 'post-index', respectively). Healthcare claims with a BPD diagnosis, plus psychiatric medications and the costs thereof (2012 dollars) were deemed 'BPD-related'. Differences in BPD-related utilization and cost of healthcare services were compared between the pre- and post-index periods. RESULTS: A total of 1403 patients met all selection criteria; the mean age was 42.8 years and 70.6% were women. Relative to pre-index, significant decreases were noted in post-index use of BPD-related healthcare services, most notably admissions (from 24.0% to 12.3% during the post-index period) and emergency department visits (from 4.6% to 2.6%) (both p < 0.05). While pharmacy costs increased, mean total post-index BPD-related healthcare costs were $979 lower than pre-index ($5002 vs $5981; p < 0.05), primarily due to the decrease in BPD-related admissions. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to the 6-month period beforehand, levels of utilization of BPD-related healthcare services and costs decreased during the 6-month period immediately following initiation of asenapine therapy.