Comparative Flavivirus-Host Protein Interaction Mapping Reveals Mechanisms of Dengue and Zika Virus Pathogenesis.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), are a growing public health concern. Systems-level analysis of how flaviviruses hijack cellular processes through virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) provides information about their replication and pathogenic mechanisms. We used affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to compare flavivirus-host interactions for two viruses (DENV and ZIKV) in two hosts (human and mosquito). Conserved virus-host PPIs revealed that the flavivirus NS5 protein suppresses interferon stimulated genes by inhibiting recruitment of the transcription complex PAF1C and that chemical modulation of SEC61 inhibits DENV and ZIKV replication in human and mosquito cells. Finally, we identified a ZIKV-specific interaction between NS4A and ANKLE2, a gene linked to hereditary microcephaly, and showed that ZIKV NS4A causes microcephaly in Drosophila in an ANKLE2-dependent manner. Thus, comparative flavivirus-host PPI mapping provides biological insights and, when coupled with in vivo models, can be used to unravel pathogenic mechanisms.

RNA viruses and the cGAS-STING pathway: reframing our understanding of innate immune sensing.

The past decade has provided critical information about the cytoplasmic innate immune sensing pathway of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). These discoveries have broadened our understanding of the interconnectedness of the cGAS-STING pathway with autophagy, programmed cell death, Rig-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling, DNA independent interferon induction, and how this pathway responds to RNA virus infection. These advances highlight how multiple families of RNA viruses are restricted by and in turn have mechanisms to inhibit cGAS-STING dependent type-I interferon (IFN-I) induction. Here we review recent discoveries of how and why the cGAS-STING pathway responds to infection with RNA viruses, novel findings of RNA viral antagonism of the cGAS-STING innate immune sensing pathway, and attempt to provide context for a shift in thinking as to how critical this DNA sensing pathway is for the restriction of a wide range of RNA viruses.

Generation and Characterization of Human-Mouse STING Chimeras That Allow DENV Replication in Mouse Cells.

Our group was the first to describe direct antagonism of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway by dengue virus (DENV) in human cells, and here, we report new findings on the characterization of the interaction between the DENV nonstructural protein 2B (NS2B)-NS3 (NS2B3) protease complex and STING. We demonstrate interactions between NS2B and the transmembrane domains of human STING and between NS3 and a portion of the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of human STING. One significant obstacle we face today in the DENV field is the lack of small animal models available that can effectively recapitulate DENV pathogenesis in the early events of infection. The existing mouse models are either immunocompromised mice lacking interferon (IFN) receptors or "humanized" mice reconstituted with human stem cells. However, both approaches fail to capture important aspects of human pathogenesis because they lack critical innate immunity components or have deficiencies in immune cell development or maintenance. As an important step toward developing an immunocompetent mouse model for DENV, we have generated two chimeric human-mouse STING constructs that have promise in retaining both cleavability by NS2B3 and signaling capacity in the mouse. IMPORTANCE This article characterizes the interaction between human STING and DENV viral protease complex NS2B3 by constructing serial deletion mutants of STING. Our findings suggest that DENV nonstructural protein NS2B interacts with the transmembrane domains and NS3 with the C-terminal cyclic dinucleotide binding domain of human STING. Furthermore, as there exists no ideal immunocompetent murine model that can simultaneously support robust DENV replication and recapitulate the clinical manifestation of dengue disease observed in humans, we expressed and characterized two promising human-mouse chimeric STING constructs that can be used for developing a relevant transgenic mouse model to study dengue in the future. Both constructs can activate normal IFN responses in the overexpression system and be cleaved under infection conditions. We believe our findings offer a roadmap to the further development of a murine model that can greatly facilitate antiviral discoveries and vaccine research for DENV.

Dengue virus NS2B protein targets cGAS for degradation and prevents mitochondrial DNA sensing during infection.

During the last few decades, the global incidence of dengue virus (DENV) has increased dramatically, and it is now endemic in more than 100 countries. To establish a productive infection in humans, DENV uses different strategies to inhibit or avoid the host innate immune system. Several DENV proteins have been shown to strategically target crucial components of the type I interferon system. Here, we report that the DENV NS2B protease cofactor targets the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) for lysosomal degradation to avoid the detection of mitochondrial DNA during infection. Such degradation subsequently results in the inhibition of type I interferon production in the infected cell. Our data demonstrate a mechanism by which cGAS senses cellular damage upon DENV infection.