Research summary of the EMPIR MetroRADON project.

In this paper, a comprehensive overview on the achievements and generated research results beyond the state-of-the-art is given based on the working structure of the joint metrology research project MetroRADON. The results of the project have been targeted at the implementation of the European Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM on radiation protection (EU BSS) and benefit European and international standards on radon monitoring, radon measurement and calibration, geographical radon mapping, and guidelines on radiological protection, construction products, radiation instrumentation and nuclear data.

JQ1 attenuates psychostimulant- but not opioid-induced conditioned place preference.

Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in the neurobiology of substance use disorder. In particular, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins, a class of histone acetylation readers, have been found to regulate cocaine conditioned behaviors, but their role in the behavioral response to other drugs of abuse remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the effects of the BET inhibitor, JQ1, on nicotine, amphetamine, morphine, and oxycodone conditioned place preference (CPP). Similar to previous cocaine studies, systemic administration of JQ1 caused a dose-dependent reduction in the acquisition of amphetamine and nicotine CPP in male mice. However, in opioid studies, JQ1 did not alter morphine or oxycodone CPP. Investigating the effects of JQ1 on other types of learning and memory, we found that JQ1 did not alter the acquisition of contextual fear conditioning. Together, these results indicate that BET proteins play an important role in the acquisition of psychostimulant-induced CPP but not the acquisition of opioid-induced CPP nor contextual fear conditioning.

Determining the probability of locating peaks using computerized peak-location methods in gamma-ray spectra as a function of the relative peak-area uncertainty.

The probabilities of locating peaks with a high relative peak-area uncertainty were determined empirically with nine types of peak-location software used in laboratories engaged in gamma-ray spectrometry measurements. It was found that it is not possible to locate peaks with a probability of 0.95, when they have a relative peak-area uncertainty in excess of 50%. Locating peaks at these relatively high peak-area uncertainties with a probability greater than 0.95 is only possible in the library-driven mode, where the peak positions are supposed a-priori. The deficiencies of the library-driven mode and the possibilities to improve the probabilities of locating peaks are briefly discussed.

Production and characterization of a traceable NORM material and its use in proficiency testing of gamma-ray spectrometry laboratories.

This paper outlines the process of characterizing a new NORM material for proficiency testing made of quartz sand with significantly elevated levels of 226Ra obtained from the backflush of a drinking water treatment facility. Samples of the fully characterized NORM material were sent to European laboratories concerned with radioactivity measurements and environmental monitoring by gamma-ray spectrometry for proficiency testing. The paper discusses the results, specific requirements, problems and solutions that were found during the characterization process and the proficiency test.

Radon in drinking water: Comparison and evaluation of two ionisation chamber activity measurement methods.

In this study the radon activity concentration of water samples from the so called "Thermenlinie" are measured using two different techniques: currents measured with an ionisation chamber setup developed by H. Friedmann are compared with results obtained using a commercially available AlphaGUARD. A fit to compensate for measurements made in non-equilibrium state is applied and the detection limit is estimated.

A double-negative feedback loop between EpCAM and ERK contributes to the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process that has been implicated in cancer metastasis. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed at the basolateral membrane of most normal epithelial cells but is overexpressed in many epithelial cancers. In our studies on the role of EpCAM in cancer biology, we observed that EpCAM expression is decreased in mesenchymal-like primary cancer specimens in vivo and following induction of EMT in cancer cell lines in vitro. Extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) is a key regulator of EMT. We observed that EpCAM expression is decreased with activation of the ERK pathway in primary cancer specimens in vivo and in cancer cell lines in vitro. In experimental models, growth factor stimulation and/or oncogene-induced ERK2 activation suppressed EpCAM expression, whereas genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the ERK pathway restored EpCAM expression. In detailed studies of the EpCAM promoter region, we observed that ERK2 suppresses EpCAM transcription directly by binding to a consensus ERK2-binding site in the EpCAM promoter and indirectly through activation of EMT-associated transcription factors SNAI1, SNAI2, TWIST1 and ZEB1, which bind to E-box sites in the EpCAM promoter. Surprisingly, EpCAM appears to modulate ERK activity. Using multiple cell lines, we demonstrated that specific ablation of EpCAM resulted in increased ERK pathway activity and SNAI2 expression, migration and invasion, whereas forced expression of EpCAM resulted in decreased ERK pathway activity and SNAI2 expression, migration and invasion. These observations provide important insights into the regulation of EpCAM expression during EMT, demonstrate an unexpected role for EpCAM in the regulation of ERK and define a novel double-negative feedback loop between EpCAM and ERK that contributes to the regulation of EMT. These studies have important translational implications as both EpCAM and ERK are currently being targeted in human clinical trials.

Nociceptin receptor activation does not alter acquisition, expression, extinction and reinstatement of conditioned cocaine preference in mice.

Growing evidence indicates that targeting nociceptin receptor (NOP) signaling may have therapeutic efficacy in treating alcohol and opioid addiction. However, little is known about the therapeutic value of selective NOP agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Recently, we identified a highly selective, brain-penetrant NOP small molecule agonist (SR-8993), and using this compound, we previously showed that nociceptin receptor activation attenuated consolidation of fear-related memories. Here, we sought to determine whether SR-8993 also affects the rewarding properties of cocaine. Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, we show that SR-8993 (3 or 10 mg/kg) failed to disrupt acquisition or expression of cocaine CPP (7.5 or 15 mg/kg) in C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, SR-8993 did not affect rate of extinction or reinstatement (yohimbine- and cocaine-induced) of cocaine CPP. These studies indicate that selective activation of NOP may not be sufficient in reducing behavioral responses to cocaine.

Biphasic steady-state kinetics of myosin adenosine triphosphatase. Evidence for a substrate effector site.

The steady-state kinetics of the K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of rabbit skeletal myosin were investigated in the substrate concentration range from 0.05 microM to 5 mM and found not to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics but rather to display biphasic behavior. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of myosin chymotryptic subfragment-1 (S-1), which has only one active site, also exhibits biphasic kinetics, thus excluding the possibility that the biphasic behavior is caused by negative cooperativity between the two active sites of myosin. Myosin K+ and Mg2+-ATPase are both activated by 5'-adenyl methylenediphosphonate (AdoPP[CH2]P) in a competitive manner at high substrate concentrations; i.e. the maximal velocity observed at high substrate concentrations is independent of the AdoPP[CH2]P concentration. This result provides evidence for substrate activation via binding to a regulatory site. Pyrophosphate inhibits myosin ATPase in a competitive manner at low substrate concentrations and in an uncompetitive manner at high substrate concentrations, with the uncompetitive Ki being smaller than the competitive Ki; i.e. pyrophosphate binds more tightly to the effector site than to the active site.