The Myb73-GDPD2-GA2ox1 transcriptional regulatory module confers phosphate deficiency tolerance in soybean.

Phosphorus is indispensable in agricultural production. An increasing food supply requires more efficient use of phosphate due to limited phosphate resources. However, how crops regulate phosphate efficiency remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a major quantitative trait locus, qPE19, that controls 7 low-phosphate (LP)-related traits in soybean (Glycine max) through linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies. We identified the gene responsible for qPE19 as GLYCEROPHOSPHORYL DIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE2 (GmGDPD2), and haplotype 5 represents the optimal allele favoring LP tolerance. Overexpression of GmGDPD2 significantly affects hormone signaling and improves root architecture, phosphate efficiency and yield-related traits; conversely, CRISPR/Cas9-edited plants show decreases in these traits. GmMyb73 negatively regulates GmGDPD2 by directly binding to its promoter; thus, GmMyb73 negatively regulates LP tolerance. GmGDPD2 physically interacts with GA 2-oxidase 1 (GmGA2ox1) in the plasma membrane, and overexpressing GmGA2ox1 enhances LP-associated traits, similar to GmGDPD2 overexpression. Analysis of double mutants for GmGDPD2 and GmGA2ox1 demonstrated that GmGDPD2 regulates LP tolerance likely by influencing auxin and gibberellin dose-associated cell division in the root. These results reveal a regulatory module that plays a major role in regulating LP tolerance in soybeans and is expected to be utilized to develop phosphate-efficient varieties to enhance soybean production, particularly in phosphate-deficient soils.

Refractive index measurement deflectometry for measuring gradient refractive index lens.

A method based on deflectometry to measure the refractive index distribution of radial gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens is proposed in this paper. The method establishes the relationship between the refractive index distribution and the direction of light ray by deriving the propagation equation of light in a non-uniform medium. By measuring the deflection angle using the principle of deflectometry and the assumption of central refraction, the refractive index distribution of the radial GRIN lens is determined. The specific principle of refractive index measurement deflectometry (RIMD) is described in detail, and the correctness and accuracy of the method are verified through numerical simulations. Furthermore, the effects of calibration error, lens surface shape on the accuracy of the measurement results are analyzed. In the experimental section, the proposed method is applied to measure a radial GRIN lens, and the results are compared with the nominal parameters in terms of shape distribution and numerical values, demonstrating good consistency. The measurement error is controlled within the order of 10-3. This method enables rapid and convenient acquisition of full-field information of GRIN lens and holds promising potential for playing an important role in lens manufacturing and production.

Error compensation for near optical coaxial phase measuring deflectometry with refraction error model.

Phase measuring deflectometry (PMD) is a key measurement technology for specular surfaces form measurement. Compared with conventional PMD techniques, the near optical coaxial PMD (NCPMD) can achieve compact configuration, light weight and reducing measurement error caused by shadows of the surface structures through utilizing a plate beamsplitter. However, the introduction of the plate beamsplitter will affect the measurement accuracy of the NCPMD system. The refraction of the plate beamsplitter needs to be considered. In this work, a virtual system of NCPMD was established, and an error model of the NCPMD system by considering the refraction influence of the plate beamsplitter was presented to analyze the shape reconstruction error caused by the plate beamsplitter. Moreover, the calibration method of the beamsplitter and the ray tracing algorithm to achieve error compensation of the beamsplitter were proposed. The proposed error compensation method can effectively improve the measurement accuracy of NCPMD system which has been confirmed by surface measurement experiments.

Frequency-domain searching algorithm in deflectometry for measuring the surface of a transparent planar element.

This Letter presents the frequency-domain searching algorithm in deflectometry (FSAD). By encoding specialized multi-frequency fringe patterns and employing a correlation searching algorithm, the limitations of existing frequency-domain methods can be overcome to some extent, thereby separating front and back surface reflections to obtain complete measurement data. The principles of FSAD are described in detail. In the experiment, a piece of window glass with thickness of 10 mm and a square area of 96 × 96 mm is measured to verify the proposed method.

A novel fluorescent material K3NbOF6: Mn4+ for light-emitting diode devices.

A series of K3Nb1-xOF6:xMn4+ fluorescent materials were prepared by the cation exchange method. Phase structure, morphology, emission, excitation spectrum and LED packaging of fluorescent materials were tested. The fluorescent material particles are micron-sized (5 µm-20 µm) and have a micro-rod morphology. It has two absorption bands, with the blue light region (∼468 nm) being stronger than the ultraviolet region (∼370 nm). Under the excitation of 468 nm, it shows good narrowband emission in the red light region, mainly with anti-stokes v6 (∼627 nm), which is caused by the double barrier of the 2Eg→4A2g transition broken by the coupling effect of electron and phonon. The optimum doping concentration was 9.1 %, and as the concentration increased again, the dipole-dipole interaction between Mn4+ resulted in concentration quenching. When the fluorescent material operates at high temperature (150 ℃), the emission intensity drops to 50.2 % of which at room temperature. At high temperature, the electrons absorb a large amount of heat energy, and the non-radiation transition to 4A2g energy level causes the thermal quenching effect. In addition, the sample also showed good water stability, after 1 h of hydrolysis, the luminescence intensity decreased to 85.6 % of the initial value. The use of LED packaging with fluorescent materials and InGaN-YAG:Ce3+ can effectively reduce the color temperature of LED from 6856 K to 3745 K, and enhance the Color index from 61.5 % to 76.8 %. Which has great potential for development in the fields of plant growth and backlight display technology.

Boron-mediated one-pot access to salicylaldehydes via ortho-C-H hydroxylation of benzaldehydes.

A novel protocol has been devised for the ortho-C-H hydroxylation of benzaldehydes. Directed by a transient imine group, the borylation of benzaldehydes, sequentially followed by the hydroxylation, furnishes diverse salicylaldehydes in a one-pot manner. The resultant salicylaldehydes could be readily applied in the downstream synthesis to produce bioactive molecules.

Innovative Acrylic Resin-Hydrogel Double-Layer Coating: Achieving Dual-Anchoring, Enhanced Adhesion, and Superior Anti-Biofouling Properties for Marine Applications.

Traditional anti-corrosion and anti-fouling coatings struggle against the harsh marine environment. Our study tackled this by introducing a novel dual-layer hydrogel (A-H DL) coating system. This system combined a Cu2O-SiO2-acrylic resin primer for anchoring and controlled copper ion release with a dissipative double-network double-anchored hydrogel (DNDAH) boasting superior mechanical strength and anti-biofouling performance. An acrylamide monomer was copolymerized and cross-linked with a coupling agent to form the first irreversible network and first anchoring, providing the DNDAH coating with mechanical strength and structural stability. Alginate gel microspheres (AGMs) grafted with the same coupling agent formed the second reversible network and second anchoring, while coordinating with Cu2+ released from the primer to form a system buffering Cu2+ release, enabling long-term antibacterial protection and self-healing capabilities. FTIR, SEM, TEM, and elemental analyses confirmed the composition, morphology, and copper distribution within the A-H DL coating. A marine simulation experiment demonstrated exceptional stability and anti-fouling efficacy. This unique combination of features makes A-H DL a promising solution for diverse marine applications, from ship hulls to aquaculture equipment.

Analysis of guide wire displacement in robot-assisted spinal pedicle screw implantation.

Robot-assisted pedicle screw placement is prone to guide wire migration, and the related influencing factors have not yet been discussed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and analyze the causes of robot-assisted spinal pedicle guide wire displacement and summarize the relevant treatment strategies. The surgical outcomes of 82 patients who underwent robotic-assisted pedicle screw spinal placement at our hospital between July 2022 and June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 342 screws were placed in 82 patients; 47 guide wires were offset, 47 guide wires were replaced, and 295 guide wires were not significantly offset, with a first guide wire offset rate of 13.7% and a total guide wire offset rate of 12.1%. Univariate analysis showed that Screw placement level, whether respiration was controlled during guide wire placement, Hu value of CT, the position of needle insertion point, and operation time had a significant effect on guide wire deviation (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the inclusion of screw placement segments, whether breathing was controlled during guide wire placement, and Hu value of CT had a significant effect on guide wire offset (P < 0.05). Whether the guide wire was offset had no significant effect on the accuracy of subsequent pedicle screw implantation (P > 0.05). The level of screw placement, whether breathing was controlled during guide wire placement, and Hu value of CT were independent risk factors for guide wire deviation. When causing an excursion, screw orientation can be adjusted during intraoperative screw placement, and guide wire excursion has no significant impact on the accuracy of subsequent pedicle screw placement.

Spatial Writing of Ultrafast All-Optical Switching.

Writing spatial information on ultrafast all-optical switching is essential for constructing ultrafast processing units in photonic applications, such as optical communication and computing networks. However, most methods ignore the fabrication and imaging of controllable switching area, limiting its spatial information and the further design in ultrafast devices. Here, we propose a method to spatially write in ultrafast all-optical switching based on MAPbI3 perovskite with nanocone structure and visualize the switching effect in arbitrary designed area. Due to the light confinement effect of nanocone fabrication using a fs laser, the light is strongly absorbed by perovskite and reach saturable absorption. It leads to ultrafast broadband transmittance change with 25 fs switching time and 10% modulation depth in nanocone perovskite area. Our preparation method offers high efficiency, performance, and flexibility for the spatial writing of ultrafast all-optical switching, which is promising for developing ultrafast all-optical networks and the next generation of communication technology.

METTL3 -mediated m6A modification of circ_0000620 regulates cisplatin sensitivity and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma via the MiR-216b-5p/KRAS axis.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable non-coding RNAs characterized by the absence of the conventional 5' cap and 3' polyadenylated tail structure. Its involvement in various aspects of cancers underscores its significance in oncology. Elevated expression of circ_0000620 was observed in both lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and cell lines. In vitro, experiments demonstrated that the downregulation of circ_0000620 increased cisplatin sensitivity and promoted cell apoptosis while suppressing malignant characteristics such as cell migration and proliferation. Further investigation into the mechanism underlying the increased expression of circ_0000620 revealed that Methyltransferase 3, N6-Adenosine-Methyltransferase Complex Catalytic Subunit (METTL3) mediates the m6A methylation modification of circ_0000620, thereby promoting its stability and expression. Furthermore, circ_0000620 modulates the miR-216b-5p/KRAS axis to influence apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity in both A549 and H1299 cell lines. These findings were corroborated by in vivo nude mouse experiments, which showed that knockdown of circ_0000620 inhibited tumor growth and proliferation. In summary, METTL3 plays a role in regulating the stability of circ_0000620 expression, and circ_0000620 exerts its effects on LUAD apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity through the miR-216b-5p/KRAS signaling pathway.

Differential interactions between gene expressions and stressors across the lifespan in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Both genetic predispositions and exposures to stressors have collectively contributed to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). To deep dive into their roles in MDD, our study aimed to examine which susceptible gene expression interacts with various dimensions of stressors in the MDD risk among a large population cohort. METHODS: Data analyzed were from a longitudinal community-based cohort from Southwest Montreal, Canada (N = 1083). Latent profile models were used to identify distinct patterns of stressors for the study cohort. A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) method was performed to examine the interactive effects of three dimensions of stressors (threat, deprivation, and cumulative lifetime stress) and gene expression on the MDD risk in a total of 48 tissues from GTEx. Additional analyses were also conducted to further explore and specify these associations including colocalization, and fine-mapping analyses, in addition to enrichment analysis investigations based on TWAS. RESULTS: We identified 3321 genes linked to MDD at the nominal p-value <0.05 and found that different patterns of stressors can amplify the genetic susceptibility to MDD. We also observed specific genes and pathways that interacted with deprivation and cumulative lifetime stressors, particularly in specific brain tissues including basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, brain amygdala, brain cerebellum, brain cortex, and the whole blood. Colocalization analysis also identified these genes as having a high probability of sharing MDD causal variants. LIMITATIONS: The study cohort was composed exclusively of individuals of Caucasians, which restricts the generalizability of the findings to other ethnic population groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study unveiled significant interactions between potential tissue-specific gene expression × stressors in the MDD risk and shed light on the intricate etiological attributes of gene expression and specific stressors across the lifespan in MDD. These genetic and environmental attributes in MDD corroborate the vulnerability-stress theory and direct future stress research to have a closer examination of genetic predisposition and potential involvements of omics studies to specify the intricate relationships between genes and stressful environments.

High HPK1+PD-1+TIM-3+CD8+ T cells infiltration predicts poor prognosis to immunotherapy in NSCLC patients.

At present the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains limited. The lack of responsiveness in certain patients may be attributed to CD8+ T cell exhaustion within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) has been identified as a mediator of T cell dysfunction, leading to our hypothesis that HPK1 positive exhausted CD8+ T cells could serve as a predictor for ICIs' efficacy in NSCLC patients, and potentially indicate key cellular subset causing ICIs resistance. Here, we retrospectively collected tumor tissue samples from 36 NSCLC patients who underwent first-line immunotherapy. Using multiplex immunohistochemistry, we visualized various PD-1+CD8+ T cell subsets and explore biomarkers for response. The analysis endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), correlating them with levels of cell infiltration or effective density. We found that the proportion of PD-1+CD8+ T cell subsets did not align with predictions for ORR, PFS, and OS. Conversely, a high infiltration of HPK1+PD-1+TIM-3+CD8+ T cells was identified as an independent risk factor for both PFS (P = 0.019) and OS (P = 0.03). These cells were found to express the highest levels of Granzyme B, and the secretion of Granzyme B in CD8+ T cell subsets was related to TCF-1. In conclusion, these data suggest that a high infiltration of HPK1+PD-1+TIM-3+CD8+ T cells correlates with poor clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients receiving immunotherapy. These cells may represent terminally exhausted T cells that fail to respond to ICIs, thereby laying the groundwork for the potential integration of HPK1 inhibitors with immunotherapy to enhance treatment strategy.