A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual.

Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8x coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24 million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades, disclosed nearly 3.45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.

Comparative whole genome transcriptome and metabolome analyses of five Klebsiella pneumonia strains.

The integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics can provide precise information on gene-to-metabolite networks for identifying the function of novel genes. The goal of this study was to identify novel gene functions involved in 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) biosynthesis by a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of five mutated Klebsiella pneumonia strains (∆wabG = SGSB100, ∆wabG∆budA = SGSB106, ∆wabG∆budB = SGSB107, ∆wabG∆budC = SGSB108, ∆wabG∆budABC = SGSB109). First, the transcriptomes of all five mutants were analyzed and the genes exhibiting reproducible changes in expression were determined. The transcriptome was well conserved among the five strains, and differences in gene expression occurred mainly in genes coding for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis (budA, budB, and budC) and the genes involved in the degradation of reactive oxygen, biosynthesis and transport of arginine, cysteine biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, oxidoreductase reaction, and formate dehydrogenase reaction. Second, differences in the metabolome (estimated by carbon distribution, CO2 emission, and redox balance) among the five mutant strains due to gene alteration of the 2,3-BDO operon were detected. The functional genomics approach integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics in K. Pneumonia presented here provides an innovative means of identifying novel gene functions involved in 2,3-BDO biosynthesis metabolism and whole cell metabolism.

Improvement of 2,3-butanediol yield in Klebsiella pneumoniae by deletion of the pyruvate formate-lyase gene.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered a good host strain for the production of 2,3-butanediol, which is a promising platform chemical with various industrial applications. In this study, three genes, including those encoding glucosyltransferase (wabG), lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), and pyruvate formate-lyase (pflB), were disrupted in K. pneumoniae to reduce both its pathogenic characteristics and the production of several by-products. In flask cultivation with minimal medium, the yield of 2,3-butanediol from rationally engineered K. pneumoniae (ΔwabG ΔldhA ΔpflB) reached 0.461 g/g glucose, which was 92.2% of the theoretical maximum, with a significant reduction in by-product formation. However, the growth rate of the pflB mutant was slightly reduced compared to that of its parental strain. Comparison with similar mutants of Escherichia coli suggested that the growth defect of pflB-deficient K. pneumoniae was caused by redox imbalance rather than reduced level of intracellular acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). From an analysis of the transcriptome, it was confirmed that the removal of pflB from K. pneumoniae significantly repressed the expression of genes involved in the formate hydrogen lyase (FHL) system.

FX: an RNA-Seq analysis tool on the cloud.

UNLABELLED: FX is an RNA-Seq analysis tool, which runs in parallel on cloud computing infrastructure, for the estimation of gene expression levels and genomic variant calling. In the mapping of short RNA-Seq reads, FX uses a transcriptome-based reference primarily, generated from ~160 000 mRNA sequences from RefSeq, UCSC and Ensembl databases. This approach reduces the misalignment of reads originating from splicing junctions. Unmapped reads not aligned on known transcripts are then mapped on the human genome reference. FX allows analysis of RNA-Seq data on cloud computing infrastructures, supporting access through a user-friendly web interface. AVAILABILITY: FX is freely available on the web at (http://fx.gmi.ac.kr), and can be installed on local Hadoop clusters. Guidance for the installation and operation of FX can be found under the 'Documentation' menu on the website. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Complete genome sequence of the 2,3-butanediol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain KCTC 2242.

Here we report the full genome sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae KCTC 2242,consisting of a 5.26-Mb chromosome (57.6% GC%; 5,035 genes [4,923 encoding known proteins, 112 RNA genes]) and a 202-kb plasmid (50.2% GC%; 229 genes [229 encoding known proteins]).

Complete genome sequence of Klebsiella oxytoca KCTC 1686, used in production of 2,3-butanediol.

Here we report the full genome sequence of Klebsiella oxytoca KCTC 1686, which is used in production of 2,3-butanediol. The KCTC 1686 strain contains 5,974,109 bp with G+C content of 56.05 mol% and contains 5,488 protein-coding genes and 110 structural RNAs.

Complete genome sequence of Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190.

This is the first complete genome sequence of the Enterobacter aerogenes species. Here we present the genome sequence of E. aerogenes KCTC 2190, which contains 5,280,350 bp with a G + C content of 54.8 mol%, 4,912 protein-coding genes, and 109 structural RNAs.

Genome sequence of Paenibacillus terrae HPL-003, a xylanase-producing bacterium isolated from soil found in forest residue.

This article reports on the full genome sequence of Paenibacillus terrae HPL-003, which is a gram-positive, endospore-forming, xylanase-producing bacterium isolated from soil found in forest residue on Gara Mountain. The strain HPL-003 contains 6,083,395 bp with a G+C content of 46.77 mol%, 2,633 protein-coding genes, and 117 structural RNAs.

Intracellular messenger function of hydrogen peroxide and its regulation by peroxiredoxins.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulates transiently in various cell types stimulated with peptide growth factors and participates in receptor signaling by oxidizing the essential cysteine residues of protein tyrosine phosphatases and the lipid phosphatase PTEN. The reversible inactivation of these phosphatases by H2O2 is likely required to prevent futile cycles of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of proteins and phosphoinositides. The accumulation of H2O2 is possible even in the presence of large amounts of the antioxidant enzymes peroxiredoxin I and II in the cytosol, probably because of a built-in mechanism of peroxiredoxin inactivation that is mediated by H2O2 and reversed by an ATP-dependent reduction reaction catalyzed by sulfiredoxin.

Application of a target array comparative genomic hybridization to prenatal diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: While conventional G-banded karyotyping still remains a gold standard in prenatal genetic diagnoses, the widespread adoption of array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array CGH) technology for postnatal genetic diagnoses has led to increasing interest in the use of this same technology for prenatal diagnosis. We have investigated the value of our own designed DNA chip as a prenatal diagnostic tool for detecting submicroscopic deletions/duplications and chromosome aneuploidies. METHODS: We designed a target bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based aCGH platform (MacArray M-chip), which specifically targets submicroscopic deletions/duplications for 26 known genetic syndromes of medical significance observed prenatally. To validate the DNA chip, we obtained genomic DNA from 132 reference materials generated from patients with 22 genetic diseases and 94 clinical amniocentesis samples obtained for karyotyping. RESULTS: In the 132 reference materials, all known genomic alterations were successfully identified. In the 94 clinical samples that were also subjected to conventional karyotyping, three cases of balanced chromosomal aberrations were not detected by aCGH. However, we identified eight cases of microdeletions in the Yq11.23 chromosomal region that were not found by conventional karyotyping. This region harbors the DAZ gene, and deletions may lead to non-obstructive spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully designed and applied a BAC-based aCGH platform for prenatal diagnosis. This platform can be used in conjunction with conventional karyotyping and will provide rapid and accurate diagnoses for the targeted genomic regions while eliminating the need to interpret clinically-uncertain genomic regions.

Cancer panel analysis of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer.

Liquid biopsy using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a noninvasive and repeatable procedure, and is therefore useful for molecular assays. However, the rarity of CTCs remains a challenge. To overcome this issue, our group developed a novel technology for the isolation of CTCs on the basis of cell size difference. The present study isolated CTCs from patients with breast cancer using this method, and then used these cells for cancer gene panel analysis. Blood samples from eight patients with breast cancer were collected, and CTCs were enriched using size-based filtration. Enriched CTCs were counted using immunofluorescent staining with an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD45 antibodies. CTC genomic DNA was extracted, amplified, and screened for mutations in 400 genes using the Ion AmpliSeq Comprehensive Cancer Panel. White blood cells (WBCs) from the same patient served as a negative control, and mutations in CTCs and WBCs were compared. EpCAM+ cells were detected in seven out of eight patients, and the average number of EpCAM+ cells was 8.6. The average amount of amplified DNA was 32.7 µg, and the percentage of reads mapped to any targeted region relative to all reads mapped to the reference was 98.6%. The detection rate of CTC-specific mutations was 62.5%. The CTC-specific mutations were enhancer of zeste polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit, notch 1, AT-rich interaction domain 1A, serine/threonine kinase 11, fms related tyrosine kinase 3, MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor, APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator, and phosphatase and tensin homolog. The technique used by the present study was demonstrated to be effective at isolating CTCs at a sufficiently high purity for genomic analysis, and supported the use of comprehensive cancer panel analysis as a potential application for precision medicine.

Cancer gene panel analysis of cultured circulating tumor cells and primary tumor tissue from patients with breast cancer.

Although numerous effective therapies have improved the survival rate of patients with breast cancer, a number of patients present with tumor recurrence and metastasis. A liquid biopsy of circulating tumor cells (CTC) is a non-invasive method to obtain tumor cells and may be used as substitute for a tumor tissue biopsy. The present study focuses on determining whether CTC culture is an optimal method of obtaining sufficient amounts of CTCs for molecular analysis. The current study demonstrates a method of isolating and culturing CTCs from patients with breast cancer and the construction of a molecular profile of cultured cells using the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Gene Panel V2. Gene mutations that were observed in cultured CTCs were compared with those observed in primary tumor tissues. CTCs were isolated and cultured from the blood of six patients with breast cancer. Mutations from the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutation In Cancer (COSMIC) were detected in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha, MET (also known as Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor), Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog, Harvey Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog, SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin Subfamily B Member 1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A and MutL Homolog 1 genes in 5/6 samples. A comparison between mutations detected in cultured CTCs and mutations detected in primary tumor tissues demonstrated that a large number of mutations that were identified in CTCs were also detected in primary tumor tissues. The results from the current study describe a novel cell culture approach that may be used to obtain an optimal number of CTCs for molecular analysis. This novel approach is able to be used as a tool for liquid biopsy during breast cancer treatment.

Evaluation of a novel approach to circulating tumor cell isolation for cancer gene panel analysis in patients with breast cancer.

Liquid biopsy isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) allows the genomic analysis of CTCs, which is useful in the determination of personalized cancer therapy. In the present study, CTCs from patients with breast cancer were enriched and successfully analyzed using cancer gene panel analysis. Blood samples from 11 patients with breast cancer were collected and CTCs enriched for using size-based filtration. The enriched CTCs were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining with antibodies directed against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cluster of differentiation 45. The genomic DNA of CTCs was extracted, amplified and 50 genes screened for mutations using the Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. EpCAM staining detected CTCs in 10/11 patients and the average CTC count was 3.9 in 5 ml blood. The average purity of enriched CTCs was 14.2±29.4% and the average amount of amplified DNA was 28.6±11.9 µg. Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer mutations were detected in the CTCs and included IDH2, TP53, NRAS, IDH1, PDGFRA, HRAS, STK11, EGFR, PTEN, MLH1, PIK3CA, CDKN2A, KIT and SMARCB1. In conclusion, a novel size-based filtration approach for the isolation of CTCs was evaluated and successfully applied for the genomic analysis of CTCs from patients with breast cancer.

Identification of NUCKS1 as a putative oncogene and immunodiagnostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Although the molecular mechanisms underpinning hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unknown, gene copy number and associated mRNA expression changes are frequently reported. Comparative genomic hybridization arrays spotted with 4041 bacterial artificial chromosome clones were used to assess copy number changes in 45 HCC tissues. Seventy more HCC tissues were used to validate candidate genes by using western blots and immunohistochemistry. A total of 259 clones were associated with copy number changes that significantly differed between normal liver and HCC samples. The chromosomal region 1q32.1 containing the nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1 (NUCKS1) gene was associated with tumor vascular invasion. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NUCKS1 was up-regulated in 37 of 70 (52.8%) HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, and over-expressed in a vast majority of HCCs (44/52, 84.6%) as determined by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, immunostaining of both NUCKS1 and glypican-3 improved the diagnostic prediction of HCC. Knock-down of NUCKS1 by siRNA implied the decrease in cell viability of the Hep3B cell line and reduced tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. NUCKS1 was identified as a potential oncogene at chromosomal 1q32.1 in patients with HCC, and it might be a valuable immunodiagnostic marker for HCC.

Controlled elimination of intracellular H(2)O(2): regulation of peroxiredoxin, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase via post-translational modification.

The predominant enzymes responsible for elimination of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in cells are peroxiredoxins (Prxs), catalase, and glutathione peroxidases (GPxs). Evidence suggests that catalytic activities of certain isoforms of these H(2)O(2)-eliminating enzymes are extensively regulated via posttranslational modification. Prx I and Prx II become inactivated when phosphorylated on Thr(90) by cyclin B-dependent kinase Cdc2. In addition, the active-site cysteine of Prx I-IV undergoes a reversible sulfinylation (oxidation to cysteine sulfinic acid) in cells. Desulfinylation (reduction to cysteine) is achieved by a novel enzyme named sulfiredoxin. c-Abl and Arg nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases associate with catalase in cells treated with H(2)O(2) by mechanisms involving the SH3 domains of the kinases and the Pro(293)PheAsnPro motif of catalase and activate catalase by phosphorylating it on Tyr(231) and Tyr(386). Similarily, GPx1 is activated by c-Abl- and Arg-mediated phosphorylation. The tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for ubiquitination-dependent degradation of catalase.

Complete genome sequence of Klebsiella oxytoca M1, isolated from Manripo area of South Korea.

Here we report the full genome sequence of Klesiella oxytoca M1, isolated from Manripo area of South Korea. The strain K. oxytoca M1 is able to produce either 2,3-butanediol or acetoin selectively by controlling the pH and temperature.

The influence of budA deletion on glucose metabolism related in 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), which is a promising microorganism for industrial bulk production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO), naturally converts glucose to 2,3-BDO. The 2,3-BDO biosynthesis from glucose is composed of three steps; α-acetolactate biosynthesis by α-acetolactate synthase (budB); acetoin biosynthesis by α-acetolactate decarboxylase (budA); and 2,3-BDO biosynthesis by acetoin reductase (budC). In an effort to understand the influence of blocked 2,3-BDO pathway on K. pneumoniae glucose metabolism by budA deletion, we constructed K. pneumoniaeΔwabGΔbudA (SGSB106). Carbon flux distribution analysis, transcriptome analysis and extracellular amino acid concentration analysis were carried out to understand the effects of the budA deletion, and K. pneumoniaeΔwabG (SGSB100) was used as a control strain. Approximately 50.3% decrease in CO2 emission; and approximately 3.8-fold increase in amino acid production was observed in SGSB106. In addition to, among the amino acids, valine production significantly increased, suggesting that the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis (BACC) in SGSB106 was activated by deletion of budA. Furthermore, whole genome transcriptome analysis of SGSB106 and SGSB100, correlates with the results from carbon distribution and amino acids concentration analyses.

Gene expression defines natural changes in mammalian lifespan.

Mammals differ more than 100-fold in maximum lifespan, which can be altered in either direction during evolution, but the molecular basis for natural changes in longevity is not understood. Divergent evolution of mammals also led to extensive changes in gene expression within and between lineages. To understand the relationship between lifespan and variation in gene expression, we carried out RNA-seq-based gene expression analyses of liver, kidney, and brain of 33 diverse species of mammals. Our analysis uncovered parallel evolution of gene expression and lifespan, as well as the associated life-history traits, and identified the processes and pathways involved. These findings provide direct insights into how nature reversibly adjusts lifespan and other traits during adaptive radiation of lineages.

Redox regulation of PTEN and protein tyrosine phosphatases in H(2)O(2) mediated cell signaling.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is a family of enzymes important for regulating cellular phosphorylation state. The oxidation and consequent inactivation of several PTPs by H(2)O(2) are well demonstrated. It is also shown that recovery of enzymatic activity depends on the availability of cellular reductants. Among these redox-regulated PTPs, PTEN, Cdc25 and low molecular weight PTP are known to form a disulfide bond between two cysteines, one in the active site and the other nearby, during oxidation by H(2)O(2). The disulfide bond likely confers efficiency in the redox regulation of the PTPs and protects cysteine-sulfenic acid of PTPs from further oxidation. In this review, through a comparative analysis of the oxidation process of Yap1 and PTPs, we propose the mechanism of disulfide bond formation in the PTPs.

Heterozygous mutations in cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) and protein kinase A (PKA) provide new insights into the molecular pathology of acrodysostosis.

Acrodysostosis without hormone resistance is a rare skeletal disorder characterized by brachydactyly, nasal hypoplasia, mental retardation and occasionally developmental delay. Recently, loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding cAMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) have been reported to cause this rare condition but the pathomechanism has not been fully elucidated. To understand the pathogenetic mechanism of PDE4D mutations, we conducted 3D modeling studies to predict changes in the binding efficacy of cAMP to the catalytic pocket in PDE4D mutants. Our results indicated diminished enzyme activity in the two mutants we analyzed (Gly673Asp and Ile678Thr; based on PDE4D4 residue numbering). Ectopic expression of PDE4D mutants in HEK293 cells demonstrated this reduction in activity, which was identified by increased cAMP levels. However, the cells from an acrodysostosis patient showed low cAMP accumulation, which resulted in a decrease in the phosphorylated cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (pCREB)/CREB ratio. The reason for this discrepancy was due to a compensatory increase in expression levels of PDE4A and PDE4B isoforms, which accounted for the paradoxical decrease in cAMP levels in the patient cells expressing mutant isoforms with a lowered PDE4D activity. Skeletal radiographs of 10-week-old knockout (KO) rats showed that the distal part of the forelimb was shorter than in wild-type (WT) rats and that all the metacarpals and phalanges were also shorter in KO, as the name acrodysostosis implies. Like the G-protein α-stimulatory subunit and PRKAR1A, PDE4D critically regulates the cAMP signal transduction pathway and influences bone formation in a way that activity-compromising PDE4D mutations can result in skeletal dysplasia. We propose that specific inhibitory PDE4D mutations can lead to the molecular pathology of acrodysostosis without hormone resistance but that the pathological phenotype may well be dependent on an over-compensatory induction of other PDE4 isoforms that can be expected to be targeted to different signaling complexes and exert distinct effects on compartmentalized cAMP signaling.