Tmem138 is localized to the connecting cilium essential for rhodopsin localization and outer segment biogenesis.

Photoreceptor connecting cilium (CC) is structurally analogous to the transition zone (TZ) of primary cilia and gates the molecular trafficking between the inner and the outer segment (OS). Retinal dystrophies with underlying CC defects are manifested in a broad array of syndromic conditions known as ciliopathies as well as nonsyndromic retinal degenerations. Despite extensive studies, many questions remain in the mechanism of protein trafficking across the photoreceptor CC. Here, we genetically inactivated mouse Tmem138, a gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein localized to the ciliary TZ and linked to ciliopathies. Germline deletion of Tmem138 abolished OS morphogenesis, followed by rapid photoreceptor degeneration. Tmem138 was found localized to the photoreceptor CC and was required for localization of Ahi1 to the distal subdomain of the CC. Among the examined set of OS proteins, rhodopsin was mislocalized throughout the mutant cell body prior to OS morphogenesis. Ablation of Tmem138 in mature rods recapitulated the molecular changes in the germline mutants, causing failure of disc renewal and disintegration of the OS. Furthermore, Tmem138 interacts reciprocally with rhodopsin and a related protein Tmem231, and the ciliary localization of the latter was also altered in the mutant photoreceptors. Taken together, these results suggest a crucial role of Tmem138 in the functional organization of the CC, which is essential for rhodopsin localization and OS biogenesis.

Carbon Corrosion Induced by Surface Defects Accelerates Degradation of Platinum/Graphene Catalysts in Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Graphene supported electrocatalysts have demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, their durability and cycling performance are greatly limited by Oswald ripening of platinum (Pt) and graphene support corrosion. Moreover, comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of catalysts degradation under 0.6-1.6 V versus RHE (Reversible Hydrogen Electrode) is still lacking. Herein, degradation mechanisms triggered by different defects on graphene supports are investigated by two cycling protocols. In the start-up/shutdown cycling (1.0-1.6 V vs. RHE), carbon oxidation reaction (COR) leads to shedding or swarm-like aggregation of Pt nanoparticles (NPs). Theoretical simulation results show that the expansion of vacancy defects promotes reaction kinetics of the decisive step in COR, reducing its reaction overpotential. While under the load cycling (0.6-1.0 V vs. RHE), oxygen containing defects lead to an elevated content of Pt in its oxidation state which intensifies Oswald ripening of Pt. The presence of vacancy defects can enhance the transfer of electrons from graphene to the Pt surface, reducing the d-band center of Pt and making it more difficult for the oxidation state of platinum to form in the cycling. This work will provide comprehensive understanding on Pt/Graphene catalysts degradation mechanisms.

Caveolin-1 regulates human trabecular meshwork cell adhesion, endocytosis, and autophagy.

Impaired trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow is implicated in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We previously identified the association of a caveolin-1 (CAV1) variant with POAG by genome-wide association study. Here we report a study of CAV1 knockout (KO) effect on human TM cell properties. We generated human CAV1-KO TM cells by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and we found that the CAV1-KO TM cells less adhered to the surface coating than the wildtype TM cells by 69.34% ( P < 0.05), but showed no difference in apoptosis. Higher endocytosis ability of dextran and transferrin was also observed in the CAV1-KO TM cells (4.37 and 1.89-fold respectively, P < 0.001), compared to the wildtype TM cells. Moreover, the CAV1-KO TM cells had higher expression of extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme genes ( ADMTS13 and MMP14) as well as autophagy-related genes ( ATG7 and BECN1) and protein (LC3B-II) than the wildtype TM cells. In summary, results from this study showed that the CAV1-KO TM cells have reduced adhesion with higher extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme expression, but increased endocytosis and autophagy activities, indicating that CAV1 could be involved in the regulation of adhesion, endocytosis, and autophagy in human TM cells.

Association of Perinatal Depressive Symptoms with Breastfeeding.

Objective: Perinatal depression (PND) refers to depressive symptoms that occur in women during pregnancy and/or postpartum and is a common perinatal mental health problem. It is unclear whether early breastfeeding behavior is associated with PND symptoms in China. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between PND symptoms and breastfeeding patterns for infants based on a large cohort. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in a community cohort from March 2021 to December 2022. In this study, maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). The assessments were carried out 1 week before and 1 month after delivery. The socio-demographic information of the mothers, their intention to breastfeed, and their feeding status were investigated one-on-one by the hospital's trained medical staff through self-designed questionnaires. The maternity information and physical examination results were obtained through the healthcare records of the patients. Results: A total of 442 pregnant women were included in the study, and the total detection rate of PND was 29.41%, among which the detection rate of mild PND was 24.66%, and the detection rate of severe depression was 4.75%. About 61.99% of the mothers had exclusive breastfeeding within 1 hour after delivery, and 83.71% had exclusive breastfeeding within 24 hours after delivery. The proportion of mothers with PND symptoms and those without PND symptoms who exclusively breastfed for the first time after delivery was 71.54% and 91.67%, respectively. The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding for mothers without depressive symptoms was 3(1,5) months, while the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding for mothers with depressive symptoms was 2(1,3) months, indicating that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding for mothers without depressive symptoms was longer (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was an association between perinatal depressive symptoms and exclusive breastfeeding. Addressing perinatal depressive symptoms may extend the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

Releasing Free Radicals in Precursor Triggers the Formation of Closed Pores in Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Increasing closed pore volume in hard carbon is considered to be the most effective way to enhance the electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries. However, there is a lack of systematic insights into the formation mechanisms of closed pores at molecular level. In this study, a regulation strategy of closed pores via adjustment of the content of free radicals is reported. Sufficient free radicals are exposed by part delignification of bamboo, which is related to the formation of well-developed carbon layers and rich closed pores. In addition, excessive free radicals from nearly total delignification lead to more reactive sites during pyrolysis, which competes for limited precursor debris to form smaller microcrystals and therefore compact the material. The optimal sample delivers a large closed pore volume of 0.203 cm3 g-1, which leads to a high reversible capacity of 350 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 and enhanced Na+ transfer kinetics. This work provides insights into the formation mechanisms of closed pores at molecular level, enabling rational design of hard carbon pore structures.

Regulating the Pore Structure of Activated Carbon by Pitch for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Storage.

The pore structure of carbon anodes plays a crucial role in enhancing the sodium storage capacity. Designing more confined pores in carbon anodes is accepted as an effective strategy. However, current design strategies for confined pores in carbon anodes fail to achieve both high capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) simultaneously. Herein, we develop a strategy for utilizing the repeated impregnation and precarbonization method of liquid pitch to regulate the pore structure of the activated carbon (AC) material. Driven by capillary coalescence, the pitch is impregnated into the pores of AC, which reduces the specific surface area of the material. During the carbonization process, numerous pores with diameters less than 1 nm are formed, resulting in a high capacity and improved ICE of the carbon anode. Moreover, the ordered carbon layers derived from the liquid pitch also enhance the electrical conductivity, thereby improving the rate capability of as-obtained carbon anodes. This enables the fabricated material (XA-4T-1300) to have a high ICE of 91.1% and a capacity of 383.0 mA h g-1 at 30 mA g-1. The capacity retention is 95.5% after 300 cycles at 1 A g-1. This study proposes a practical approach to adjust the microcrystalline and pore structures to enhance the performance of sodium-ion storage in materials.

Whole Landscape of the Origin and Evolution of Gassing in Supercapacitors at a High Voltage.

Although supercapacitors with acetonitrile-based electrolytes (AN-based SCs) have realized high-voltage (3.0 V) applications by manufacturers, gas generation at high voltages is a critical issue. Also, the exact origins and evolution mechanisms of gas generation during SC aging at 3.0 V still lack a whole landscape. In this work, floating tests under realistic working conditions are conducted by 22450-type cylindrical cells with an AN-based commercial electrolyte. Comprehensive insights into the origins and evolution mechanisms of gas species at 2.7 and 3.0 V are acquired, which involves multiple side reactions related to the electrode, current collector, and electrolyte. Both experimental evidence and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the primary reasons for gas generation are residual water and oxygen-containing functional groups, especially hydroxyl and carboxyl. More importantly, additional types of gas (such as CO2, NH3, and alkenes) can only be detected at a higher voltage of 3.0 V rather than 2.7 V after failure, suggesting that these gas species can be regarded as the failure signatures at 3.0 V. This breakthrough analysis will provide fundamental guidance for failure evaluation and designing AN-based SCs with extended lifetime at 3.0 V.

High-Voltage Redox Mediator of an Organic Electrolyte for Supercapacitors by Lewis Base Electrocatalysis.

Redox electrolytes for supercapacitors (SCs) have recently sparked widespread interest. Due to the redox reactions within electrolytes, they can achieve high capacitance and long cycle stability. However, the energy density of SCs with redox electrolytes is limited by the narrow applied electrochemical window due to the irreversible side reaction of redox mediators at high potential. To overcome this issue, a redox mediator with a high redox potential, tetrachloridehydroquinone (TCHQ), is added to organic electrolytes to obtain a broad electrochemical window. TCHQ is designed to undergo a dehydrogenation reaction catalyzed by N-doped activated carbon to provide capacitance. The pyrrole N atoms have the highest electrocatalytic activity based on the theoretical calculation of reaction overpotential with predicted reaction pathways due to their Lewis basicity. Benefitting from that, TCHQ shows promising reversibility with a larger electrochemical window (up to 2.7 V). As a result, a higher energy density is obtained when compared to commercial SCs. This study proposes a strategy for designing redox mediators and interfaces of SCs with high energy density and a calculation method of dehydrogenation reaction electrocatalysis.

Hospital-related morbidity among childhood cancer survivors in British Columbia, Canada: report of the childhood, adolescent, young adult cancer survivors (CAYACS) program.

Our study examines inpatient, hospital-related morbidity in a geographically-defined cohort of long-term cancer survivors diagnosed before age 20 years in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. A total of 1374 survivors diagnosed from 1981 to 1995 surviving at least 5-years postdiagnosis, and a matched sample of 13,740 BC residents, were identified from population registers, and linked to provincial hospitalization records from 1986 to 2000. Logistic regression was used to assess relative risk and effect of sociodemographic, clinical, and temporal factors on risk. Approximately 41% of survivors vs. 17% of the population sample had at least one type of hospitalization-related late morbidity in the observation period (adjusted RR 4.1, 95% CI 3.7-4.5). Those at highest risk were survivors of leukemia (RR 4.8, 95% CI 4.0-5.8), central nervous system tumors (RR 4.8, 95% CI 4.0-5.8), bone and soft tissue sarcomas (RR 4.9, 95% CI 3.8-6.2), and kidney cancer (RR 4.9, 95% CI 3.4-7.0). Adjusted relative risk was elevated for all types of morbidity except pregnancy and birth complications, and highest for neoplasms (including second primary cancers) (RR 21.7, 95% CI 16.3-28.7). Morbidity was elevated for all combinations of primary treatment and highest for those with previous radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery (RR 7.1, 95% CI 5.5-9.0). Over time, morbidity for late effects other than neoplasms became more prevalent. These results suggest that survivors are at increased ongoing risk of many types of hospital-related late morbidity, implying that long-term monitoring for multiple health problems is warranted.

New Insights into the Mechanism of LiDFBOP for Improving the Low-Temperature Performance via the Rational Design of an Interphase on a Graphite Anode.

The high impedance of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is one of the important factors that deteriorate the charge behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at low temperatures, which hinders their practical application in portable electronic products and electric vehicles under extreme conditions. Based on this consideration, a LiF-rich SEI film with low impedance, using lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate (LiDFBOP) as an electrolyte additive and a blank electrolyte without commercial additives, is constructed on a graphite surface. The decomposition mechanism of LiDFBOP is further deduced by density functional theory calculations. This additive inhibits the decomposition of the electrolyte and then forms a thin SEI film with more LiF. LiF, possessing high Young's modulus, makes the SEI film dense and stable. At the same time, more LiF/Li2CO3 interfaces are formed to increase the ionic conductivity. Benefiting from the components and the structure of the SEI, the graphite/Li cells exhibit excellent cycling stability (ca. 85.5% initial capacity retention for 200 cycles at 1 C) and an impressive low-temperature performance (ca. 200% capacity for electrolytes without LiDFBOP at -20 °C). This work presents an effective strategy for developing a functional electrolyte to meet the requirement of LIBs with enhanced low-temperature performance.

Childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors research program of British Columbia: objectives, study design, and cohort characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Survivors Research Program (CAYACS) has been established in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, to carry out research into late effects and survivor care in multiple domains, and to inform policy and practice. PROCEDURE: This program identifies a survivor cohort and comparison groups from population-based registries and links their records to population-based files of outcomes and outcome determinants, to create a research database and conduct studies of long-term outcomes and care. RESULTS: The initial cohort consisted of all 5-year survivors of cancer or a tumor diagnosed under age 25 years from 1970 to 1995, who were residents in BC at the time of diagnosis, and followed till 2000 (3,841 subjects). Seven percent have died, and 77% have treatment information available. Data on death and second cancer occurring in BC are available. Late morbidity and healthcare utilization information is available for 68% of survivors (79% of those diagnosed from 1981). Education outcomes are available for 71% of those born during 1978-1995 and diagnosed under age 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Use of registries, administrative databases, and record linkage methodologies is a cost-effective and comprehensive means to conduct survivorship research. This program should add to knowledge of risks of late effects and impacts on care, inform development of strategies to manage risks, evaluate the effects of surveillance and interventions, and assess new risks as the cohort ages, more recent survivors enter the cohort, and treatments change.

Critical Role of Surface Defects in the Controllable Deposition of Li2S on Graphene: From Molecule to Crystallite.

Uncontrollable electrochemical deposition of Li2S has negative impacts on the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries, but the relationship between the deposition and the surface defects is rarely reported. Herein, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and density functional theory (DFT) approaches are used to study the Li2S deposition behaviors on pristine and defected graphene substrates, including pyridinic N (PDN) doped and single vacancy (SV), as well as the interfacial characteristics, in that such defects could improve the polarity of the graphene material, which plays a vital role in the cathode. The result shows that due to the constraint of molecular vibration, Li2S molecules tend to form stable adsorption with PDN atoms and SV defects, followed by the nucleation of Li2S clusters on these sites. Moreover, the clusters are more likely to grow near these sites following a spherical pattern, while a lamellar pattern is favorable on pristine graphene substrates. It is also discovered that PDN atoms and SV defects provide atomic-level pathways for the electronic transfer within the Li2S-electrode interface, further improving the electrochemical performance of the Li-S battery. It is found for the first time that surface defects also have strong impacts on the deposition pattern of Li2S and provide electronic pathways simultaneously. Our work demonstrated the interior relationship between the surface defects in carbon substrates and the stability of Li2S precipitates, which is of high significance to understand the electrochemical kinetics and design Li-S battery with long cycle life.

Constructing Ni12P5/Ni2P Heterostructures to Boost Interfacial Polarization for Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance.

Heterostructures with a rich phase boundary are attractive for surface-mediated microwave absorption (MA) materials. However, understanding the MA mechanisms behind the heterogeneous interface remains a challenge. Herein, a phosphine (PH3) vapor-assisted phase and structure engineering strategy was proposed to construct three-dimensional (3D) porous Ni12P5/Ni2P heterostructures as microwave absorbers and explore the role of the heterointerface in MA performance. The results indicated that the heterogeneous interface between Ni12P5 and Ni2P not only creates sufficient lattice defects for inducing dipolar polarization but also triggers uneven spatial charge distribution for enhancing interface polarization. Furthermore, the porous structure and proper component could provide an abundant heterogeneous interface to strengthen the above polarization relaxation process, thereby greatly optimizing the electromagnetic parameters and improving the MA performance. Profited by 3D porous heterostructure design, P400 could achieve the maximum reflection loss of -50.06 dB and an absorption bandwidth of 3.30 GHz with an ultrathin thickness of 1.20 mm. Furthermore, simulation results confirmed its superior ability (14.97 dB m2 at 90°) to reduce the radar cross section in practical applications. This finding may shed light on the understanding and design of advanced heterogeneous MA materials.

[Evaluation of the capacity of personal protection on poison emergency items in Chinese disease control and prevention institutes].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the capacity of personal protection on poison emergency items in Chinese disease control and prevention institutes. METHODS: Evaluation analysis based on data obtained from investigating personal protection equipments and professional knowledge quizzing about personal protection in poisoning control of 57 different level centers for disease control and prevention selected from China by a multi-stage stratified sampling. RESULTS: All 80.70% of the institutes possessed the protection equipments, provincial, municipal, county level institutes were 100.00%, 95.24%, 66.67%, respectively, with significant statistical difference (H = 7.94, P < 0.05). The average level of the type of individual protective equipments in disease control and prevention institutes was (5.42 +/- 4.00) kinds, the average points in category of provincial, municipal, county level institutes were (11.33 +/- 3.67), (6.52 +/- 3.16), (3.47 +/- 3.10) kinds, being statistically significant (F = 17.30, P < 0.05); type difference counts of disease control and prevention institutes in economic development, secondary, less-developed regions were (6.41 +/- 4.03), (3.55 +/- 3.35), (6.45 +/- 4.07) kinds, with statistical significance (F = 3.70, P < 0.05). Protection equipments chiefly possessed were latex gloves, gauze masks and C-protective clothing. Protective clothing and respiratory protective equipments were insufficient evidently. The average points in testing personal protection basic knowledge were (71.39 +/- 12.52) points; there were no differences between different institutes with different economic regions, levels, technical posts and title degrees. CONCLUSION: Certain advances have been achieved in recent years in personal protection capacity of institutes for disease control and prevention, but far from the actual demands, and maybe no enough effective response on emergency occurred.

Structural Evolution of Phosphorus Species on Graphene with a Stabilized Electrochemical Interface.

Phosphorus doping is an effective approach to tailor the surface chemistry of carbon materials. In this work, two-dimensional graphene, as a simplified model for all sp2 hybrid carbon allotropes, is employed to explore the surface chemistry of P-doped carbon materials. Thermally reduced graphene oxide, with abundant residual oxygen functionalities, is doped by phosphorus heteroatoms through H3PO4 activation, followed by passivation in an inert atmosphere. The structural evolution of the phosphorus species in the carbon lattice during the thermal treatment is systematically studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy with the assistance of first-principles calculations. The C3-P═O configuration is identified as the most stable structure in the graphene lattice and plays a key role in stabilizing the electrochemical interface between the electrode and electrolyte. These features enable an electrode based on P-doped graphene to exhibit an enlarged potential window of 1.5 V in an aqueous electrolyte, a remarkable improved cycling stability, and an ultralow leak current. Therefore, this contribution provides insights for designing phosphorus-doped carbon materials toward electrocatalysis, energy-related applications, and so forth.

[Development and application of poison databank and poisonous animal and plants sample databank].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a comprehensive,easily approached, operated, and searched internet poison databank as to providing professional poison data and knowledge of effective treatment for those consented such as medical staff, and emergency response team in the shortest time. METHODS: We established a computer poison databank, by adopting B/S structure, using SQL Server databank, and explore technology, in which all information may easily be explored and obtained by users. RESULTS: The database integrated the information in relating to the substances identifiers, physical and chemical properties, toxicology data, clinical manifestation while intoxication, emergency response guides, effective treatment, anything related to the special antidotes, preventive measures, poison analysis, and manufacturers of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, herbs, pesticides, animal, plant, bacteria, fungi, productions and toxins. Otherwise some information about poison control organizations and experts, literatures about poison case reports, poison incidents, were also involved in the system, which can also provide a shortcut, convenient, and exact search. CONCLUSIONS: The databank might be easily used on several fields, providing important information with acute poison incidents disposal and clinic treatment.

Detection of mutations in MYOC, OPTN, NTF4, WDR36 and CYP1B1 in Chinese juvenile onset open-angle glaucoma using exome sequencing.

Juvenile onset open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) affects patients before 40 years of age, causing high intraocular pressure and severe optic nerve damage. To expand the mutation spectrum of the causative genes in JOAG, with a view to identify novel disease-causing mutations, we investigated MYOC, OPTN, NTF4, WDR36 and CYP1B1 in a cohort of 67 unrelated Chinese JOAG patients. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify possible pathogenic mutations, which were further excluded in normal controls. After sequencing and the use of a database pipeline, as well as predictive assessment filtering, we identified a total of six mutations in three genes, MYOC, OPTN and CYP1B1. Among them, 2 heterozygous mutations in MYOC (c. 1109C > T, p. (P370L); c. 1150G > C, p. (D384H)), 2 heterozygous mutations in OPTN (c. 985A > G, p.(R329G); c. 1481T > G, p. (L494W)) and 2 homozygous mutations in CYP1B1 (c. 1412T > G, p.(I471S); c. 1169G > A, p.(R390H)) were identified as potentially causative mutations. No mutation was detected in NTF4 or WDR36. Our results enrich the mutation spectra and frequencies of MYOC, OPTN and CYP1B1 in JOAG among the Chinese population. Further studies are needed to address the pathogenicity of each of the mutations detected in this study.

On Multi-Objective Based Constitutive Modelling Methodology and Numerical Validation in Small-Hole Drilling of Al6063/SiCp Composites.

Discrepancies in capturing material behavior of some materials, such as Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites, by using conventional ad hoc strategy make the applicability of Johnson-Cook constitutive model challenged. Despites applicable efforts, its extended formalism with more fitting parameters would increase the difficulty in identifying constitutive parameters. A weighted multi-objective strategy for identifying any constitutive formalism is developed to predict mechanical behavior in static and dynamic loading conditions equally well. These varying weighting is based on the Gaussian-distributed noise evaluation of experimentally obtained stress-strain data in quasi-static or dynamic mode. This universal method can be used to determine fast and directly whether the constitutive formalism is suitable to describe the material constitutive behavior by measuring goodness-of-fit. A quantitative comparison of different fitting strategies on identifying Al6063/SiCp's material parameters is made in terms of performance evaluation including noise elimination, correlation, and reliability. Eventually, a three-dimensional (3D) FE model in small-hole drilling of Al6063/SiCp composites, using multi-objective identified constitutive formalism, is developed. Comparison with the experimental observations in thrust force, torque, and chip morphology provides valid evidence on the applicability of the developed multi-objective identification strategy in identifying constitutive parameters.

Mechanism-Based FE Simulation of Tool Wear in Diamond Drilling of SiCp/Al Composites.

The aim of this work is to analyze the micro mechanisms underlying the wear of macroscale tools during diamond machining of SiCp/Al6063 composites and to develop the mechanism-based diamond wear model in relation to the dominant wear behaviors. During drilling, high volume fraction SiCp/Al6063 composites containing Cu, the dominant wear mechanisms of diamond tool involve thermodynamically activated physicochemical wear due to diamond-graphite transformation catalyzed by Cu in air atmosphere and mechanically driven abrasive wear due to high-frequency scrape of hard SiC reinforcement on tool surface. An analytical diamond wear model, coupling Usui abrasive wear model and Arrhenius extended graphitization wear model was proposed and implemented through a user-defined subroutine for tool wear estimates. Tool wear estimate in diamond drilling of SiCp/Al6063 composites was achieved by incorporating the combined abrasive-chemical tool wear subroutine into the coupled thermomechanical FE model of 3D drilling. The developed drilling FE model for reproducing diamond tool wear was validated for feasibility and reliability by comparing numerically simulated tool wear morphology and experimentally observed results after drilling a hole using brazed polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coated tools. A fairly good agreement of experimental and simulated results in cutting forces, chip and tool wear morphologies demonstrates that the developed 3D drilling FE model, combined with a subroutine for diamond tool wear estimate can provide a more accurate analysis not only in cutting forces and chip shape but also in tool wear behavior during drilling SiCp/Al6063 composites. Once validated and calibrated, the developed diamond tool wear model in conjunction with other machining FE models can be easily extended to the investigation of tool wear evolution with various diamond tool geometries and other machining processes in cutting different workpiece materials.

Antibacterial cotton fabric with enhanced durability prepared using silver nanoparticles and carboxymethyl chitosan.

Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully linked onto a cotton fabric surface through a simple mist modification process. The CMCTS binder was covalently linked to the cotton fabric via esterification and the Ag NPs were tightly adhered to the fiber surface by coordination bonds with the amine groups of CMCTS. As a result, the coating of Ag NPs on the cotton fabric showed excellent antibacterial properties and laundering durability. After 50 consecutive laundering cycles, the bacterial reduction rates (BR) against both S. aureus and E. coli remained over 95%. It has potential applications in a wide variety of fields such as sportswear, socks, and medical textile.