RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in individuals after stroke on self-efficacy, symptoms of depression and anxiety. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Clinic of Adult Neurology of Medical University of Gdansk and M. Copernicus Pomeranian Traumatology Centre in Gdansk. SUBJECTS: A total of 62 patients, aged 54.0 ± 9.6 years. INTERVENTIONS: They were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: SFBT participating in 10 therapy sessions and control - not participating in any psychotherapy. MAIN MEASURES: Symptoms of depression and anxiety according to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (scale originally designed for cancer patients) and Self-efficacy Scale were examined at baseline of the study and later in the same time intervals in both groups. RESULTS: The intensity of depression and anxiety complaints drops in the SFBT group (from 5.0 to 2.0 and 8.0 to 4.0 respectively; both p < .001 Friedman's ANOVA (analysis of variance)) whilst in the control group remains unchanged. In addition to the gradual reduction of destructive attitudes (from 34.5 to 17.0), the increase in the number of constructive attitudes (from 42.0 to 50.5) and increased self-efficacy (from 79.0 to 96.0) was observed after therapy but not in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest SFBT as a simple, beneficial and inexpensive method to manage patients after stroke.
Assuntos
Psicoterapia Breve/métodos , Autoeficácia , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/psicologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Ansiedade/etiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação PsiquiátricaRESUMO
Visual perception by individuals with schizophrenia has not been extensively researched. The focus of this review is the perception of physiological visual illusions by patients with schizophrenia, a differences of perception reported in a small number of studies. Increased or decreased susceptibility of these patients to various illusions seems to be unconnected to the location of origin in the visual apparatus, which also takes place in illusions connected to other modalities. The susceptibility of patients with schizophrenia to haptic illusions has not yet been investigated, although the need for such investigation has been is clear. The emerging picture is that some individuals with schizophrenia are "resistant" to some of the illusions and are able to assess visual phenomena more "rationally", yet certain illusions (ex. Müller-Lyer's) are perceived more intensely. Disturbances in the perception of visual illusions have neither been classified as possible diagnostic indicators of a dangerous mental condition, nor included in the endophenotype of schizophrenia. Although the relevant data are sparse, the ability to replicate the results is limited, and the research model lacks a "gold standard", some preliminary conclusions may be drawn. There are indications that disturbances in visual perception are connected to the extent of disorganization, poor initial social functioning, poor prognosis, and the types of schizophrenia described as neurodevelopmental. Patients with schizophrenia usually fail to perceive those illusions that require volitional controlled attention, and show lack of sensitivity to the contrast between shape and background.
Assuntos
Ilusões Ópticas , Transtornos da Percepção/etiologia , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Transtornos da Visão/etiologia , Percepção Visual , Humanos , Transtornos da Percepção/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Visão/diagnósticoRESUMO
Formations described as intracranial calcifications can appear in the course of diseases of the central nervous system, other systems and organs (e.g. endocrine), but also as a disorder of idiopathic character. They are frequently located in subcortical nuclei and usually constitute an incidental finding. This report presents the case of a patient suffering from paranoid schizophrenia for approximately 40 years, who did not agree to any treatment and was hospitalized against her will because she was the threat to the lives of others. She was treated with zuklopentixol resulting in positive symptoms reduction and considerable improvement in social functioning. Unfortunately neurological symptoms appeared: bradykinesis, rigidity--of the type of the lead pipe, balance, posture and gait abnormalities, disturbances in precise hands movements, double-sided Rossolimo's sign, plantar reflex without the participation of the big toe on the left. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated changes in the form of lenticular nuclei calcification and reduction of signal intensity in posterior parts of both putamens. Neurological symptoms decreased significantly after switching to atypical neuroleptic (olanzapine), and the patient did not require any additional treatment. Mineralization of the basal ganglia can often be associated with psychiatric disorders and it shouldn't be neglected because it can require modification of pharmacotherapy or additional neurological treatment.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/complicações , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/diagnóstico , Calcinose/complicações , Calcinose/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/complicações , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapêutico , Clopentixol/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Tardio , Feminino , Humanos , Olanzapina , Recidiva , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/diagnóstico , Resultado do Tratamento , Recusa do Paciente ao TratamentoRESUMO
Purines, pyrimidines, and amino acid level have gained attention recently as potential determinants of mental disorders. However, eating disorders patients (ED) have not been yet appropriately studied, especially subjects with coexisting mood disorders. This paper examines the serum level of nucleotide catabolites and plasma amino acids in eating disorders with hyperphagia, with and without Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Samples were taken from adult persons suffering from eating disorders (two forms: simple obesity and binge eating disorder) with MDD (n = 20) and without (n = 17). Serum nucleotides and plasma amino acids concentrations were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The nucleotides metabolite in MDD patients had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower uridine. Among MDD patients with ED significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of asparagine, glutamine, proline, and arginine were found as compared to the control group. This study demonstrated differences in nucleotide metabolite and amino acid pattern in depression patients with eating disorders. This may be relevant to the mechanisms and may help identify biomarkers.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Adulto , Aminoácidos , Depressão , Humanos , NucleotídeosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Mental disorders may disrupt autobiographical memory (AM). An example is over general memories - without details, generalized or semantic. This paper assesses the functioning of AM in a depressive episode (DEP) and alcohol use disorder (ALC). METHODS: The study compared two study groups: hospitalized patients with DEPand ALC, and two control groups: people hospitalized for gastroenterological conditions (CON) and healthy individuals (PAN) (N =39 for each group; mean age: 46.0 ± 13.6 years; no differences). The specificity of AM was examined by the Autobiographical Memory Test.Participants rated memories in terms of vividness, affective intensity and sign. RESULTS: DEP and ALC groups recalled fewer specific memories than the control groups (p <0.001 for: all, positive and negative cue words), with the lowest results in DEP. Clinical groups recalled also more negative and less positive memories (p <0.001) than the control groups, with a deficit of positive ones in DEPand an excess of negative memories in ALC. An analysis of non-specific responses revealed that the ALC group recalled more "extended" memories than the CON group (p <0.005) and more "categorical" ones than control groups (p <0.05). The DEP group remembered more "semantic associations" than the PAN group (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed the presence of OGM in both clinical groups. ALC disrupts the mechanism of generating specific memories to alesser extent than mood disorders. Moreover, subjects from the clinical groups assess their past more pessimistically than the controls, with a reduced number of positive memories in people with a depressive episode, and probably an increased number of negative ones in people with ALC.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo , Transtorno Depressivo , Memória Episódica , Adulto , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Humanos , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for its simplicity is potentially useful for screening depressive and anxiety disorders in post-stroke patients. To our best knowledge HADS hasn't been assessed in the Polish population of post-stroke survivors. AIM: Assessment of clinical value of HADS in screening depressive and anxiety disorders in post-stroke patients. METHOD: Patients included in this study were admitted do the Department of Neurology of the Medical University of Gdansk between 3rd April and 5th December, after first incident of ischaemic stroke. 116 subjects were included, depression was diagnosed in 29 and anxiety disorder in 16 of patients (13 with comorbid depressive episode). The test was done by 75 patients, 193 visits were assessed, from the following time after stroke: 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months and 12 month. RESULT: Using the cut-off value > or = 7 points, the results were as following: depression subscale--sensitivity: 90.0%, specifity 92.2%, anxiety subscale: sensitivity: 86.5%, specifity 94.9%, which was the most optimal cut-off point. Cronbach a: for the depression subscale was 0.892, for the anxiety subscale was 0.815; each position of the scale correlated with the general result of both scales' result in a degree which increased the Cronbach a value. CONCLUSION: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale is useful for screening depression and anxiety in post-stroke patients. It is recommended to lower the cut-off value to 7 points.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Depressão/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/psicologiaRESUMO
Binge eating disorder (BED) increasingly affects population, but the mechanisms of the disease and its biomarkers are not well characterized. Recently, plasma purines, pyrimidines, amino acid and nicotinamide metabolites profiling attracted attention in studies on pathology and biomarkers of mental disorders but has not been adequately studied in BED. Blood and plasma samples were taken from patients with adult obese with BED (n = 20) and control adult obese without BED (n = 17). Plasma samples were analyzed for nucleotides and amino acid concentrations with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. BED had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower uridine and hypoxanthine to creatinine ratio compared to the control group. Among the amino acids BED patients had significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine and the whole branched-chain amino acids group, while the concentration of citrulline was increased. Among nicotinamide metabolites, 1-methylnicotinamide levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower. This study highlights potential use of profiling nucleotide metabolite and amino acid pattern in BED patients that may provide information on mechanisms and potential biomarkers. However, further investigation in larger population is necessary to identify clinical correlates of the observed changes.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/sangue , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/sangue , Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/sangue , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Axial myoclonus (AM) is characterized by sudden muscle jerks involving axial and proximal muscles. It includes propriospinal myoclonus (PSM) which consists of trunk flexion or extension jerking with activity arising in axial muscles and spreading to caudal and rostral muscles at low velocity along propriospinal pathways. We report on two patients displaying flexion AM jerks in the absence of structural lesion of the central nervous system or electrophysiological evidence of organic origin. A conversion disorder was diagnosed. The jerks disappeared after psychoeducation with the patients remaining symptom free in 6-year long follow-up. The diagnoses of psychogenic axial (propriospinal-like) myoclonus were established. The literature on psychogenic axial (propriospinal-like myoclonus) is limited to a case report. Our cases demonstrate a good response to psychotropic medication and psychoeducation and fulfill the psychogenic movement disorder criteria. The phenomenology of psychogenic abnormal movements is diverse and PSM-like clinical picture may be a novel presentation.
Assuntos
Transtorno Conversivo/complicações , Transtorno Conversivo/terapia , Mioclonia/etiologia , Mioclonia/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Transtorno Conversivo/fisiopatologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eletromiografia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Mioclonia/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , População BrancaRESUMO
The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of the concepts of cenesthetic type of schizophrenia and somatopsychic type of schizophrenia along with the review of differences between those two diagnostic approaches in scope of their historical background and the current diagnostic concepts. Those independently described diagnostic phenomena have some common features. However, the cenesthetic type of schizophrenia emphasises sensory elements of the disorders and includes a broader spectrum of the psychopathology while the somatopsychic type of schizophrenia focuses on the thought disorders and strictly schizophrenic psychopathology.
Assuntos
Esquizofrenia/classificação , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Sintomas Afetivos/classificação , Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Sintomas Comportamentais/classificação , Sintomas Comportamentais/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Psicologia do EsquizofrênicoRESUMO
The case of 31-year-old woman suffering from schizophrenia with movement disorder is described. The patient had a 7-year history of schizophrenia. In course of the psychiatric treatment the patient presented dystonic movements within abdominal muscles. The dystonic movements were of mixed character, including voluntary and involuntary ones what might have suggested their psychogenic origin. Subsequent to the exclusion of the neurological origin of the movement disorder and poor response to antipsychotic treatment, clozapine was introduced resulting in full remission of positive symptoms and functional improvement with a diminished intensity of the involuntary movements. Psychogenic movement disorders are uncommon in schizophrenic patients. Movement disorders may occur as an adverse reaction to antipsychotic treatment, especially with typical ones. However, the abdominal muscles dystonia is an uncommon manifestation of dystonia of idiopathic, drug-induced or psychogenic origin. In such cases, a liaison between the neurologist and psychiatrist is advocated and the therapeutic process using antipsychotic treatment is necessary.
Assuntos
Distonia/induzido quimicamente , Distonia/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Abdome , Músculos Abdominais , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Distonia/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors influencing depression in PD patients in a cross-sectional outpatient clinic - based Polish patients sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive PD patients were included in this study; 35 of them fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression and its severity was assessed with Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). A structured interview and a neurological examination, including Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y), Schwab-England disability scale, II, III, IV parts of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were performed. The parameters obtained were analysed between the depressed and non-depressed PD patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression in PD in Polish population was established at the level of 35%. PD patients with depression scored significantly higher in all UPDRS scales (except for the subscale of clinical fluctuation) and in H-Y scale. PD with depression was also associated with longer PD duration, higher doses of L-dopa equivalents, patients' age, general impairment of daily living in Schwab and England disability scale, lower MMSE and higher clinical fluctuations. However, those six differences were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Depression prevalence rate among PD patients in Polish population is slightly lower than in most of other published studies. This may result from strict selection criteria, use of specific outcome measures and restricted criteria for depression that were applied.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Doença de Parkinson/epidemiologia , Doença de Parkinson/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
It is extremely rare nowadays to meet the patient with a giant tumour of the skull and brain with deformity of the head and who has not consented for any treatment for many years. We present two rare cases of large tumours. The first case is an example of good prognosis of the surgical procedure despite the extensive size of the tumour. The second shows the natural history of the cranial vault meningioma not treated for more than 30 years. We assume that frontal lobe syndrome was responsible for treatment decisions in both patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Meníngeas/cirurgia , Meningioma/diagnóstico , Meningioma/cirurgia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Progressão da Doença , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Reoperação , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Recusa do Paciente ao TratamentoRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to illustrate opinions on the subject of sex life among students of the Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk. METHOD: A group of 340 medical students aged 18 to 28 (195 females and 118 males) were examined with the study questionnaire from October till December 2003. The examined group was representative for the investigated population (chi squared test: p> 0.005 for the entire group and both sexes). 313 questionnaires were qualified for further analysis. The questionnaire comprised three groups of questions: questions concerning relationship and associated sexuality, questions concerning attitudes towards various aspects of sexuality and a set of questions dedicated to the role of sexology in the medical curriculum and general medical practice. This paper focuses on the question sets concerning the relationships between sex and emotions, factors influencing sex life, opinions on various issues of human sexuality i.e. masturbation, adultery, prostitution and common stereotypes of male and female sexuality. RESULTS: The examined group has a well defined and mature attitude towards their sex life. The emotional bond to the partner is essential for finding pleasure in sex. Love and faithfulness are the two most important factors that influence sex in a positive way. Successful sex life is thought to be crucial for a happy and lasting relationship. Adultery is viewed negatively, as harm done to the partner. Students perceive masturbation as something pleasant and as an alternative form of sexual activity, however there is a wide spectrum of negative attitudes towards it.
Assuntos
Relações Interpessoais , Opinião Pública , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Coito , Relações Extramatrimoniais , Feminino , Humanos , Amor , Masculino , Masturbação , Orgasmo , Grupo Associado , Polônia/epidemiologia , Estereotipagem , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to illustrate sexual behaviours, needs and expectations as well as attitudes towards contraception among students of the Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk. METHOD: A group of 340 medical students aged 18 to 28 (195 females and 118 males) was examined with the questionnaire from October till December 2003. The examined group was representative for the investigated population (chi squared test: p> 0.005 for the entire group and both sexes). 313 questionnaires were qualified for further analysis. The questionnaire applied was composed of three groups of questions: questions concerning relationships and associated sexuality, questions concerning attitudes towards various aspects of sexuality and a set of questions dedicated to the role of sexology in the medical curriculum and general medical practice. The presented paper deals with the forms of sexual behaviours and attitudes towards contraception. RESULTS: The examined group is well educated in theoretical and practical aspects of sex-related phenomena. The efficient contraception methods are widely used in the studied population. A preferred form of contraception in the examined group is the use of condoms followed by oral contraceptives. The sexual initiation was mainly under the influence an emotional relationship. The examined individuals indicate love as the main factor positively influencing the quality of sexual life, followed by partner's loyalty and sexual satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The examined population has a positive attitude towards alternative forms of sexual practices. The students perceive sex as an important aspect of their functioning and are satisfied with their sexual partners.
Assuntos
Relações Interpessoais , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Coito , Feminino , Humanos , Amor , Masculino , Masturbação , Orgasmo , Polônia/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this paper was to assess the risk for depression in a 6-month-long post stroke follow up period as related to the stroke variables (i.e. stroke localisation, haemodynamic parameters). METHOD: The stroke localisation was determined with CT and/or MRI. Subsequently all the examined individuals underwent SPECT examination. The follow up examinations were performed by the consultant psychiatrist in 6, 12 and 24 weeks subsequent to the stroke episode. The depressive episode diagnosis was established on the basis of ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: Only right-handed patients (43 men aged 57.3 +/- 11.6 and 17 women aged 62.5 +/- 14.4) with unilateral brain lesion were examined. 23 subjects (38%) developed depression in the follow-up period. 5 women (29%) and 18 men (ca. 42%) developed a depressive episode. Only one of the observed depressive episodes met ICD-10 criteria for severe depressive episode. 10 patients suffered from moderate depressive episode and 12 subjects exhibited a mild depressive episode. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained with CT and/or MRI techniques revealed no correlation between the post-stroke depression and stroke lateralisation. However the localisation of the deep brain functional abnormalities revealed with SPECT correlated with the occurrence of the affective disorders as related to the asymmetry in regional blood flow measures.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Depressão/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Circulação Cerebrovascular , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The study's purpose was to find differences of selected psychopathological syndromes according to characteristic disturbances of sleep which are present in them. METHODS: Among 194 patients (mean age: 42.27 +/- 14.15) 108 were women (mean age: 42.97 +/- 14.13) and 86 were men (mean age: 41.38 +/- 14.22). Psychiatric examination and sleep disturbance evaluation was done with the use of our own questionnaire: Multidimensional System for Evaluation of Sleep Disorders (MSESD) were performed the third day after admission to a psychiatric ward. Sleep was analysed according to coefficients which described falling asleep, sleep maintenance and awakenings. These coefficients were created according to parameters obtained from MSESD. RESULTS: Coefficients obtained from the "schizophrenic disorders" and "personality disorders" groups did not differ significantly from the average coefficients for all the patients. The common feature among other groups of patients was the elevation of the coefficient of falling asleep especially for the "organic" and "depressive" disorders groups. The most pronounced elevation of the falling asleep coefficient was detected in the "depression without somatic features" group, however this elevation was also clearly seen in the "reactive disorders" group. In the latter group all other coefficients were also significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Constructed coefficients of sleep disturbances may be useful for diagnosing and differentiating the most often psychiatric disorders in inpatients.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano , Transtornos Mentais/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/diagnóstico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pacientes Internados , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Sono , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was an assessment of the phenomenon of depth perception in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. METHODS: We conducted a comparison erroneous assessment of the concave side of the mask as convex, using the popular website presenting rotating Charlie Chaplin's mask. The study was performed in patients hospitalized at the Stanislaw Kryzan Psychiatric Hospital in Starogard Gdanski diagnosed with paranoid and undifferentiated schizophrenia based on ICD-10 criteria and control group matched for age and education; each group included 58 subjects. RESULTS: The correct perception of depth in the hollow mask illusion regards approx. 30% of patients with paranoid and undifferentiated schizophrenia during exacerbation and it is three times higher in this group than in the general population. Except the number of relapses and hospitalization in anamnesis, it shows no correlation with another clinical and demographic data such as: the age of onset, the duration of illness, and results on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). CONCLUSIONS: The correct perception of the hollow mask may be potentially one of the subsequent premises for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in doubtful cases. The simplicity and general availability is also an argument for conducting the test.
Assuntos
Percepção de Profundidade/fisiologia , Ilusões Ópticas , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This paper presents the general characteristics of the phenomenon of autobiographical memory (AM), the current knowledge of the subject and describes hitherto identified distortions of AM in mental disorders.AM is the part of memory concerning the personal past of an individual. It includes episodic and semantic memories associated with an identity. It affects an activity and structuring of goals, it is set in human experience and emotions and it helps in creating plans. The evolutionary sig-nificance of AM is probably to facilitate short-term goal-oriented behaviors by comparing them with the previous ones. People with AM disorders often have difficulties in social functioning.The disorders of emotional life and affect, which are present in most psychiatric disorders, deform AM. It was confirmed, inter alia, in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, autism, schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence syndrome. Overgeneral memories (the inability to recall memories that are fully filled with details) being typical of depression, and flashbacks (the involuntary recall of memories which are highly filled with visual-sensory content) being characteristic of PTSD are considered one of the most studied deficiency of AM. The study of AM potentially carries many cognitive and clinical implications. It may facilitate the prediction of the onset of a depressive episode in patients at risk; it can also help to develop psychotherapeutic techniques which are helpful in its treatment, which has in part already taken place. Few studies relate to neurofunctional changes in AM and they need a follow-up.
Assuntos
Autobiografias como Assunto , Memória Episódica , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Rememoração Mental , Emoções , Humanos , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Modelos PsicológicosRESUMO
The paper describes the case of a 49 year old woman suffering from bipolar affective disorder, who additionally had a brain xanthogranuloma tumour. The symptoms that occurred additionally to affective disorder symptoms were loss of memory, with some events forgotten completely, vertigo and deteriorated visual accommodation. The ophthalmology examination could not explain the worsening accommodation. It turned out that a brain tumour was the cause of these symptoms and they all receded after the tumour's total resection. This kind of tumour--a xanthogranuloma is a rare pseudoneoplasm, very often pretending to be a cancer in various body organs. It happens to be very rare in the above mentioned isolated form in the brain and until now, only a few cases have been described as diagnosed in a live person.