Physical-layer security of optical communication based on chaotic optical encryption without an additional driving signal.

We propose and numerically demonstrate a scheme for physical-layer security based on chaotic phase encryption, where the transmitted carrier signal is used as the common injection for chaos synchronization, so there is no need for additional common driving. To ensure privacy, two identical optical scramblers consisting of a semiconductor laser and a dispersion component are used to observe the carrier signal. The results show that the responses of the optical scramblers are highly synchronized but are not synchronized with the injection. By properly setting the phase encryption index, the original message can be well encrypted and decrypted. Moreover, the legal decryption performance is sensitive to the parameter mismatch, since it can degrade the synchronization quality. A slight drop in synchronization induces an evident deterioration in decryption performance. Therefore, without perfectly reconstructing the optical scrambler, the original message cannot be decoded by an eavesdropper.

Numerical investigation of photonic microwave generation in an optically injected semiconductor laser subject to filtered optical feedback.

Enhanced photonic microwave generation by using a filtered optical feedback in an optically injected semiconductor laser operating at period-one (P1) dynamics is numerically demonstrated. In the simulation, the frequency tunability of the generated narrow-linewidth photonic microwave with the filtered optical feedback has been investigated. The results show that the frequency of the narrow-linewidth photonic microwave can be widely tuned by adjusting the injection parameters only or adjusting both the injection parameters and the center frequency of the filter. Moreover, the influence of the delay time, feedback strength, filter bandwidth and detuning on the linewidth, side-peak suppression and phase noise of the generated microwave have also been investigated in detail. The results show that with increasing feedback strength or delay time, evident reduction of the linewidth is observed. The side-peak suppression also increases with increasing feedback strength; however, side-peak suppression decreases with increasing feedback delay time. In addition, the linewidth reduction and side-peak suppression are relatively robust to the filter detuning, especially for higher feedback strengths and microwave frequencies. This is mainly attributed to the self-adaptive shifting of the red-shifted cavity resonance frequency to the center frequency of the filter in the FOF configuration.

Wideband complex-enhanced chaos generation using a semiconductor laser subject to delay-interfered self-phase-modulated feedback.

A wideband complexity-enhanced chaos generation scheme is proposed by using a semiconductor laser subject to delay-interfered self-phase-modulated optical feedback. The influences of feedback strength, phase modulation index, and interference delay on the effective bandwidth and time-delay-signature (TDS) characteristics of the proposed scheme-generated chaos are extensively investigated both experimentally and numerically. The results demonstrate that with the joint effects of phase modulation-induced spectrum expansion and nonlinear filtering of delayed interference, wideband chaos with flat spectrum and excellent TDS suppression characteristics can be generated over a wide dynamic operation range. In comparisons with the relevant chaos generation schemes under conventional optical feedback, individual self-phase modulated optical feedback, and delay-interfered optical feedback, the proposed scheme cannot only significantly enhance the effective bandwidth of chaos but also considerably enhance the complexity of chaos by suppressing the TDS toward an indistinguishable level close to 0.

Physical secure optical communication based on private chaotic spectral phase encryption/decryption.

We propose and demonstrate a novel physical, secure high-speed optical communication scheme based on synchronous chaotic spectral phase encryption (CSPE) and decryption (CSPD). The CSPE is performed by a module composed of two dispersion components and one phase modulator (PM) between them, and the CSPD is carried out by a twin module with reverse dispersions and inverse PM driving signals. The PM driving signals of the CSPE and CSPD modules are privately synchronized chaotic signals that are independently generated by local external-cavity semiconductor lasers subject to common injection. The numerical results indicate that with the CSPE, the original message can be encrypted as a noise-like signal, and the timing clock of the original message is efficiently hidden in the encrypted signal. Based on the private synchronization of the chaotic PM driving signals, only the legal receiver can decrypt the message correctly, while the eavesdropper is not able to intercept a useful message. Moreover, the proposed scheme can also support secure symmetric bidirectional high-speed WDM transmissions. This work shows a prospective way to implement high-speed secure optical communications at the physical layer.

Chaos synchronization and communication in closed-loop semiconductor lasers subject to common chaotic phase-modulated feedback.

We propose and demonstrate a closed-loop chaos system composed of external-cavity semiconductor lasers subject to common chaotic phase-modulated optical feedback (CCPMOF). The efficient-bandwidth and time-delay signature (TDS) characteristics of the chaotic carrier, the properties of chaos synchronization, as well as the performance and security of chaos communication are systematically investigated. The numerical results demonstrate that wideband chaotic carrier with effective TDS suppression can be easily obtained, high-quality chaos synchronization with considerable mismatch robustness, frequency detuning tolerance, and phase fluctuation tolerance can be achieved in a wide operation range, and high-speed chaos communication is available. With respect to the conventional closed-loop systems, the bandwidth and complexity of chaotic carrier is greatly enhanced, and the performances of chaos synchronization and communication are obviously improved.

Generation of broadband chaos with perfect time delay signature suppression by using self-phase-modulated feedback and a microsphere resonator.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a broadband chaos generation scheme by introducing self-phase modulation (SPM) in the feedback loop of an external-cavity semiconductor laser and propagating the chaos through a microsphere resonator (MR). Four chaos generation cases-conventional optical feedback (COF), COF+MR, individual SPM optical feedback (SPMOF), and the proposed SPMOF+MR-are experimentally discussed. The experimental results demonstrate that with respect to the other three cases, in the proposed scheme with the joint effects of SPMOF and MR, the relaxation oscillation effect in chaos can be eliminated and a flat RF spectrum with much more significant bandwidth enhancement can be achieved. Simultaneously, the time delay signature (TDS) in the chaos can be perfectly suppressed at a very low level close to 0 in a wide operation range of feedback. This work shows a novel scheme to generate broadband chaos with flat spectrum and perfect TDS suppression.

Narrow-linewidth single-frequency photonic microwave generation in optically injected semiconductor lasers with filtered optical feedback.

A narrow-linewidth single-frequency photonic-microwave-generation scheme using an optically injected semiconductor laser with a filtered optical feedback has been proposed. The filtered feedback comes from a single feedback loop, which includes a narrow bandpass filter. With the filtered feedback, the linewidth of the generated microwave can be significantly reduced from 22.4 MHz to 9.0 kHz, with the side peaks suppression of 28 dB. The proposed scheme shows superior performance compared to the conventional single-feedback configuration in terms of linewidth reduction and side peaks suppression. The proposed scheme also achieves better results compared to the complex dual-feedback setting. The mechanism for a better performance of filtered optical feedback is that the filtered feedback can effectively limit the external cavity modes and stabilize the period-one dynamics. In addition, the microwave linewidth decreases with the increase of the filter width until the optimized filter width is reached. Furthermore, the linewidth reduction and the side peaks suppression of a photonic microwave using filtered optical feedback is relatively insensitive to the frequency detuning between the filter center frequency and the free-running frequency of the semiconductor laser.

Generation of flat wideband chaos with suppressed time delay signature by using optical time lens.

We propose a flat wideband chaos generation scheme that shows excellent time delay signature suppression effect, by injecting the chaotic output of general external cavity semiconductor laser into an optical time lens module composed of a phase modulator and two dispersive units. The numerical results demonstrate that by properly setting the parameters of the driving signal of phase modulator and the accumulated dispersion of dispersive units, the relaxation oscillation in chaos can be eliminated, wideband chaos generation with an efficient bandwidth up to several tens of GHz can be achieved, and the RF spectrum of generated chaotic signal is nearly as flat as uniform distribution. Moreover, the periodicity of chaos induced by the external cavity modes can be simultaneously destructed by the optical time lens module, based on this the time delay signature can be completely suppressed.

Secure key distribution based on chaos synchronization of VCSELs subject to symmetric random-polarization optical injection.

We propose and numerically demonstrate a secure key distribution scheme based on the dynamic chaos synchronization of two external cavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to symmetric random-polarization injections. By exchanging the random parameters that control the polarization angles of the driving injection, Alice and Bob can identify the time slots in which high-quality private chaos synchronization is achieved and independently generate a shared key from the synchronized polarization difference signals of their local VCSELs. The results show that Gb/s key distribution with a low bit error ratio can be achieved, and the shared key can pass all NIST tests, which guarantee the randomness of the key. In the proposed scheme, the exchange messages do not contain any information about the key generation, which affords a high-level of security for key distribution.

Security-enhanced chaos communication with time-delay signature suppression and phase encryption.

A security-enhanced chaos communication scheme with time delay signature (TDS) suppression and phase-encrypted feedback light is proposed, in virtue of dual-loop feedback with independent high-speed phase modulation. We numerically investigate the property of TDS suppression in the intensity and phase space and quantitatively discuss security of the proposed system by calculating the bit error rate of eavesdroppers who try to crack the system by directly filtering the detected signal or by using a similar semiconductor laser to synchronize the link signal and extract the data. The results show that TDS embedded in the chaotic carrier can be well suppressed by properly setting the modulation frequency, which can keep the time delay a secret from the eavesdropper. Moreover, because the feedback light is encrypted, without the accurate time delay and key, the eavesdropper cannot reconstruct the symmetric operation conditions and decode the correct data.

Key distribution based on synchronization in bandwidth-enhanced random bit generators with dynamic post-processing.

We propose and numerically demonstrate a new scheme for key distribution on the physical layer based on the chaos synchronization and physical random bit generation. In this scheme, two chaotic semiconductor lasers are commonly driven by a third semiconductor laser, their output chaotic signals are employed as the physical sources of the random bit generators (RBGs). Under symmetry operation scenario, the two RBGs are well synchronized and the random bits generated by them are used to generate identical secret keys for Alice and Bob by the way of a dynamic post-processing technology. The feasibility and security of the proposed scheme are investigated by testing the parameters mismatch tolerance and the sensitivity to the systematic noise. The numerical results indicate that the dynamic and unpredictable post-processing can provide a great enhancement for the security of the secret key distribution. The security of the proposed scheme mainly determined by the post-processing, not confidential source, which provides a new potential way for implementing high-speed secure secret key distribution.

Ultranarrow and Tunable Fano Resonance in Ag Nanoshells and a Simple Ag Nanomatryushka.

We study theoretically the Fano resonances (FRs) produced by the near-field coupling between the lowest-order (dipolar) sphere plasmon resonance and the dipolar cavity plasmon mode supported by an Ag nanoshell or the hybrid mode in a simple three-layered Ag nanomatryushka constructed by incorporating a solid Ag nanosphere into the center of Ag nanoshell. We find that the linewidth of dipolar cavity plasmon resonance or hybrid mode induced FR is as narrow as 6.8 nm (corresponding to a high Q-factor of ~160 and a long dephasing time of ~200 fs) due to the highly localized feature of the electric-fields. In addition, we attribute the formation mechanisms of typical asymmetrical Fano line profiles in the extinction spectra to the constructive (Fano peak) and the destructive interferences (Fano dip) arising from the symmetric and asymmetric charge distributions between the dipolar sphere and cavity plasmon or hybrid modes. Interestingly, by simply adjusting the structural parameters, the dielectric refractive index required for the strongest FR in the Ag nanomatryushka can be reduced to be as small as 1.4, which largely reduces the restriction on materials, and the positions of FR can also be easily tuned across a broad spectral range. The ultranarrow linewidth, highly tunability together with the huge enhancement of electric fields at the FR may find important applications in sensing, slow light, and plasmon rulers.