Achieving Ideal and Environmentally Stable n-Type Charge Transport in Polymer Field-Effect Transistors.

Realizing ideal charge transport in field-effect transistors (FETs) of conjugated polymers is crucial for evaluating device performance, such as carrier mobility and practical applications of conjugated polymers. However, the current FETs using conjugated polymers as the active layers generally show certain non-ideal transport characteristics and poor stability. Here, ideal charge transport of n-type polymer FETs is achieved on flexible polyimide substrates by using an organic-inorganic hybrid double-layer dielectric. Deposited conjugated polymer films show highly ordered structures and low disorder, which are supported by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the organic-inorganic hybrid double-layer dielectric provides low interfacial defects, leading to excellent charge transport in FETs with high electron mobility (1.49 ± 0.46 cm2 V-1 s-1) and ideal reliability factors (102 ± 7%). Fabricated polymer FETs show a self-encapsulation effect, resulting in high stability of the FET charge transport. The polymer FETs still work with high mobility above 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 after storage in air for more than 300 days. Compared with state-of-the-art conjugated polymer FETs, this work simultaneously achieves ideal charge transport and environmental stability in n-type polymer FETs, facilitating rapid device optimization of high-performance polymer electronics.

Intraocular amphiregulin and axial elongation in non-human adolescent primates.

The purpose of the experimental interventional study was to examine the influence of intraocularly applied amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, on axial length in young non-human primates. It included three non-human primates (Macaca mulatta), aged 4-6 years. The left eyes received three intravitreal injections of amphiregulin (400ng/50 µl) in intervals of 4 weeks, while the right eyes received three intravitreal injections of phosphate buffered solution (50 µl) at the same time points. Ocular biometry was performed in weekly intervals. At baseline, the left eyes (study eyes) were shorter than the right (control) eyes (20.69 ± 0.21 mm versus 20.79 ± 0.24 mm; P < 0.001), with an inter-eye axial length (AL) difference (left minus right eye) of -0.10 ± 0.23 mm. Inter-eye AL difference increased (P < 0.001) to 0.15 ± 0.18 mm at study end, at 12 weeks after baseline. Axial elongation during the study was higher (P < 0.001) in the left eyes (20.69 ± 0.21 mm to 21.05 ± 0.29 mm or 0.36 ± 0.30 mm) than in the right eyes (20.79 ± 0.24 mm to 20.90 ± 0.31 mm or 0.11 ± 0.17 mm). In a parallel manner, inter-eye difference in vitreous cavity depth combined with lens thickness (left eye minus right eye) increased from -0.04 ± 0.17 mm at baseline to -0.02 ± 0.21 mm (P = 0.02), 0.04 ± 0.10 mm (P = 0.002), and to 0.42 ± 0.67 mm (P < 0.001) at 5, 6, and 12 weeks after baseline, respectively. The results suggest that intravitreally applied amphiregulin as EGF family member led to an increase in axial length in adolescent non-human primates. It supports the hypothesis of amphiregulin as EGF family member being involved in the process of axial elongation.

Intraocular cetuximab: Safety and effect on axial elongation in young Guinea pigs with lens-induced myopization.

This study aimed to examine the intraocular tolerability of the epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab, when applied intravitreally, and its effect on axial elongation. Guinea pigs aged 2-3 weeks were subjected to bilateral plano glasses and bilateral lens-induced myopization (LIM) as a single procedure for group I (n = 8) and group II (n = 8), respectively. In the animals of group III (n = 8), group IV (n = 8), and group V (n = 8), the right eyes of the animals, in addition to LIM, received four weekly intravitreal injections of cetuximab (Erbitux®) in doses of 6.25 µg, 12.5 µg, and 25 µg, respectively. As controls, the left eyes, in addition to LIM, received corresponding intraocular injections of phosphate-buffered saline. The animals underwent regular ophthalmoscopic examinations and biometry for axial length measurements. With increasing doses of cetuximab, the inter-eye difference in axial elongation (at study end, left eyes minus right eyes) were significantly the smallest in group I (0.00 ± 0.02 mm) and group II (-0.01 ± 0.02 mm), they were larger in group III (0.04 ± 0.04 mm) and group IV (0.10 ± 0.03 mm), and they were the largest in group V (0.11 ± 0.01 mm). The inter-eye difference in axial elongation enlarged (P < 0.001) with the number of injections applied. Retinal thickness at the posterior pole (right eyes) was significantly thicker in group V than in group II (P < 0.01). The density of apoptotic cells (visualized by TUNEL-staining) did not vary significantly between any of the groups (all P > 0.05). The results suggest that intravitreal injections of cetuximab in young guinea pigs with LIM resulted in a reduction in axial elongation in a dose-dependent and number of treatment-dependent manner. Intraocular toxic effects, such as intraocular inflammation, retinal thinning, or an increased density of apoptotic cells in the retina, were not observed in association with the intravitreally applied cetuximab.

Lens-induced myopization and body weight in young guinea pigs.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between body weight and Axial length in guinea pigs. METHODS: Forty pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups, namely control group and negative lens-induced myopization (LIM) group. After measuring the baseline axial length and body weight (BW), guinea pigs of LIM group received bilateral negative lens-induced myopization using - 10.0 diopters lenses. One week later, the lenses were removed and biometric and ophthalmoscopic examinations were repeated. RESULTS: Two groups of guinea pigs showed no statistical difference in initial body weight and eye axis length. Compared to the control group, the lens-induced group had a lower weight (P = 0.02) and a longer axial length (P < 0.01) at the end of study Neither at baseline nor at week 1 did AL correlate with BW in both groups (Control Baseline: r = 0.306, P = 0.19; Control Week1: r = 0.333, P = 0.15; LIM Baseline: r=-0.142, P = 0.55; LIM Week 1: r = 0.189, P = 0.42). Lens-induction had a significant effect on axial elongation (P < 0.01) while body weight had no impact on such aspect (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In guinea pigs of the same age, axial length was not correlated with body weight. Also, baseline body weight had no impact on natural axial length growth or lens-induced myopia. Lens-induction caused a significant reduction in body weight gain.

Pregnancy and survival-related outcomes of uveal melanoma treated with brachytherapy in women of reproductive age.

BACKGROUND: To examine if pregnancy affects the prognosis of uveal melanoma (UM) patients undergoing plaque brachytherapy (PBT) and to assess if PBT has any subsequent impact on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective, single-center study was carried out at Beijing Tongren Hospital, focusing on women of childbearing age diagnosed with UM and treated with iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy. Both the outcomes of pregnancies and the health status of the fetuses were monitored. Survival analyses were conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, with endpoints being metastasis and death. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients who had full-term pregnancies and 96 non-pregnant women matched by age and tumor size were included. The mean follow-up time was 67.0 ± 27.7 months (median:66.0 months, range:21.0 to 116.0 months). In the pregnant group, two patients developed metastases, one of whom died shortly after delivery; local recurrence of UM occurred in 2 patients after or during delivery, and 2 other patients developed secondary glaucoma due to radiation retinopathy. None of the other pregnant patients reported any signs of disease progression. In the control group, 18 metastasis cases including 12 deaths were documented. Pregnant patients and matched control subjects showed no statistical difference in both Metastasis-free survival (hazard ratio (HR): 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-2.86; P = 0.576) and overall survival (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.06-3.66; P = 0.464). All pregnant patients carried the pregnancy to term and delivered healthy children with no report of placental or infant metastases to date. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy does not appear to negatively impact the prognosis of UM patients undergoing PBT. PBT showed no observable detriment to maternal fertility and exhibited no teratogenic effects on the fetus. However, the long-term implications of PBT on pregnancy remain uncertain, necessitating additional, prolonged follow-up studies.

Buffer Chain Model for Understanding Crystallization Competition in Conjugated Polymers.

It remains challenging to comprehensively understand the packing models of conjugated polymers, in which side chains play extremely critical roles. The side chains are typically flexible and non-conductive and are widely used to improve the polymer solubility in organic solutions. Herein, a buffer chain model is proposed to describe link between conjugated backbone and side chains for understanding the relationship of crystallization competition of conductive conjugated backbones and non-conductive side chains. A longer buffer chain is beneficial for alleviating such crystallization competition and further promoting the spontaneous packing of conjugated backbones, resulting in enhanced charge transport properties. Our results provide a novel concept for designing conjugated polymers towards ordered organization and enhanced electronic properties and highlight the importance of balancing the competitive interactions between different parts of conjugated polymers.

Development and validation of medical record-based logistic regression and machine learning models to diagnose diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSES: Many factors were reported to be associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR); however, their contributions remained unclear. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic and diagnostic accuracy of logistic regression and three machine learning models based on various medical records. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. We investigated the prevalence and associations of DR among 757 participants aged 40 years or older in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We trained the models to predict if the participants had DR with 15 predictor variables. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and mean squared error (MSE) of each algorithm were compared in the external validation dataset using a replicate cohort from NHANES 2007-2008. RESULTS: Among the 757 participants, 53 (7.00%) subjects had DR, the mean (standard deviation, SD) age was 57.7 (13.04), and 78.0% were male (n = 42). Logistic regression revealed that female gender (OR = 4.130, 95% CI: 1.820-9.380; P < 0.05), HbA1c (OR = 1.665, 95% CI: 1.197-2.317; P < 0.05), serum creatine level (OR = 2.952, 95% CI: 1.274-6.851; P < 0.05), and eGFR level (OR = 1.009, 95% CI: 1.000-1.014, P < 0.05) increased the risk of DR. The average performance obtained from internal validation was similar in all models (AUROC ≥ 0.945), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) had the highest value with an AUROC of 0.984. In external validation, they remained robust or with modest reductions in discrimination with AUROC still ≥ 0.902, and KNN also performed the best with an AUROC of 0.982. Both logistic regression and machine learning models had good performance in the clinical diagnosis of DR. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the utility of comparing traditional logistic regression to machine learning models. We found that logistic regression performed as well as optimized machine learning methods when classifying DR patients.

Specnuezhenide ameliorates ultraviolet-induced skin photoaging in mice by regulating the Sirtuin 3/8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase signal.

PURPOSE: Ultraviolet-induced skin photoaging was involved in DNA oxidative damage. Specnuezhenide, one of the secoiridoids extracted from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Whether specnuezhenide ameliorates skin photoaging remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of specnuezhenide on skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Mice were employed to treat with ultraviolet to induce skin photoaging, then administrated 10 and 20 mg/kg of specnuezhenide. Histological analysis, protein expression, network pharmacology, and autodock analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Specnuezhenide ameliorated ultraviolet-induced skin photoaging in mice via the increase in collagen contents, and decrease in epidermal thickness, malondialdehyde content, and ß-galactosidase expression in the skin. Specnuezhenide reduced cutaneous apoptosis and inflammation in mice with skin photoaging. In addition, network pharmacology data indicated that specnuezhenide possessed potential targets on the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Validation experiment found that specnuezhenide inhibited the expression of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, gasdermin D-C1, and Caspase 1. Furthermore, the expression of 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and superoxide dismutase 2 was increased in specnuezhenide-treated mice with photoaging. CONCLUSION: Specnuezhenide protected against ultraviolet-induced skin photoaging in mice via a probable activation of SIRT3/OGG1 signal.

IL-17A mediates pyroptosis via the ERK pathway and contributes to steroid resistance in CRSwNP.

BACKGROUND: Pyroptosis is closely related to inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms and pathologic contributions of pyroptotic epithelial cell are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the function and molecular mechanisms of IL-17A on human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) pyroptosis. METHODS: The expression of pyroptosis-related biomarkers and IL-17A was assessed in sinonasal mucosa from control individuals, patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps, and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) by using quantitative RT-PCR. Their localization was analyzed via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The ultrastructural characteristics of IL-17A-induced pyroptosis in hNECs were visualized by using electron microscopy. IL-17A functional assays were performed on hNECs and airway epithelial cell lines. Cytokine levels were quantified via ELISA. The signaling pathways involved in IL-17A-induced pyroptosis were studied via unbiased RNA sequencing and Western blotting. RESULTS: The expression of IL-17A and the pyroptotic biomarkers NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, gasdermin D, and IL-1ß was increased in nasal mucosa from patients with CRSwNP compared with in those with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps and the control subjects. IL-17A was positively correlated and colocalized with the pyroptotic biomarkers. IL-17A treatment induced pyroptosis in the hNECs and cell lines analyzed, primarily through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway, and increased IL-1ß and IL-18 secretion in hNECs. Moreover, IL-17A-induced pyroptosis contributed to steroid resistance by affecting glucocorticoid receptor-α and glucocorticoid receptor-ß expression, and the inhibition of pyroptotic proteins partially abolished IL-17A-induced steroid resistance in hNECs. CONCLUSION: Elevated IL-17A level promotes pyroptosis in hNECs through the ERK-NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway and contributes to glucocorticoid resistance by affecting glucocorticoid receptor homeostasis in patients with CRSwNP.

Controlling Solution-State Aggregation and Solid-State Microstructures of Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Backbone Conformation.

Molecular ordering of conjugated polymers both in solution-state aggregates and in solid-state microstructures is a determining factor of the charge transport properties in optoelectronic devices. However, the effect of backbone conformation in conjugated polymers on assembly structures is still unclear. Herein, to understand such backbone conformation effect, three novel chlorinated benzodifurandionge-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (BDOPV) polymers are systematically developed. These BDOPV-based polymers exhibit significantly twisted backbone conformation (near 90° interunit torsion angle) between conjugated units, which can prevent polymer chains from forming ordered assembly structures by increasing conformational energy penalty in closely packed chains. A higher rotational barrier of the torsion angle would further prevent polymer chains from assembling, finally resulting in nonaggregated chains in solution and highly disordered solid-state packing structures. This work will deepen the understanding of the relationship between polymer backbone conformation and assembly structures, contributing to the exploration of the structure-property relationship of polymers.

Epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin antibodies and axial elongation in young guinea pigs with lens-induced myopization.

BACKGROUND: To examine an effect of intravitreally applied antibodies against epidermal growth factor family members, namely epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin, on ocular axial elongation. METHODS: The experimental study included 30 guinea pigs (age:3-4 weeks) which underwent bilateral lens-induced myopization and received three intraocular injections of 20 µg of epiregulin antibody, epigen antibody and betacellulin antibody in weekly intervals into their right eyes, and of phosphate-buffered saline into their left eyes. Seven days after the last injection, the animals were sacrificed. Axial length was measured by sonographic biometry. RESULTS: At baseline, right eyes and left eyes did not differ (all P > 0.10) in axial length in neither group, nor did the interocular difference in axial length vary between the groups (P = 0.19). During the study period, right and left eyes elongated (P < 0.001) from 8.08 ± 0.07 mm to 8.59 ± 0.06 mm and from 8.08 ± 0.07 mm to 8.66 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The interocular difference (left eye minus right eye) in axial elongation increased significantly in all three groups (epiregulin-antibody:from 0.03 ± 0.06 mm at one week after baseline to 0.16 ± 0.08 mm at three weeks after baseline;P = 0.001); epigen-antibody group:from -0.01 ± 0.06 mm to 0.06 ± 0.08 mm;P = 0.02; betacellulin antibody group:from -0.05 ± 0.05 mm to 0.02 ± 0.04 mm;P = 0.004). Correspondingly, interocular difference in axial length increased from -0.02 ± 0.04 mm to 0.13 ± 0.06 mm in the epiregulin-antibody group (P < 0.001), and from 0.01 ± 0.05 mm to 0.07 ± 0.05 mm in the epigen-antibody group (P = 0.045). In the betacellulin-antibody group the increase (0.01 ± 0.04 mm to 0.03 ± 0.03 mm) was not significant (P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: The EGF family members epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin may be associated with axial elongation in young guinea pigs, with the effect decreasing from epiregulin to epigen and to betacellulin.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety and their predictors among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in Northern China: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in Hohhot, a large city on the northern border of China, and to identify independent risk factors for depression and anxiety in these patients. METHODS: Patients receiving MHD for >3 months were enrolled in the four largest hemodialysis centers between September 2020 and December 2020. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Zung self-rated depression scale (SDS) and Zung self-rated anxiety scale (SAS), respectively, with demographic and other data collected for logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Among 305 MHD patients included in this study, the prevalence of depression was 55.1%, including 27.5%, 21.0%, and 6.6% with mild, moderate and severe cases, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety was 25.9%, with 20.0%, 4.6%, and 1.3% having mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. An independent protective factor for depression was family income of ≥1415 US dollars/month relative to <157 US dollars/month (odds ratio [OR] 0.209, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.065-0.673), and predictors of depression included ≥3 comorbidities (OR 18.527, 95% CI 1.674-205.028) and severe pruritus (OR 15.971, 95% CI 5.173-49.315). Independent predictors of anxiety included infrequent exercise (OR 3.289, 95% CI 1.411-7.664) and severe pruritus (OR 5.912, 95% CI 1.733-20.168). The correlation between depression and anxiety in these patients was significant (rs = 0.775, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MHD patients in Northern China had high prevalence rates of depression (55.1%) and anxiety (25.9%). Lower family income, more comorbidities, and a higher degree of pruritus were predictors of depression, while infrequent exercise and severe pruritus were predictors of anxiety. Depression correlated significantly with anxiety. Attention should be given to family income, comorbidity, exercise, and pruritus severity for improved management of depression and anxiety among MHD patients.

Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge-Transport in n-Doped Conjugated Polymers.

Strong interchain interactions of conjugated polymers usually result in poor miscibility with molecular dopants, limiting the doping efficiency because of uncontrolled phase separation. We have developed a strategy to achieve efficient charge-transport and high doping miscibility in n-doped conjugated polymers. We solve the miscibility issue through disorder side-chains containing dopants better. Systemic structural characterization reveals a farther side-chain branching point will lead to higher disorders, which provides appropriate sites to accommodate extrinsic molecular dopants without harming original chain packings and charge-transport channels. Therefore, better sustainability of solid-state microstructure is obtained, yielding a stable conductivity even when overloading massive dopants. This work highlights the importance of realizing high host-dopant miscibility in molecular doping of conjugated polymers.

Blockade of epidermal growth factor and its receptor and axial elongation in experimental myopia.

To examine the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) on axial ocular elongation, we intraocularly injected an EGF antibody and an EGFR antibody into young guinea pigs with lens-induced axial elongation (myopization). Mean axial elongation was reduced in the eyes injected with the EGF/EGFR-antibody compared with the contralateral control eyes injected with PBS (phosphate-buffered solution) (0.43 ± 0.13 mm vs 0.53 ± 0.13 mm; P < .001). The intereye difference in axial length increased (P = .005) as the doses of the EGF antibody and EGFR antibody increased. As a corollary, the thickness of the retina at the posterior pole was dose-dependently increased in the injected eyes compared to the contralateral control eyes. Immunohistochemical staining for EGF and the relative mRNA expression of EGF and EGFR were the highest in eyes not injected with the EGF antibody or EGFR antibody and decreased (P < .05) as the dose of EGF antibody or EGFR antibody increased. In an in vitro study, EGF had a stimulating effect and the EGF antibody had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of RPE cells. The findings showed that the intravitreal application of an EGF antibody and EGFR antibody is associated with a dose-dependent reduction in lens-induced axial elongation in young guinea pigs. The EGFR family may play a role in axial elongation of the eye and in the development of myopia.

Global, regional, and national prevalence, disability adjusted life years, and time trends for refraction disorders, 1990-2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate global burden of refraction disorders by year, age, region, gender, socioeconomic status and other national characteristics in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and prevalence from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019 and World Bank Open Data 2019. METHODS: Global, regional, and national DALY numbers, crude DALY rates, age-standardized DALY and prevalence rates of refraction disorders were acquired from the GBD study 2019. Mobile cellular subscriptions, urban population, GDP per capita, access to electricity and total fertility rate were obtained from the World Bank to explore the factors that influenced the health burden of refraction disorders. Kruskal-Wallis test, linear regression and multiple linear regression were performed to evaluate the associations between the health burden with socioeconomic levels and other national characteristics. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to investigate the gender disparity. RESULTS: Globally, age-standardized DALY rates of refraction disorders decreased from 88.9 (95% UI: 60.5-120.3) in 1990 to 81.5 (95% UI: 55.0-114.8) in 2019, and might fall to 73.16 (95% UI: 67.81-78.51) by 2050. Age-standardized prevalence rates would also reduce to 1830 (95% UI: 1700-1960) by 2050, from 2080 (95% UI: 1870-2310) in 1990 to 1960 (95% UI: 1750-2180) in 2019. In low SDI region, age-standardized DALY rates (equation: Y = 114.05*X + 27.88) and prevalence rates (equation: Y = 3171.1*X + 403.2) were positively correlated with SDI in linear regression respectively. East Asia had the highest blindness rate caused by refraction disorders in terms of age-standardized DALY rates (11.20, 95% UI: 7.38-16.36). Gender inequality was found among different age groups and SDI regions. CONCLUSION: Health burden of refraction disorders decreased in recent years, and may continue to alleviate in the next three decades. Older ages, females and lower socioeconomic status were associated with higher refraction disorders health burden.

Lens-induced myopization and intraocular pressure in young guinea pigs.

BACKGROUND: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important physiological measure of the eye and is associated with some ocular disorders. We aimed to assess the influence of topical beta blocker-induced IOP reduction on lens-induced axial elongation in young guinea pigs. METHODS: The experimental study included 20 pigmented guinea pigs (age: 2-3 weeks). Myopia was induced in the right eyes for 5 weeks with - 10 diopter lenses. The right eyes additionally received either one drop of carteolol 2% (study group, n = 10) or one drop of artificial tears daily (control group, n = 10), while the contralateral eyes of all animals remained untouched. The outcome parameter was axial elongation during the follow-up period. The mean of all IOP measurements taken during the study was referred to as mean IOP. RESULTS: Greater axial elongation was associated with a shorter axial length at baseline (P < 0.001; standardized regression coefficient beta: - 0.54) and lens-induced myopization (P < 0.001; beta: 0.55). In the multivariable model, axial elongation was not significantly correlated with the IOP at study end (P = 0.59), the mean IOP during the study period (P = 0.12), the mean of all IOP measurements (P = 0.17), the difference between the IOP at study end and baseline IOP (P = 0.38), the difference between the mean IOP during the study period and the baseline IOP (P = 0.11), or the application of carteolol eye drops versus artificial tears eye drops (P = 0.07). The univariate analysis of the relationships between axial elongation and the IOP parameters yielded similar results. The inter-eye difference between the right eye and the left eye in axial elongation was significantly associated with the inter-eye difference in baseline axial length (P = 0.001; beta:-0.67) but not significantly correlated with the inter-eye difference in any of the IOP-related parameters (all P > 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: In young guinea pigs with or without lens-induced axial elongation, neither the physiological IOP nor the IOP reduced by carteolol, a topical beta-blocker, was associated with the magnitude of axial elongation. These results suggest that IOP, regardless of whether it is influenced by carteolol, does not play a major role in axial elongation in young guinea pigs.

Ordered Solid-State Microstructures of Conjugated Polymers Arising from Solution-State Aggregation.

Controlling the solution-state aggregation of conjugated polymers for producing specific microstructures remains challenging. Herein, a practical approach is developed to finely tune the solid-state microstructures through temperature-controlled solution-state aggregation and polymer crystallization. High temperature generates significant conformation fluctuation of conjugated backbones in solution, which facilitates the polymer crystallization from solvated aggregates to orderly packed structures. The polymer films deposited at high temperatures exhibit less structural disorders and higher electron mobilities (up to two orders of magnitude) in field-effect transistors, compared to those deposited at low temperatures. This work provides an effective strategy to tune the solution-state aggregation to reveal the relationship between solution-state aggregation and solid-state microstructures of conjugated polymers.

Selective Induction of Molecular Assembly to Tissue-Level Anisotropy on Peptide-Based Optoelectronic Cardiac Biointerfaces.

The conduction efficiency of ions in excitable tissues and of charged species in organic conjugated materials both benefit from having ordered domains and anisotropic pathways. In this study, a photocurrent-generating cardiac biointerface is presented, particularly for investigating the sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to geometrically comply to biomacromolecular cues differentially assembled on a conductive nanogrooved substrate. Through a polymeric surface-templated approach, photoconductive substrates with symmetric peptide-quaterthiophene (4T)-peptide units assembled as 1D nanostructures on nanoimprinted polyalkylthiophene (P3HT) surface are developed. The 4T-based peptides studied here can form 1D nanostructures on prepatterned polyalkylthiophene substrates, as directed by hydrogen bonding, aromatic interactions between 4T and P3HT, and physical confinement on the nanogrooves. It is observed that smaller 4T-peptide units that can achieve a higher degree of assembly order within the polymeric templates serve as a more efficient driver of cardiac cytoskeletal anisotropy than merely presenting aligned -RGD bioadhesive epitopes on a nanotopographic surface. These results unravel some insights on how cardiomyocytes perceive submicrometer dimensionality, local molecular order, and characteristics of surface cues in their immediate environment. Overall, the work offers a cardiac patterning platform that presents the possibility of a gene modification-free cardiac photostimulation approach while controlling the conduction directionality of the biotic and abiotic components.

Circulating microRNA expression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents with severe obesity.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in children and adolescents. NAFLD ranges in severity from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), wherein hepatocellular inflammation and/or fibrosis coexist with steatosis. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels have been suggested to be altered in NAFLD, but the extent to which miRNA are related to NAFLD features remains unknown. This analysis tested the hypothesis that plasma miRNAs are significantly associated with histological features of NAFLD in adolescents. AIM: To investigate the relationship between plasma miRNA expression and NAFLD features among adolescents with NAFLD. METHODS: This study included 81 adolescents diagnosed with NAFLD and 54 adolescents without NAFLD from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study. Intra-operative core liver biopsies were collected from participants and used to characterize histological features of NAFLD. Plasma samples were collected during surgery for miRNA profiling. A total of 843 plasma miRNAs were profiled using the HTG EdgeSeq platform. We examined associations of plasma miRNAs and NAFLD features using logistic regression after adjusting for age, sex, race, and other key covariates. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis was used to identify biological functions of miRNAs that were associated with multiple histological features of NAFLD. RESULTS: We identified 16 upregulated plasma miRNAs, including miR-193a-5p and miR-193b-5p, and 22 downregulated plasma miRNAs, including miR-1282 and miR-6734-5p, in adolescents with NAFLD. Moreover, 52, 16, 15, and 9 plasma miRNAs were associated with NASH, fibrosis, ballooning degeneration, and lobular inflammation, respectively. Collectively, 16 miRNAs were associated with two or more histological features of NAFLD. Among those miRNAs, miR-411-5p was downregulated in NASH, ballooning, and fibrosis, while miR-122-5p, miR-1343-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-193b-5p, and miR-7845-5p were consistently and positively associated with all histological features of NAFLD. Pathway analysis revealed that most common pathways of miRNAs associated with multiple NAFLD features have been associated with tumor progression, while we also identified linkages between miR-122-5p and hepatitis C virus and between miR-199b-5p and chronic hepatitis B. CONCLUSION: Plasma miRNAs were associated with NAFLD features in adolescent with severe obesity. Larger studies with more heterogeneous NAFLD phenotypes are needed to evaluate miRNAs as potential biomarkers of NAFLD.

[Value of preventive tracheotomy in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of preventive tracheotomy in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 54 cases of severe C4-C8 cervical spinal cord injury patients undergoing anterior fixation. They were classified as A and B according to the criteria of American Spinal Injury Association. And no tracheotomy was performed preoperatively. The patients with a high risk of dyspnea and with an indication for preventive tracheotomy received a preventive tracheotomy right after anterior fixation. 11 cases were classified into tracheotomy group and 43 cases were in non-tracheotomy group. The preoperative and hospital stays, incidence of hypoxemia and pulmonary infection, incidence of surgical incision site infection and mortality were analyzed between two groups. RESULTS: The preoperative and hospital stays of tracheotomy group were shorter than those of non-tracheotomy group (2.9 ± 1.2 vs 5.7 ± 4.4 days, 10.3 ± 4.0 vs 16.5 ± 9.2 days). The incidence of hypoxemia was lower in tracheotomy group (9.1% vs 44.2%). There was difference existed between two groups. 44.2% patients in the non-tracheotomy group underwent tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation for dyspnea and hypoxemia. There was no significant difference between two groups in the incidence of pulmonary infection (9.1% vs 7.0%) or surgical incision site infection (0 vs 2.3%). The mortality of non-tracheotomy group was 3.07 folds of that of tracheotomy group (9.1% vs 27.9%). But there was no significant statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The preventive tracheotomy is an effective solution for the patients with respiratory compromises, a high risk of dyspnea and with an indication for preventive tracheotomy. The preventive tracheotomy for severe cervical spinal cord can improve respiratory function effectively and fixation may be performed earlier. And there are lower rates of mortality and infection.