Prognostic, diagnostic and clinicopathological roles of tsRNAs: a meta-analysis in breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The newly emerged non-coding RNAs tsRNAs (tRNA-derived small RNAs) play an important role in the occurrence and development of BC. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic, diagnostic and clinicopathological roles of tsRNAs in BC. Through literature screening, a total of 13 BC-related tsRNA studies were included in this meta-analysis, all of which passed quality assessment. Prognostic studies showed upregulated tsRNAs to be associated with poor survival outcomes (HR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.51-1.77) and downregulated tsRNAs to be associated with better outcomes (HR = 0.58, 95%CI 0.50-0.68). Results of diagnostic studies showed a combined sensitivity of 72% (95%CI 68-76%) and combined specificity of 64% (95%CI 61-67%); the AUC was 0.72 (95%CI 0.68-0.75) and the DOR 4.62 (95%CI 3.76-5.68). Finally, correlation analysis of clinicopathological features showed that downregulation of tsRNAs correlated significantly with age, TNM stage and lymphatic metastasis. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias showed no significant difference. In conclusion, BC-associated tsRNAs are closely related to the prognosis and clinicopathological features of patients with this disease and can be used to assist in early diagnosis of BC. Therefore, tsRNAs are potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of BC.

Polysaccharide of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr regulates macrophage immune response and epigenetic memory through TLR4-JNK/p38/ERK signaling pathway and histone modification.

BACKGROUND: Innate immune memory of macrophages is closely linked to histone modifications. While various studies have demonstrated that the polysaccharide of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr (ACMP), extracted through alcohol-alkali extraction, enhances macrophages' non-specific immune function; no literature currently addresses whether ACMP's regulatory effect is related to innate immune memory and histone modification. PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate if ACMP induces innate immune memory emergence in macrophages via pattern recognition receptor (PRR). STUDY DESIGN: After co-incubating different doses of ACMP with RAW264.7 cells and BMDM cells, we observed changes in signaling pathways related to PRR and assessed the presence of innate immune memory phenomenon in the cells. METHODS: We observed the morphological characteristics of the ACMP using a scanning electron microscope, infrared spectrum, and HPLC pre-column derivatization method. We used q-PCR, Western blot, RNA-seq, and CUT&Tag-seq methods to examine ACMP's regulation of macrophage immune response and innate immune memory and explored its specific mechanism. RESULTS: ACMP, primarily composed of Man, GlcN, Rha, Fuc, GalA, Xyl, Glc, Gal, Ara, and, exhibited a molar ratio of each monosaccharide (1.41: 0.35: 0.49: 0.18: 1.00: 97.12: 0.36: 3.58: 1.14). ACMP regulated immunological function in macrophages through the TLR4-MAPK-JNK/p38/ERK pathway. ACMP induced elevated levels of chromosomal H3K4me1, enhancing TNF-α, IL-1ß, and other genes' responsiveness, allowing macrophages to develop innate immune memory to ACMP stimulation. CONCLUSION: This study first time demonstrates that ACMP regulates immunological function through the TLR4-MAPK-JNK/ERK/p38 signaling pathway, distinct from prior reports. ACMP induces innate immune memory in macrophages in response to its immune stimulation by promoting increased H3K4me1 on chromosomes. This mechanism may be crucial in how plant polysaccharides regulate macrophages and the body's immune function.

Effects of different water quality regulators on growth performance, immunologic function, and domestic water quality of GIFT tilapia.

Water quality regulation is widely recognized as a highly effective strategy for disease prevention in the field of aquaculture, and it holds significant potential for the development of sustainable aquaculture. Herein, four water quality regulators, including potassium monopersulfate (KMPS), tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS), bacillus subtilis (BS), and chitosan (CS), were added to the culture water of Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT tilapia) every seven days. Subsequently, the effects of these four water quality regulators on GIFT tilapia were comprehensively evaluated by measuring the water quality index of daily growth-related performance and immune indexes of GIFT tilapia. The findings indicated that implementing the four water quality regulators resulted in a decrease in the content of ammonia nitrogen, active phosphate, nitrite, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the water. Additionally, these regulators were found to maintain dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and pH of the water effectively. Furthermore, using these regulators demonstrated positive effects on various physiological parameters of GIFT tilapia, including improvements in final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), feed conversion ratio (FCR), spleen index (SI), hepato-somatic index (HSI), immune cell count, the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes (Nitric oxide, NO and Superoxide dismutase, SOD), and mRNA expression levels of immunity-related factors (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, TNF-α and Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1ß) in the liver and spleen. Notably, the most significant improvements were observed in the groups treated with the BS and CS water quality regulators. Moreover, BS and CS groups exhibited significantly higher serum levels of albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) (P < 0.05), whereas the other indicators showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) compared to the control group. However, the KMPS and THPS groups of GIFT tilapia exhibited significantly higher serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.05), whereas they exhibited significantly decreased HSI (P < 0.05). In addition, the partially pathological observations revealed the presence of cell vacuolation, nuclear shrinkage, and pyknosis within the liver. In conclusion, these four water quality regulators, mainly BS and CS, could improve the growth performance and immunity of GIFT tilapia to varying degrees by regulating the water quality and then further increasing the expression levels of immune-related factors or the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes of GIFT tilapia. On the contrary, the prolonged use of KMPS and THPS may gradually diminish their growth-enhancing properties and potentially hinder the growth of GIFT tilapia.

RNA-Seq and 16S rRNA Reveals That Tian-Dong-Tang-Gan Powder Alleviates Environmental Stress-Induced Decline in Immune and Antioxidant Function and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Litopenaeus vannami.

Ammonia stress and nitrite stress can induce immune depression and oxidative stress in Litopenaeus vannami (L. vannamei). Earlier reports showed that L. vannamei immunity, resistance to ammonia stress, and resistance to nitrite stress improved after Tian-Dong-Tang-Gan Powder (TDTGP) treatment, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, three thousand L. vannamei were fed different doses of TDTGP for 35 days and then subjected to ammonia and nitrite stress treatments for 72 h. Transcriptome and 16-Seq ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (16S rRNA-seq) were used to analyze hepatopancreas gene expression and changes in gut microbiota abundance in each group. The results showed that after TDTGP treatment, hepatopancreas mRNA expression levels of immunity- and antioxidant-related genes were increased, the abundance of Vibrionaceae in the gut microbiota was decreased, and the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae was increased. In addition, after TDTGP treatment, the effects of ammonia and nitrite stress on the mRNA expression of Pu, cat-4, PPAF2, HO, Hsp90b1, etc. were reduced and the disruption of the gut microbiota was alleviated. In short, TDTGP can regulate the immunity and antioxidant of L. vannamei by increasing the expression levels of immunity- and antioxidant-related genes and regulating the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae in the gut microbiota.

An ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity in PCV2-infected porcine alveolar macrophages via PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) widely exists in swine production systems causing porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) which is associated with significant economic losses. Polygonum hydropiper L. was used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This study was carried out to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. (FEA) in PCV2-induced porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2 cell line). The production of oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of FEA. The translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways were investigated to document the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In PCV2 induced 3D4/2 cells, FEA treatment significantly reduced the production of ROS, and sharply down-regulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8 in both secretion and mRNA expression level. The FEA also decreased the mRNA expression of Akt and NF-κB p65, reduced the transfer of p65 to nuclear, and inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The findings suggest that FEA exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and could be used as a candidate in treatment of inflammation induced by PCV2 infection.

Regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation induced by porcine circovirus type 2.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) exists widely in swine populations worldwide, and healthy PCV2 virus carriers have enhanced the severity of the infection, which is becoming more difficult to control. This study investigated the regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation modification induced by PCV2 in vitro and in mice. In vitro, PNS significantly increased the scavenging capacities of superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced by PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2). In addition, PNS decreased the protein expression level of histone H4 acetylation (Ac-H4) by increasing the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells. In vivo, PNS enhanced the scavenging capacities of •OH and O2•- and reduced the content of H2O2 in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PNS also reduced the protein expression level of histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3) by reducing the activity of histone acetylase (HAT) and increasing the activity of HDAC in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PCV2 infection activated oxidative stress and histone acetylation in vitro and in mice, but PNS ameliorated this oxidative stress. The research can provide experimental basis for exploring the antioxidant effect and the regulation of histone acetylation of PNS on PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells and mice in vitro and in vivo, and provide new ideas for the treatment of PCV2 infection.

Establishment of inflammatory model induced by Pseudorabies virus infection in mice.

BACKGROUND: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to high mortality in swine. Despite extensive efforts, effective treatments against PRV infection are limited. Furthermore, the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013 is unclear. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to investigate the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013, establish an inflammation model to elucidate the pathogenesis of PRV infection further, and develop effective drugs against PRV infection. METHODS: Kunming mice were infected intramuscularly with medium, LPS, and different doses of PRV-GXLB-2013. Viral spread and histopathological damage to brain, spleen, and lung were determined at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Immune organ indices, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines, as well as levels of activity of COX-2 and iNOS were determined at 4, 7, and 14 dpi. RESULTS: At 105-106 TCID50 PRV produced obviously neurological symptoms and 100% mortality in mice. Viral antigens were detectable in kidney, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and brain. In addition, inflammatory injuries were apparent in brain, spleen, and lung of PRV-infected mice. Moreover, PRV induced increases in immune organ indices, ROS and NO levels, activity of COX-2 and iNOS, and the content of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and MCP-1. Among the tested doses, 10² TCID50 of PRV produced a significant inflammatory mediator increase. CONCLUSIONS: An inflammatory model induced by PRV infection was established in mice, and 10² TCID50 PRV was considered as the best concentration for the establishment of the model.

Separation, Purification, Structure Analysis, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network on PRV-Infected RAW264.7 Cells of a Polysaccharide Derived from Arthrospira platensis.

To investigate the structure of Arthrospira platensis polysaccharide (PAP) (intracellular polysaccharide) and the antioxidant activity of the first component of PAP (PAP-1) on pseudorabies virus (PRV) -infected RAW264.7 cells. The PAP was separated and purified by the Cellulose DE-52 chromatography column and Sephacryl S-200 high-resolution gel column to obtain PAP-1. The antioxidant activity and regulation of PAP-1 on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network were investigated by chemical kit, Q-PCR, and ce-RNA seq. The results indicated that the molecular weight (Mw) of PAP-1, which was mainly composed of glucose and eight other monosaccharides, was 1.48 × 106 Da. The main glycosidic bond structure of PAP-1 was →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→. PAP-1 may be increased the antioxidant capacity by regulating the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. This study provided a scientific foundation for further exploring the antioxidant activity of PAP-1 based on its structure.

Sophorasubprosrate polysaccharide suppress the inflammatory reaction of RAW264.7 cells infected with PCV2 via regulation NF-κB/MAPKs/c-Jun signal pathway and histone acetylation modification.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of Sophorasubprosrate polysaccharide (SSP) on inflammatory response and histone acetylation modification of RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophage cell line) infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). We further explored the role of inflammatory response and histone acetylation modification on the basis of the original study. The results showed that SSP decreased the secretion levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and the intracellular iNOS, COX-2 enzyme activities and their mRNA expression levels in PCV2 infected RAW264.7 cells, but increased the level of IL-10 secretion and its mRNA expression. SSP inhibited the phosphorylation levels of proteins of p65, ERK1/2, p38 and c-Jun in RAW264.7 cells infected with PCV2. The activities of HAT and HDAC enzymes and the mRNA expression levels of HAT1 and HDAC1 were increased when the PCV2-infected RAW264.7 cells were treated by SSP. Meanwhile, the expression of acetylation modification of histones both H3 and H4 was obviously inhibited. In conclusion, SSP may reduce the acetylation levels of both H3 and H4 and activate NF-κB/MAPKs/c-Jun signaling pathway by increasing the activity of HADC enzyme and the expression of HDAC mRNA, further inhibiting inflammatory response by regulating the gene expression levels of inflammatory factors. The findings indicated that the molecular mechanism of how traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide regulates inflammatory signal pathways and inflammatory factors by regulating histone acetylation.

The effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in immune cells: in vitro and in vivo studies.

BACKGROUND: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. RESULTS: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. CONCLUSIONS: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

Ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. modulates pseudorabies virus-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to severe inflammatory responses and tissue damage, and many natural herbs exhibit protective effects against viral infection by modulating the inflammatory response. An ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. (FEA) was prepared through ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractional extraction. An inflammatory model was established in RAW264.7 cells with PRV infection to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of FEA by measuring cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Its functional mechanism was investigated by analyzing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of key proteins in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that PRV induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells, and the responses were similar to that in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. FEA significantly suppressed NO synthesis and down-regulated both expression and secretion of COX-2, iNOS, and inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05 or P<0.01). FEA also reduced NF-κB p65 translocation into the nucleus and decreased MAPK phosphorylation, indicating that the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway may be closely related to the inflammatory response during viral infection. The findings suggested the potential pharmaceutical application of FEA as a natural product that can treat viral infections due to its ability to mitigate inflammatory responses.

Sargassum polysaccharide inhibits inflammatory response in PCV2 infected-RAW264.7 cells by regulating histone acetylation.

Toxic inflammatory response is frequently introduced upon virus infection. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and treated with Sargassum polysaccharide SP. It was found that PCV2 infection induced increased significant inflammation response represented with increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, corresponding with promoted HAT activity, inhibited HDAC activity, elevated HDAC1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated acetylation levels of H3 and H4 in RAW264.7 cells. SP treatment significantly inhibited the increase of inflammatory cytokines, HAT activity and the acetylation of histones, but dramatically increased the HDAC activity and the expression of HDAC1. From these results, SP might be able to protect immune cells from virus induced damages through inhibiting the inflammatory responds by maintaining an equilibrium between the activity of HATs and HDACs which contributes to an appropriate level of histone acetylation.

Inhibitory effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide on mitochondria oxidative stress induced by PCV-2 infection in RAW264.7 cells.

In the present study, the inhibitory effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide (SSP) on PCV-2-induced mitochondrial respiratory burst in RAW264.7 cells was first investigated. The findings suggested that SOD activity and the anti-superoxide anion radical activity of the RAW264.7 cells were significantly decreased after PCV-2 infection, and MnSOD mRNA levels were significantly decreased, while NOX2 mRNA levels and protein expression were increased. Meanwhile, the O2•- levels and mitochondrial membrane potentials were significantly increased. After treatment with SSP, significant increases in the activities of SOD, anti-superoxide anion radical activities, and MnSOD mRNA levels in the PCV-2 infected cells were observed. Meanwhile, significant increases in NOX2 mRNA levels and protein expression, O2•- levels and mitochondrial membrane potentials were also observed. The results showed that PCV2 infection resulted in the mitochondria oxidative stress of RAW264.7 cells as indicated by an increasing mitochondrial membrane potential, which was then inhibited by SSP. It was concluded that RAW264.7 cells treated with SSP could suffer from mitochondrial damage, which may be mediated by the inhibition of the mitochondrial membrane potential.

Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide inhibited cytokine/chemokine secretion via suppression of histone acetylation modification and NF-κb activation in PCV2 infected swine alveolar macrophage.

In the present study, effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide on PCV2 infection-induced inflammation and histone acetylation modification in swine alveolar macrophage 3D4/2 cells was described for the first time. The relationship between histone acetylation modifications and inflammation response was investigated. The results showed that PCV2 infection induced inflammation by promoting the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 in 3D4/2 cells. The production of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 and their mRNA expression levels markedly decreased while the level and mRNA expression of IL-10 were elevated when the cells were treated with Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide. The SSP also decreased the activity of HATs, histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3) and histone H4 acetylation (Ac-H4), p65 phosphorylation (P-p65) in the cells infected with PCV2 while HDACs activity was down-regulated, which involved in the inhibitory effect of SSP on histone acetylation and NF-κB signaling pathways activation. Down-regulation of HAT1 mRNA expression and up-regulation of HDAC1 mRNA expression further support the inhibitory effect of SSP on histone acetylation. In conclusion, Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide antagonized inflammatory responses induced by PCV2, via mechanisms involved in histone acetylation and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in RAW264.7 cells.

In this study, an oxidative stress model was first developed in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells) by infecting the cells with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The regulatory effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide (SSP) on PCV2-induced oxidative stress was investigated. The results showed that after infection with PCV2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were significantly increased. Meanwhile, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and hydroxyl radical prevention capacity were greatly reduced. These data indicate successful creation of an oxidative stress model in RAW264.7 cells. A dramatic decrease in cell viability was observed in the cells exposed to oxidative stress compared to the control. When the cells were treated with SSP in concentrations of 100, 200 or 400 µg/mL post PCV2 infection, an increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio and hydroxyl radical prevention capacity was observed. We also observed decreased ROS and NO production, MPO activity, and iNOS expression in the infected cells. Our results demonstrated that PCV2 infection was able to induce oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells and that SSP could reduce the negative effects resulting from the PCV2 infection.

Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of carboxymethylpachymaran on the mice infected with PCV2.

The objective of the current study is to investigate the protective effect of carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP) on the immune system of mice via multiple infections with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The in vivo results showed that CMP administration significantly improved the spleen or thymus index, promoted the proliferation activities of T or B lymphocytes, and increased the production of glutathione, the superoxidase dismutase capacity, and the total antioxidant capacity in the spleen or thymus of PCV2-infected mice. The administration of different CMP doses to PVC2-inoculated mice resulted in the upregulation of IL-2 and IFN-α or the downregulation of IL-10 levels in the serum. These findings suggest that CMP has potential applications in regulating immunological functions to overcome the immunosuppresion caused by PCV2 infection in mice. The findings may also prove useful in designing effective therapies against PCV2 infection.

Inhibitory effect of carboxymethylpachymaran on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in mice.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect and antioxidant activity of carboxymethylpachymaran on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice in vivo. The results showed that carboxymethylpachymaran could be used to overcome the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Moreover, it significantly increased the thymus and spleen indices, lysozyme, catalase and superoxidase dismutase activities, and total antioxidant capacity. In contrast, it decreased xanthine oxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels. The results indicated that carboxymethylpachymaran might play an important role in the prevention of oxidative damage in the immunological system.

Protective effect of a Potentilla anserine polysaccharide on oxidative damages in mice.

Potentilla anserine polysaccharide (PAP) was studied in vivo to investigate its antioxidant activity using the model of dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress in mice. The investigation demonstrated that PAP at 50, 100 or 200mg/kg body weight for 7 days respectively increased thymus index and spleen index, glutathione level, superoxidase dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity in both thymus and spleen and decreased the content of H(2)O(2) in spleen and NO in both thymus and spleen of mice. The results revealed that PAP was able to overcome dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress and might play an important role in repairs of oxidative damage in immunological system.