RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training inhibits the development of insulin resistance through IL-6 and probe into the possible molecular mechanism about it. METHODS: Rats were raised with high-fat diets for 8 weeks to develop insulin resistance, and glucose infusion rates (GIRs) were determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping to confirm the development of insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise training (the speed and duration time in the first week were respectively 16 m/min and 50 min, and speed increased 1m/min and duration time increased 5 min every week following it) and/or IL-6shRNA plasmid injection (rats received IL-6shRNA injection via the tail vein every two weeks) were adopted during the development of insulin resistance. The serum IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, GIR, IL-6 gene expression levels, p-p38 in various tissues and p-STAT3/t-STAT3 ratio in the liver were measured. RESULTS: Rats fed with high-fat diets for 8 weeks were developed insulin resistance and the IL-6mRNA levels of IL-6shRNA injection groups in various tissues were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.05), respectively. The development of insulin resistance in exercise rats significantly decreased, however, compared with that, the GIR of exercise rats injected by IL-6shRNA was lower (P<0.05). The IL-6mRNA levels were highest in the fat tissue and lowest in the skeletal muscles in all the rats. The serum adiponectin levels decreased (P<0.05) following the development of insulin resistance, and it increased (P<0.05) when the rats were intervened by aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks at the same time. However, there were not significant differences when serum leptin concentrations were compared (P>0.05). The p-p38 significantly increased in the rats fed with high-fat diets, however, p-p38 of the exercise high-fat diets rats in the liver and fat tissues significantly decreased than that (P<0.05). The changes of p-p38 in exercise rats injected by IL-6shRNA were irregular. The activation of STAT3 in the liver significantly increased (P<0.05) following the development of insulin resistance, and it decreased (P<0.05) when the rats were intervened by aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks at the same time, and the gene silencing of IL-6 did not have effects on the activation of STAT3 in the liver (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, aerobic exercise training prevented the development of insulin resistance through IL-6 to a certain degree. The gene expression and secretion of IL-6 could inhibit the development of insulin resistance. The mechanism of the effects were possibly related with elevating the levels of serum adiponectin, and/or inhibiting the activation of STAT3 in the liver and p38MAPK in the skeletal muscles, liver and fat tissues.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Interferência de RNA , Adiponectina/sangue , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Interleucina-6/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por MitógenoRESUMO
The title compound, C(16)H(24)O(10)·0.11H(2)O, is a key intermediate in the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), which is the most widely used molecular-imaging probe for positron emission tomography (PET). The crystal structure has two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit, with closely comparable geometries. The pyranose ring adopts a (4)C(1) conformation [Cremer-Pople puckering parameters: Q = 0.553 (2) Å, θ = 16.2 (2)° and φ = 290.4 (8)° for molecule A, and Q = 0.529 (2) Å, θ =15.3 (3)° and φ = 268.2 (9)° for molecule B], and the dioxolane ring adopts an envelope conformation. The chiral centre in the dioxolane ring, introduced during the synthesis of the compound, has an R configuration, with the ethoxy group exo to the mannopyranose ring. The asymmetric unit also contains one water molecule with a refined site-occupancy factor of 0.222 (8), which bridges between molecules A and B via O-H···O hydrogen bonds.
Assuntos
Manose/análogos & derivados , Monossacarídeos/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Manose/química , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
In the title compound, C(9)H(7)ClN(2)O(6), the nitro groups and the ester group make dihedral angles of 44.0â (1), 89.6â (1) and 164.1â (1)°, respectively, with the benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked through weak C-Hâ¯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. Mol-ecules are stacked via π-π inter-actions about inversion centers, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.671â (2)â Å.
RESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(10)H(11)NO(4), the nitro group is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 4.57â (10)°], while the carboxyl-ate group is slightly twisted, making an angle of 12.16â (8)°. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.670â (2) and 3.665â (2)â Å] are observed.
RESUMO
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(9)H(12)O(2), is approximately planar (mean atomic deviation = 0.0346â Å) and disposed about a crystallographic centre of symmetry. The H atom of the benzene ring is disordered over four orientations, with occupancies of 0.100â (3) and 0.401â (3) at the C atoms in the 2- and 3-positions and the same at their symmetric location. The H atoms of methyl group at the 2-position are disordered over two positions of equal occupancy. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol-ecules are linked through O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network.
RESUMO
The title compound, C(10)H(8)I(3)NO(4), crystallizes with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The I atoms and the benzene ring plane in the two mol-ecules are approximately coplanar, the I atoms deviating by -0.1631â (1), 0.0704â (1) and -0.0507â (1)â Å from the mean plane of the benzene ring in one mol-ecule and by 0.1500â (1), -0.0034â (1) and -0.1213â (1)â Å in the other. The planes of the ester groups are almost orthogonal to those of the benzene rings in both mol-ecules, forming dihedral angles of 83.5â (3), 76.4â (3), 97.3â (1) and 75.7â (1)°. The mean planes of the benzene rings in two mol-ecules are inclined at 69.8â (3)° with respect to each other. In the crystal, inter-molecular Iâ¯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into infinite chains. In addition, N-Hâ¯O and non-classical C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds are observed.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(8)H(11)N(3)O(4), the dihedral angle between the imidazole ring and the ethyl acetate plane is 103.1â (8)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds.
RESUMO
In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(4)H(10)NO(2) (+)·Cl(-) (systematic name: 3-eth-oxy-3-oxopropan-1-aminium chlor-ide), there are strong inter-molecular N-Hâ¯Cl, C-Hâ¯Cl and C-Hâ¯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions between the free chloride anion and the organic cation, resulting in a two-dimensional supra-molecular network in the ab plane.
RESUMO
The title compound, C(9)H(8)ClNO(4), crystallizes with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. In each mol-ecule, the carboxyl-ate group is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring, forming dihedral angles of 2.4â (1) and 4.9â (1)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked through weak C-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯Cl hydrogen bonds. A short Oâ¯N contact of 2.7660â (19)â Å occurs between the nitro groups of adjacent mol-ecules.
RESUMO
The carbonyl chloride group in the title compound, C(7)H(3)ClN(2)O(5), is disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.505â (5) and 0.495â (5). The mol-ecule is approximately planar, the dihedral angle between the carbonyl chloride plane and benzene ring being 9.6â (4)° in the major disorder component and 7.1â (4)° in the minor component. The nitro group at the 5-position is twisted, forming a dihedral angle of 6.7â (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(14)H(11)NO(2), the tricyclic aromatic ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.025â (2)â Å]. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 2.8â (5)°, while the carboxyl group forms a dihedral angle of 88.5â (1)° with the pyrrole ring. Inter-molecular O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds may contribute to the overall stabilization of the crystal structure.
RESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(8)H(7)NO(4), the nitro group is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 0.6â (1)°], while the dihedral angle between the methoxy-carbonyl group and the benzene ring is 8.8â (1)°. In the crystal structure, weak inter-molecular aromatic C-Hâ¯O(carbox-yl) and C-Hâ¯O(nitro) hydrogen-bonding inter-actions are present.
RESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(11)H(12)O(2), the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, and the dimers are linked together by π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.8310â (13)â Å] and C-Hâ¯O bonds.
RESUMO
The title compound, C(12)H(12)I(3)NO(4), crystallizes with two mol-ecules in an asymmetric unit. In one of the mol-ecules, the conformation of the O-C-O-C in one ester group is cis and trans in the other. The corresponding conformations for both the ester groups in the other mol-ecule are trans. The I atoms and the benzene rings in the two mol-ecules are approximately coplanar, the I atoms deviating by 0.219â (14), 0.056â (15) and -0.143â (14)â Å from the mean plane of the benzene ring in one mol-ecule and 0.189â (14), -0.162â (15) and -0.068â (14)â Å in the other. The planes of the ester groups are almost orthogonal to those of the benzene rings in both mol-ecules, forming dihedral angles of 88.1â (4), 72.2â (4), 73.0â (4) and 86.6â (4)°. The mean planes of the benzene rings in the two mol-ecules are inclined at 74.6â (4)° with respect to each other. In the crystal, inter-molecular Iâ¯O inter-actions [3.138â (7) and 3.144â (7)â Å] link the mol-ecules into infinite chains along the a axis. In addition, non-classical C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds are observed.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(26)H(14)Cl(6)N(2), the phenanthroline ring system is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.048â (6)â Å, and makes dihedral angles of 64.8â (14) and 66.6â (6)° with the two terminal phenyl rings. One of the trichloro-methyl groups is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of 0.42â (2) and 0.58â (2).
RESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(8)H(5)ClN(2)O(6), the two nitro groups and the ester group make dihedral angles of 29.6â (1)°, 82.3â (1)° and 13.7â (1)°, respectively, with the benzene ring. In the crystal structure weak C-Hâ¯O inter-actions are present.
RESUMO
The structure of the title compound, C(9)H(7)NO(6), is essentially planar [maximum deviation 0.284â (2)Å] except for the methyl H atoms. The crystal structure is stabilized by asymmetric O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds linking the hydrogen carboxyl-ates into pairs around the inversion centres. There is also π-π stacking of the benzene rings [centroid-centroid distance 3.6912â (12)â Å].
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(11)H(15)NO(3), the mean planes of the carboxamide and isopropyl groups are inclined at 109.9â (1) and 128.7â (2)°, respectively, to the mean plane of the phen-oxy group. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are stacked along the b axis, without any π-π inter-actions. The stacked columns are linked together by inter-molecular N-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, with an Nâ¯O distance of 2.842â (2)â Å.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(12)H(15)NO(3), the ethoxy-benzyl ring plane forms a dihedral angle of 60.3â (4)° with the mean plane of the oxazolidine ring. The mol-ecules are linked through N-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds into a chain running in the b direction.
RESUMO
In the structure of the title compound, C(11)H(12)N(2)O(6), the mol-ecules are stacked along the b axis without any π-π inter-actions. The stacked columns are linked together by non-classical inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O inter-actions,. In the molecule, the nitro groups make dihedral angles of 9.4â (5) and 10.3â (5)° with the benzene ring.