Chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the hemodialysis patient: A comprehensive review.

Chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the hemodialysis (HD) patient is a challenging situation. Because many drugs are predominantly eliminated by the kidneys, chemotherapy in the HD patient requires special considerations concerning dose adjustments to avoid overdose and toxicities. Conversely, some drugs are removed by HD and may expose the patient to undertreatment, therefore the timing of drug administration in relation to HD sessions must be carefully planned. Also, the metabolites of some drugs show different toxicities and dialysability as compared with the parent drug, therefore this must also be catered for. However, the pharmacokinetics of many chemotherapeutics and their metabolites in HD patients are unknown, and the fact that NHL patients are often treated with distinct multiagent chemotherapy regimens makes the situation more complicated. In a realm where uncertainty prevails, case reports and case series reporting on actual treatment and outcomes are extremely valuable and can aid physicians in decision making from drug selection to dosing. We carried out an exhaustive review of the literature and adopted 48 manuscripts consisting of 66 HD patients undergoing 71 chemotherapy regimens for NHL, summarized the data, and provide recommendations concerning dose adjustments and timing of administration for individual chemotherapeutics where possible. The chemotherapy regimens studied in this review include, but are not limited to, rituximab, cyclophosphamide + vincristine + prednisolone (CVP) and cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin + vincristine + prednisolone (CHOP)-like regimens, chlorambucil, ibrutinib, bendamustine, methotrexate, platinum compounds, cytarabine, gemcitabine, etoposide, ifosfamide, melphalan, busulfan, fludarabine, mogamulizumab, brentuximab vedotin, and 90 Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan.

Primary sellar lymphoma: intravascular large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed as a double cancer and improved with chemotherapy, and literature review of primary parasellar lymphoma.

Lymphoma is one of the causative factors of hypothalamus-pituitary dysfunction, and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a subtype of primary extranodal neoplasm. A 69-year-old woman visited our hospital because of general fatigue. We diagnosed her with presumable non-functional primary pituitary adenoma and subsequent dysfunction. Eight months after, the patient revisited our hospital because of dyspnea. Though we conducted systemic investigations including chest and abdomen enhanced computer tomography, transbronchial lung biopsy, and bone marrow biopsy, the diagnosis was not confirmed. Inadvertently, a breast cancer was found, and the surgical specimen proved that the patient had double cancer-adenocarcinoma and IVLBCL. Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisolone regimen was initiated, and complete remission was achieved. Notably, the sellar mass returned to normal size with improved function. We reviewed 32 patients with primary parasellar lymphoma. In affected sites, both sellar and pituitary stalk (6.7%), both hypothalamus and pituitary stalk (6.7%), only sellar (63.3%), only pituitary stalk (6.7%), only hypothalamus (13.3%), and only clivus (3.3%) were observed. In hypothalamus-pituitary dysfunction, both anterior and posterior dysfunction (20.7%), only anterior dysfunction (58.6%), only posterior dysfunction (3.4%), and no dysfunction (17.2%) were observed. It seemed that hypothalamic lesion is related to both anterior and posterior dysfunction, while sellar lesion is related to mainly anterior dysfunction. In cranial nerve dysfunction, 2nd nerve dysfunction (45.2%) and 6th nerve dysfunction (35.5%) were frequently observed. It seemed that sellar lesion is related to both 2nd and 6th nerve dysfunction, while hypothalamic lesion is related to mainly 2nd nerve dysfunction.

Thyroid hormones, their carrier proteins, and thyroid antibodies in the pleural effusion of two patients with graves' disease-induced thyrotoxicosis.

INTRODUCTION: Concentrations of thyroid hormones, their carrier proteins, and thyroid antibodies in plasma have been extensively investigated, but those in pleural effusion have not. PATIENTS AND MEDTHODS: In the present study, we report, for the first time, the concentrations of thyroid hormones, their carrier proteins, and thyroid antibodies in the pleural effusion of two thyrotoxicosis patients with Graves' disease. RESULTS: The pleural effusions were transudates. The concentrations of thyroid hormone carrier proteins, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and albumin (Alb) were approximately 30-50% of the plasma. The concentrations of total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) were approximately 15-40%, 45-55%, 45-75%, and 80-85% of the plasma, respectively. The concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) (equal to TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins%; TBII%) was approximately 90% of the plasma. CONCLUSION: If the pleural effusions were treated with diuretics, substantial quantity of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies in the pleural effusion may have returned to the plasma, and might exacerbate thyrotoxicosis. For patients with thyrotoxicosis and pleural effusion, thoracentesis should be considered. The present findings will contribute to the understanding and treatment of hyperthyroidism-induced pleural effusion.

Glutest Neo Super--a new handheld blood glucose meter-corrects for the effects of the hematocrit values in both hematocrit-adjusted samples and samples obtained from anemic patients.

BACKGROUND: Handheld blood glucose (BG) meters are convenient tools that are widely used to measure the BG levels. However, the hematocrit (Hct) value has been identified as a confounding factor for accurate BG measurement. Some BG meters are equipped with an Hct-correcting feature, whose effectiveness has been tested previously. Nevertheless, the measurements yielded by many BG meters are confounded by the Hct values. Recently, a new BG meter equipped with an Hct-correcting feature has been developed; however, its effectiveness has not yet been confirmed. STUDY DESIGN: Venous blood samples were collected from two healthy volunteers, and the Hct values in the samples were adjusted to approximately 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. Further, venous blood samples were collected from 10 anemic patients (Hct <40%). The whole BG (WBG) levels in the samples were measured using two devices-the new BG meter (Glutest Neo Super [Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan]) and a standard BG meter (OneTouch Ultra [Life Scan Inc., Milpitas, CA]). For reference, plasma glucose (PG) levels were measured using a machine at our hospital laboratory (GA08 [A&T Co., Kanagawa, Japan]). The bias in the measurements was calculated as follows: bias = ([WBG - PG]/PG) x 100. Further, the correlation between the Hct values and the bias was assessed by performing linear regression analysis. RESULTS: In both the Hct-adjusted samples and the samples obtained from anemic patients, the WBG levels measured using Glutest Neo Super were minimally affected by the Hct values, while those measured using OneTouch Ultra were affected by the Hct values to a statistically significant extent. CONCLUSIONS: The Hct-correcting feature of the new BG meter Glutest Neo Super was effective. The use of this new device for BG measurements may lead to more appropriate treatment selection.

Severe hypothyroidism associated with the degree of edema in a patient with nephrosis.

We report the pleural fluid values of thyroid hormones and their carrier proteins in a patient who suffered from nephrotic syndrome with renal insufficiency and transient hypothyroidism. The pleural effusion was transudate. The concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and albumin (Alb) were approximately 30-50% of the plasma. The concentrations of total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) were approximately 30-50% of the plasma. Hypothyroidism was associated with the degree of edema. After improving systemic edema, proteinuria remained unchanged but the patient did not require levothyroxine. We speculate that the large amount of transudation of thyroid hormones with their carrier proteins from the blood vessels to the third space (edema and pleural effusion), thereby reducing thyroid hormones in the plasma, was associated with hypothyroidism.

Losartan potassium/hydrochlorothiazide (Preminent®) and hyponatremia: case series of 40 patients.

The clinical course of losartan potassium/hydrochlorothiazide (Preminent(®))-induced hyponatremia has not been described. We summarized 40 patients with Preminent-induced hyponatremia. The study involved 15 (37.5%) men and 25 (62.5%) women (mean age [SD], 76.4 [8.3] years; range, 55-95). Their sodium levels before Preminent administration were 139.5 (4.9) mEq/L (range, 131-145; reference range, 135-147). The duration from the day of Preminent administration to the day with the lowest sodium level was 59.3 (64.9) days (range, 2-207; median, 24). Most patients for whom this duration was <50 days exhibited progressive symptoms, whereas most of those for whom this duration was >50 days did not exhibit progressive symptoms but exhibited symptoms after fever or appetite loss. The lowest sodium value was 114.4 (8.2) mEq/L (range, 99-133). The duration from the time of Preminent discontinuation to (1) the time of early recovery and (2) the time of final recovery was 6.8 (5.5) days (range, 1-20; median, 5) and 11.6 (7.6) days (range, 2-29; median, 7.5), respectively. Of the 40 patients, 36 (90.0%) achieved full recovery, 1 (2.5%) suffered from after-effects due to central pontine myelinolysis, 1 (2.5%) died, and 2 (5.0%) were unknown. In the analysis of other adverse effects of Preminent and the same adverse effects of other three angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)/thiazide combinations, hyponatremia was observed as a primary adverse effect of all ARB/thiazide combinations. However, hyperesthesia dermatitis was reported as an adverse effect of Preminent only.

The best insulin injection pen device for caregivers: results of injection trials using five insulin injection devices.

BACKGROUND: Insulin injection pens have been primarily developed for self-injection among individuals with diabetes. However, an increased elderly population with diabetes has caused an increase in the number of patients who cannot self-inject insulin. Consequently, caregivers inject insulin to the patients ("other-injection"); however, insulin injection devices have not yet been developed for other-injection use. METHODS: We evaluated five devices-OptiClik (Sanofi-aventis, Paris, France), SoloStar (Sanofi-aventis), MirioPen without an antiskid tool (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN), MirioPen with an antiskid tool (Eli Lilly, Hyogo, Japan), and FlexPen (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). In all, 22 respondents (mean +/- SD age, 42.6 +/- 9.3 years [range, 26-57 years]), including 11 men (50.0%) and 11 women (50.0%), injected themselves (self-injection) and others (other-injection). Thereafter, respondents evaluated the ease of use and feel of the pen devices via questionnaires. As a result, we evaluated 220 procedures of insulin injections [22 (respondents) x 5 (devices) x 2 (self and other)] in this study. RESULTS: FlexPen was selected as the best device for self-injection but as the worst device for other-injection. OptiClik was selected as the second worst device for self-injection but as the best device for other-injection. Moreover, for other-injection, FlexPen was too long and less stable, had poor dial visibility, was difficult to recap, and was comprehensively inferior. CONCLUSIONS: We identified problems that were not apparent during studies evaluating conventional self-injection. We conclude that devices meant for other-injection should have different features from those designed for self-injection and that consideration of caregivers' viewpoints is necessary for developing an insulin device specifically meant for other-injection.

A patient with DiGeorge syndrome with spina bifida and sacral myelomeningocele, who developed both hypocalcemia-induced seizure and epilepsy.

DiGeorge syndrome - a component of the 22q11 deletion syndrome - causes a disturbance in cervical neural crest migration that results in parathyroid hypoplasia. Patients can develop hypocalcemia-induced seizures. Spina bifida is caused by failure of neurulation, including a disturbance in the adhesion processes at the neurula stage. Spina bifida has been reported as a risk factor for epilepsy. We report, for the first time, the case of a patient with DiGeorge syndrome with spina bifida and sacral myelomeningocele, who developed both hypocalcemia-induced seizures and epilepsy. The patient had spina bifida and sacral myelomeningocele at birth. At the age of 13 years, he experienced a seizure for the first time. At this time, the calcium concentration was normal. An electroencephalogram (EEG) proved that the seizure was due to epilepsy. Antiepileptic medications controlled the seizure. At the age of 29, the patient's calcium concentration began to reduce. At the age of 40, hypocalcemia-induced seizure occurred. At this time, the calcium concentration was 5.5mg/dL (reference range, 8.7-10.1mg/dL). The level of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) was 6 pg/mL (reference range, 10-65 pg/mL). Chromosomal and genetic examinations revealed a deletion of TUP-like enhancer of split gene 1 (tuple1)-the diagnostic marker of DiGeorge syndrome. Many patients with DiGeorge syndrome have cardiac anomalies; however, our patient had none. We propose that the association among DiGeorge syndrome, spina bifida, epilepsy, cardiac anomaly, 22q11, tuple1, and microdeletion inheritance should be clarified for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Severe duodenal hemorrhage induced by Lugol's solution administered for thyroid crisis treatment.

Lugol's solution is an iodinated agent used for treating thyroid crisis. It is primarily used in diagnostic tests for esophageal diseases. However, Lugol's solution can cause local mucosal injury and hemorrhage. We report, for the first time, a case of 34-year-old man who exhibited severe duodenal hemorrhage induced by Lugol's solution that was used to treat thyroid crisis. The quantity of Lugol's solution used for treating thyroid crisis is much higher than that used for mucosal disease investigation. Clinical practitioners should be aware of gastrointestinal hemorrhage when using Lugol's solution for the treatment of thyroid crisis.

Shakuyaku-kanzo-to induces pseudoaldosteronism characterized by hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation, and increased urinary cortisol levels.

BACKGROUND: Licorice, the primary ingredient of the Japanese herbal medicine shakuyaku-kanzo-to, can cause pseudoaldosteronism. Thus, shakuyaku-kanzo-to can cause this condition. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 79-year-old woman was brought to the emergency room. She had been experiencing general fatigue, numbness in the hands, and weakness in the lower limbs and could not stand up without assistance. She presented with hypokalemia (potassium level, 1.7 mEq/L), increased urinary excretion of potassium (fractional excretion of K, 21.2%), abnormalities on an electrocardiogram (flat T waves in II, III, AVF, and V1-6), rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase level, 28,376 U/L), myopathy, metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation (O(2) flow rate, 2 L/min; pH, 7.473; pco(2), 61.0 mm Hg; po(2), 78.0 mm Hg; HCO(3), 44.1 mmol/L), hypertension (174/93 mm Hg), hyperglycemia (blood glucose level, 200-300 mg/dL), frequent urination, suppressed plasma renin activity (0.1 ng/mL/hour), decreased aldosterone levels (2.6 ng/dL), and increased urinary cortisol levels (600.6 microg/day; reference range, 26.0-187.0 microg/day). CONCLUSIONS: In this case, the observed reduction in the urinary cortisol levels, from 600.6 to 37.8 microg/day, led to a definitive diagnosis of pseudoaldosteronism instead of the apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Discontinuing shakuyaku-kanzo-to treatment and administering spironolactone and potassium proved effective in improving the patient's condition. Medical practitioners prescribing shakuyaku-kanzo-to should take into account the association between licorice, which is its main ingredient, and pseudoaldosteronism.

Tremor in Klinefelter's syndrome improved by testosterone administration.

Tremor in Klinefelter's syndrome is believed to be essential tremor since the publication of "Klinefelter's syndrome and essential tremor" in 1969. However, the author also stated that tremor in Klinefelter's syndrome might differ from essential tremor. A 71-year-old man with Klinefelter's syndrome who suffers from postural hand tremor is described. The electromyogram indicated lower motor neuron disturbance and chronic neurogenic change. The muscle biopsy indicated neurogenic muscle atrophy. Upon testosterone administration, the amplitude of tremor was reduced and a gradual improvement in handwriting was observed. The tremor in this patient was different from essential tremor. The foresight by Baughman in 1969 proved to be true in this patient. This case report provides new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of tremor in Klinefelter's syndrome, which would benefit patients who suffer from the tremor.